DEFENSE BUDGET FOR FY2001: DATA SUMMARY

CRS Report for Congress
Defense Budget for FY2001:
Data Summary
February 23, 2000
Mary T. Tyszkiewicz
Analyst in National Defense
Foreign Affairs, Defense, and Trade Division
Stephen Daggett
Specialist in National Defense
Foreign Affairs, Defense, and Trade Division


Congressional Research Service ˜ The Library of Congress

ABSTRACT
This report presents basic information on the U.S. defense budget. It provides figures on the
Clinton Administration’s FY2001 national defense budget request, including data on budget
authority and outlays for the Department of Defense and for the national defense budget
function. It also provides figures on historical trends in overall defense spending, including
data on the growth and decline of defense spending, on defense outlays as a share of federal
expenditures, and on defense outlays as a share of gross domestic product. It also defines key
defense budget terms. This report will be updated with the next President’s budget request
in February 2001.



Defense Budget for FY2001:
Data Summary
Summary
This report presents defense budget data in a manner designed to provide various
perspectives on U.S. military spending. Part I presents basic data on the Clinton
Administration’s FY2001 national defense budget request, including data on budget
authority and outlays for the Department of Defense and for the national defense
budget function. Part II shows trends in overall defense spending, including figures
on the growth and decline of defense spending, on defense outlays as a share of
federal expenditures, and on defense outlays as a share of gross domestic product.
Part III defines key defense budget terms.
Among the trends reflected in these data, several stand out.
!The Clinton Administration is requesting $305.4 billion in new
budget authority for national defense in FY2001 (see Table 1), which
represents an increase of 1.3 percent in real, inflation-adjusted dollars
from the FY2000 level.
!Budget authority for national defense (including DOD military
functions and defense-related activities of other federal agencies)
declined by 33 percent, adjusted for inflation, between FY1985, the
peak of the 1980s buildup, and FY2000. (See Table 6.) Under
Administration projections, funding for national defense will stay flat,
adjusted for inflation, through FY2005.
!Funding for weapons procurement has been in decline since FY1985,
bottoming out in FY1997 at $45.2 billion in constant FY2001
dollars. Between FY1985 and FY2000, procurement funding
declined much more rapidly than the defense budget as a whole,
falling by 60%. Under Administration plans, it will increase over the
next few years. (See Figure 2.)
!Under Administration projections for FY2001, outlays for national
defense will constitute 2.9 percent of gross domestic product (GDP)
(see Table 11 and Figure 8) and 15.6 percent of total federal outlays
(see Table 13 and Figure 9). National defense spending will
represent a smaller share of the economy than at any time since
before World War II. In comparison, during the defense buildup of
the 1980s, national defense spending reached a peak of 6.2 percent
of GDP in FY1986 and 27.1 percent of total federal outlays in
FY1987. While defense outlays are at historically low levels as a
percentage of total federal outlays, this trend depends as much on
increases in other areas of the federal budget – especially in Social
Security, Medicare, and other entitlements – as on decreases in
defense spending.
To illustrate trends in the regular defense program, most of the data included in
this report exclude costs of Operation Desert Shield/Desert Storm, which was largely
financed by allied contributions.



Contents
Introduction ................................................... 1
Part I: The FY2001 Defense Budget Request..........................3
Part II: Trends in Defense Spending.................................9
Part III: Definitions of Budget Terms...............................26
List of Figures
Figure 1. DOD Budget Authority by Component, FY2001 request..........7
Figure 2: DOD Budget Authority Trends by Title, FY1985-2005...........12
Figure 3. DOD Active Duty End-Strength Levels, FY1987-2005,
Selected Years.............................................12
Figure 4: Department of Defense Active Duty Personnel Levels, FY1950-200514
Figure 5: National Defense Outlays, FY1910-2005.....................20
Figure 6: National Defense Budget Authority and Outlays, FY1947-2005....20
Figure 7: National Defense Outlays, Percentage of GNP/GDP, FY1910-2005.21
Figure 8: National Defense Outlays, Percentage of GDP, FY1947-2005.....21
Figure 9: National Defense Outlays, Percentage of Total Federal Outlays,
FY1940-2005 ............................................. 24
Figure 10: Federal Outlays by Budget Enforcement Act Category,
FY1962-2005 ............................................. 24
List of Tables
Table 1. National Defense Budget Function and Department of Defense
Budget, FY1992-2005........................................4
Table 2. National Defense Budget Function by Appropriations Title,
Budget Authority, FY1992-2005................................5
Table 3. National Defense Budget Function by Appropriations Title,
Outlays, FY1992-2005........................................6
Table 4. Department of Defense Budget Authority by Component,
FY1993-2002 .............................................. 7
Table 5. Operation Desert Shield/Desert Storm Budget Authority and Outlays.8
Table 6. National Defense Budget Authority Trends by Appropriations
Title, FY1985-2005.........................................10
Table 7. Department of Defense Personnel Levels, Selected Years.........13
Table 8. Department of Defense Active Duty Personnel Levels, FY1950-200514
Table 9. U.S. Military Force Structure, FY1980-2001..................15
Table 10. Real Growth/Decline in National Defense Funding, FY1940-2005..16
Table 11. National Defense Outlays as a Percentage of GNP/GDP,
FY1910-2005 ............................................. 18



Category, FY1962-2005.....................................22
Table 13. Allocation of Federal Outlays by Budget Enforcement Act
Category, FY1962-2005.....................................23
Table 14. Trends in Department of Defense Future-Years Defense Plans.....25



Defense Budget for FY2001:
Data Summary
Introduction
This report is designed to be a readily accessible source of facts and figures on
the FY2001 national defense budget. Part I provides basic data on the Clinton
Administration’s FY2001 national defense budget request, including data on budget
authority and outlays for the Department of Defense (DOD) and for the national
defense budget function (Function 050). Part II shows trends in overall defense
spending, including figures on the growth and decline of defense spending, defense
outlays as a share of total federal expenditures, and defense outlays as a share of gross
domestic product. Part III defines key defense budget terms.
The significance of long-term defense spending trends depends to a large extent
on how budgetary data are interpreted. For example, while defense outlays are at
historically low levels as a percentage of total federal outlays, this trend depends as
much on increases in other areas of the federal budget as on decreases in defense
spending. Also, while defense outlays as a percentage of GDP are at their lowest
levels since before World War II, in real dollar terms they remain almost equal to
average peacetime defense outlays during the Cold War.
To reflect trends in the regular defense program, most of the data included in this
report exclude costs of Operation Desert Shield/Desert Storm, which were largely
financed by allied contributions.
CRS annually prepares a number of issue briefs and reports on specific weapon
programs and other defense issues, including:
Appropriations for FY2001: Defense, CRS Report RL30205
Appropriations for FY2001: Military Construction, CRS Report RL30210
C-17 Cargo Plane, CRS Issue Brief IB93041
Defense Acquisition Reform: Status and Current Issues, CRS Issue Brief
IB96022
Defense Outsourcing: The OMB Circular A-76 Policy, CRS Report RL30392
F-22 Aircraft, CRS Issue Brief IB87111
F/A-18 E/F Aircraft, CRS Issue Brief IB92035
Joint Strike Fighter (JSF) Program: Background, Status, and Issues, CRS
Report 98-198F
Military Base Closures: Where Do We Stand?, CRS Report RL30440
Military Medical Care Services: Questions and Answers, CRS Issue Brief
IB93103
Military Retirement: Major Legislative Issues, CRS Issue Brief IB85159



National Guard & Reserve Funding, FY1990-00, CRS Report 98-955 F
National Missile Defense: Issues for Congress, CRS Issue Brief IB10034
Navy Attack Submarine Programs: Background and Issues for Congress, CRS
Report RL30045
Navy CVN-77 and CVX Aircraft Carrier Programs: Background and Issues for
Congress, CRS Report 98-359 F
Navy Network-Centric Warfare Concept: Key Programs and Issues for
Congress, CRS Report 98-621 F
Peacekeeping: Issues of US Military Involvement, CRS Issue Brief IB94040
Tactical Aircraft Modernization, CRS Issue Brief IB92115
Theater Air and Missile Defense, CRS Issue Brief IB98028
V-22 Osprey Tilt-Rotor Aircraft, CRS Issue Brief IB86103
Also, for a detailed discussion of the defense budget process, see CRS Report
RL30002, A Defense Budget Primer, by Mary T. Tyszkiewicz and Stephen Daggett.



Part I: The FY2001 Defense Budget Request
The following section displays basic data on the FY2001 national defense budget
request. Table 1 provides figures for the national defense budget function and the
Department of Defense budget, including figures for budget authority and outlays in
both current and constant dollars. For a definition of terms, see the glossary at the
end of this report.
Tables 2 and 3 show, respectively, budget authority and outlay figures for the
national defense budget function broken down by appropriations title.
Table 4 shows DOD budget authority broken down by military component —
i.e., the military services. Figure 1 graphically displays service shares of DOD budget
authority for FY2001.
Table 5 shows budget authority and outlays associated with Operation Desert
Shield/Desert Storm. In order to reflect accurately trends in defense funding, most
of the data in this report have been adjusted to exclude costs associated with the
Persian Gulf War, since that conflict was largely financed by U.S. allies. Table 5
allows the reader to compare the adjusted data published in this report with
unadjusted data published elsewhere.



CRS-4
Table 1. National Defense Budget Function and Department of Defense Budget, FY1992-2005
(current and constant FY2001 dollars in billions)
Actual Actual Actual Actual Actual Actual Actual Actual Est. Proj. Proj. Proj. Proj. Proj.
Fiscal Year: 19921993199419951996199719981999200020012002200320042005
National Defense Budget Function
Budget Authority
Current year dollars287.7281.1263.3266.3266.0270.3271.3292.1293.3305.4309.2315.6323.4331.7
Constant FY2001 dollars352.5334.7306.7304.1297.5295.9290.8307.0301.6305.4302.7302.3302.4302.8
Real growth/decline-5.0%-8.4%-0.8%-2.2%-0.5%-1.7%+5.6%-1.8%+1.3%-0.9%-0.1%+0.0%+0.1%
Outlays
Current year dollars286.1283.9278.9271.0265.2270.4268.4274.9290.6291.2298.4307.4316.5330.7
Constant FY2001 dollars351.3337.8324.0309.3296.4294.9286.9288.7298.8291.2292.2295.0296.6302.7
Real growth/decline-3.8%-4.1%-4.5%-4.2%-0.5%-2.7%+0.6%+3.5%-2.6%+0.4%+0.9%+0.5%+2.0%
iki/CRS-RL30447
g/wDepartment of Defense
s.orBudget Authority
leak Current year dollars274.8267.2251.4255.7254.4258.0258.5278.4279.9291.1294.8300.9308.3316.4
Constant FY2001 dollars336.6318.2292.8291.9284.5282.4277.2292.6287.9291.1288.6288.2288.3288.9
://wiki Real growth/decline-5.5%-8.0%-0.3%-2.6%-0.7%-1.8%+5.5%-1.6%+1.1%-0.9%-0.1%+0.0%+0.2%
httpOutlays
Current year dollars274.7271.4265.8258.4252.7258.2256.1261.4277.5277.5284.3293.0301.9315.8
Constant FY2001 dollars337.2322.9308.9294.9282.3281.6273.8274.5285.3277.5278.4281.2282.8289.0
Real growth/decline-4.2%-4.3%-4.5%-4.3%-0.3%-2.8%+0.3%+3.9%-2.7%+0.3%+1.0%+0.6%+2.2%
Sources: U.S. Office of Management and Budget, Historical Tables: Budget of the United States Government, Fiscal Year 2001 , Feb. 2000.
Deflators and data on Desert Shield/Desert Storm budget authority and outlays from DOD Comptroller.
Notes: Figures for the year preceding the request (FY2000) represent an estimate and include Administration-proposed supplemental appropriations and rescissions.
Figures exclude Operation Desert Shield/Desert Storm costs and receipts.
Explanation: The National Defense Budget Function (050) is one of the categories of the federal budget. It consists of (1) the Department of Defense (DOD)
budget, which funds all direct DOD military programs, and (2) a number of defense-related programs administered by other agencies, including atomic energy
defense activities of the Department of Energy and civil defense.



CRS-5
Table 2. National Defense Budget Function by Appropriations Title, Budget Authority, FY1992-2005
(current year dollars in billions)
Actual Actual Actual Actual Actual Actual Actual Actual Actual Proj. Proj. Proj. Proj. Proj.
Fiscal Year:19921993199419951996199719981999200020012002200320042005
Department of Defense (military activities only)
Military Personnel78.876.071.471.669.870.369.870.673.775.878.480.483.185.6
Operation & Maintenance85.689.288.693.893.792.497.2105.0104.9109.3107.5109.1112.2114.8
Procurement 61.0 52.8 44.1 43.6 42.4 42.9 44.8 50.9 54.2 60.3 63.0 66.7 67.7 70.9
RDT&E 36.5 37.8 34.6 34.5 35.0 36.4 37.1 38.3 38.4 37.9 38.4 37.6 37.5 36.4
Military Construction5.34.66.05.46.95.75.55.44.84.54.33.84.65.4
Family Housing3.73.93.53.44.34.13.83.63.63.53.73.94.04.1
iki/CRS-RL30447Other 3.9 3.0 3.1 3.4 2.4 6.1 0.3 4.6 0.4 -0.2 -0.5 -0.5 -0.7 -0.7
g/wSubtotal, Department of Defense274.8267.2251.4255.7254.4258.0258.5278.4279.9291.1294.8300.9308.3316.4
s.or
leakDepartment of Energy
://wikiAtomic Energy Defense Activities12.012.110.910.110.711.411.712.612.213.113.213.413.813.9
http
Other Agencies
Defense-Related Activities1.01.81.10.60.91.01.01.11.21.31.31.31.31.4
Total, National Defense287.7281.1263.3266.3266.0270.3271.3292.1293.3305.4309.2315.6323.4331.7
Sources: U.S. Office of Management and Budget, Historical Tables: Budget of the United States Government, Fiscal Year 2001, Feb. 2000. Data on Desert
Shield/Desert Storm costs and receipts from DOD Comptroller.
Notes: Figures for the year preceding the request (FY2000) represent an estimate and include Administration-proposed supplemental appropriations and rescissions.
Excludes Desert Shield/Desert Storm costs and receipts. Totals may not add due to rounding. “Other” includes revolving and management funds, interfund
transactions, proprietary receipts from the public, allowances for proposed legislation, and adjustments in contract authority for Working Capital Funds.



CRS-6
Table 3. National Defense Budget Function by Appropriations Title, Outlays, FY1992-2005
(current year dollars in billions)
Actual Actual Actual Actual Actual Actual Actual Actual Est. Proj. Proj. Proj. Proj. Proj.
Fiscal Year:19921993199419951996199719981999200020012002200320042005
Department of Defense (military activities only)
Military Personnel78.475.873.170.866.769.769.069.573.575.177.879.982.688.6
Operation & Maintenance80.890.186.890.988.792.493.596.4103.8109.3106.7108.3111.2113.7
Procurement 72.7 67.3 60.4 54.3 48.5 47.6 48.2 48.8 48.0 51.0 54.1 60.0 63.5 66.1
RDT&E 34.6 36.9 34.8 34.6 36.5 37.0 37.4 37.4 37.4 37.7 37.5 37.3 37.1 36.5
Military Construction4.24.85.06.86.76.26.05.54.85.04.64.14.04.4
Family Housing3.33.33.33.63.84.03.93.73.83.63.73.83.94.0
iki/CRS-RL30447Other 0.6 -6.9 2.5 -2.6 1.8 1.2 -1.9 0.1 6.3 -4.1 -0.1 -0.4 -0.4 2.5
g/wSubtotal, DOD274.7271.4265.8258.4252.7258.2256.1261.4277.5277.5284.3293.0301.9315.8
s.or
leakDepartment of Energy
://wikiAtomic Energy Defense Activities10.611.011.911.811.611.311.312.411.912.512.913.113.413.6
http
Other Agencies
Defense-Related Activities0.81.51.10.80.90.91.11.11.21.21.31.31.31.3
Total, National Defense286.1283.9278.9271.0265.2270.4268.4274.9290.6291.2298.4307.4316.5330.7
Sources: U.S. Office of Management and Budget, Historical Tables: Budget of the United States Government, Fiscal Year 2001, Feb. 2000. Data on Desert
Shield/Desert Storm costs and receipts from DOD Comptroller.
Notes: Figures for the year preceding the request (FY2000) represent an estimate and include Administration-proposed supplemental appropriations and rescissions.
Excludes Desert Shield/Desert Storm costs and receipts. Totals may not add due to rounding. “Other” includes revolving and management funds, interfund
transactions, proprietary receipts from the public, allowances for proposed legislation, and contract authority for Working Capital Funds.



Table 4. Department of Defense Budget Authority by Component,
FY1993-2002
(current year dollars in billions)
Actual Actual Actual Actual Actual Actual Actual Est. Req. Proj.
Fiscal Year:1993199419951996199719981999200020012002
Army 64.8 62.5 63.3 64.5 64.4 64.0 68.4 69.5 70.6 74.4
% of DOD Total24.2%24.9%24.8%25.4%25.0%24.8%24.6%24.8%24.3%25.2%
Navy/Marine Corps83.278.176.980.079.580.783.887.291.790.8
% of DOD Total31.1%31.1%30.1%31.4%30.8%31.2%30.1%31.2%31.5%30.8%
Air Force79.174.673.973.073.276.381.981.285.388.3
% of DOD Total29.6%29.7%28.9%28.7%28.4%30.0%29.4%29.0%29.3%30.0%
Defense
Wide/Agencies 40.3 36.3 41.6 37.0 40.8 37.6 44.3 41.9 43.5 41.4
% of DOD Total15.1%14.4%16.3%14.5%15.8%14.5%15.9%15.0%14.9%14.0%
DOD Total267.4251.4255.7254.4258.0258.5278.4279.9291.1294.8
Source: Figures FY1993-FY1998 from Department of Defense Comptroller, National Defense
Budget Estimates for FY2000, March, 1999. Figures for FY1999-2002 from the Department of
Defense press release, Feb. 7, 2000.
Notes: Totals may not add due to rounding. Figures for the year preceding the request (FY2000)
represent an estimate and include Administration-proposed supplemental appropriations and
rescissions.


Figure 1. DOD Budget Authority by Component,
FY2001 request

CRS-8
Table 5. Operation Desert Shield/Desert Storm Budget Authority and Outlays
(current year dollars in millions)
FY1990 FY1991 FY1992 FY1993 FY1994 FY1995 FY1996 FY1997 FY1998 Total
Budget Authority
Military Personnel2815,8242,4098,514
Operations & Maintenance1,32824,3668,13233,826
Procurement 10 5,278 1,950 7,238
Research, Development,969106184
Test, & Evaluation
Military Construction035035
Family Housing0000
Stock Funds4002710671
Allied Cash Contributions0-43,154-5,240-48,394
iki/CRS-RL30447 Total Budget Authority2,028-7,3117,3572,074
g/w
s.orOutlays
leak
Military Personnel2675,3822,734114000008,497
://wikiOperations & Maintenance1,03316,21211,1523,9741,1421475121433,736
httpProcurement 1 -152 2,154 2,619 1,369 729 378 44 17 7,159
Research, Development,5407645114100182
Test, & Evaluation
Military Construction0101372210035
Family Housing0000000000
Stock Funds156-1,7781,34842925916679110670
Allied Cash Contributions0-43,154-5,240000000-48,394
Total Outlays1,462-23,44012,2377,1882,7831,04851076211,885
Source: Department of Defense Comptroller.
Notes: Totals may not add due to rounding. Totals in this chart represent only cash outlays and receipts. DOD estimates that the total cost of Operation Desert
Shield/Desert Storm was $61.1 billion, including activities supported through allied in-kind assistance and material losses not replaced.



Part II: Trends in Defense Spending
Part II provides data on trends in the defense budget that may be of particular
interest as Congress considers aspects of U.S. defense policy. In assessing trends,
current levels of spending are often compared to the peak levels reached during the
defense buildup of the 1980s. FY1985 was the peak year in budget authority for
national defense, FY1987 was the peak in the number of military personnel, and
FY1989 was the peak in outlays.
Table 6 shows budget authority by appropriations title for the period FY1985
through FY2005 in inflation-adjusted dollars and calculates real growth or decline
over that period. Figure 2 graphically shows trends in budget authority by title from
FY1985 to FY2005.
Table 7 shows the trend in personnel levels for active duty forces, reserve
forces, and DOD civilians for FY1981 and selected years thereafter. Figure 3
illustrates the trend in active duty military personnel levels. Table 8 and Figure 4
show the trend in total active duty end-strength for FY1950-2005.
Table 9 shows the trend in major elements of force structure (Army and Marine
Corps divisions, Air Force tactical air wings, and Navy ships) for FY1980-2001.
Table 10 shows the trend in total national defense budget authority and outlays
in current and constant FY2001 dollars from FY1940 to FY2005.
Table 11 tracks national defense outlays as a share of gross national product
(GNP) and gross domestic product (GDP) from FY1910 to FY2005.
Figure 5 illustrates the trend in national defense outlays in constant FY2001
dollars from FY1910 to FY2005.
Figure 6 illustrates trends in national defense budget authority and outlays in
constant FY2001 dollars from FY1947 to FY2005.
Figures 7 and 8 illustrate trends in national defense outlays as a percentage of
GNP/GDP from FY1910 to FY2005 and as a percentage of GDP from FY1947 to
FY2005.
Table 12 shows the allocation of outlays by budget enforcement act category in
the federal budget in current year dollars, and Table 13 and Figure 9 show the same
data as percentages of total federal outlays. Figure 10 shows the allocation of federal
outlays in constant FY2001 dollars.
Finally, Table 14 follows the trend in DOD five- and six-year defense plans since

1987.



CRS-10
Table 6. National Defense Budget Authority Trends by Appropriations Title, FY1985-2005
(constant FY2001 dollars in billions)
Fiscal Year198519861987198819891990199119921993199419951996
Military Personnel111.5108.3114.5113.9113.0111.5106.7103.995.887.885.981.9
Operation and Maintenance121.9116.5119.5118.7119.5116.7115.2105.8107.4103.9107.8105.3
Procurement 138.2 128.1 107.5 103.1 98.7 97.7 78.1 69.7 59.0 48.5 47.1 45.2
RDT&E 45.9 48.0 49.4 48.7 48.0 44.9 43.2 42.3 42.9 38.5 37.7 37.5
Military Construction8.17.57.07.07.26.26.16.15.26.75.97.4
Family Housing4.23.94.24.24.23.93.94.34.43.93.74.5
Other 6.8 6.4 2.5 0.6 0.3 -1.0 1.5 4.5 3.4 3.6 3.8 2.7
iki/CRS-RL30447Subtotal, Department of Defense436.4418.7404.6396.2390.9379.9354.7336.6318.2292.8291.9284.5
g/w
s.orDept. of Energy Defense-Related11.110.810.810.810.912.614.514.714.412.711.512.0
leak
Other Defense-Related0.80.60.70.70.80.81.41.22.21.20.61.0
://wiki
httpTotal, National Defense448.4430.2416.1407.7402.6393.3370.5352.5334.7306.7304.1297.5



CRS-11
Table 6. National Defense Budget Authority Trends by Appropriations Title, FY1985-2005
(constant FY2001 dollars in billions – continued)
RealReal
Growth/Growth/
DeclineDecline
Fiscal Year199719981999200020012002200320042005FY85-00FY85-05
Military Personnel80.377.275.876.175.876.075.776.076.0-32%-32%
Operation and Maintenance101.7104.4110.7108.7109.3105.5105.0105.4105.3-11%-14%
Procurement 45.2 46.7 52.5 55.1 60.3 62.0 64.4 64.0 65.8 -60% -52%
RDT&E 38.4 38.7 39.6 39.0 37.9 37.7 36.3 35.4 33.7 -15% -27%
Military Construction6.15.75.64.94.54.23.74.34.9-40%-39%
iki/CRS-RL30447 Family Housing4.34.03.73.73.53.73.73.83.8-12%-9%
g/w Other6.40.44.70.4-0.2-0.5-0.5-0.7-0.6NANA
s.orSubtotal, Department of Defense282.4277.2292.6287.9291.1288.6288.2288.3288.9-34%-34%
leak
://wikiDept. of Energy Defense-Related12.412.513.212.513.112.912.912.912.7+12%+14%
httpOther Defense-Related1.11.11.21.21.31.21.21.21.2+62%+62%
Total, National Defense295.9290.8307.0301.6305.4302.7302.3302.4302.8-33%-32%
Sources: Office of Management and Budget, Historical Tables: Budget of the United States Government, Fiscal Year 2001, Feb. 2000; deflators from Department
of Defense, Under Secretary of Defense Comptroller; and CRS calculations.
Notes: Data for FY1990-92 exclude Desert Shield/Desert Storm costs and receipts (see Table 5, above). Totals may not add due to rounding.



Figure 2: DOD Budget Authority Trends by Title,
FY1985-2005
140
120 Operation & Maintenance
100
80 Military Personnel
60 ProcurementRDT&E
40
Constant FY2001 $ in BillionsOther
20
0
1985 1990 1995 2000 2005
Fiscal Year
*FY2000-2005, Administration projection. Excludes Desert Storm.
Figure 3. DOD Active Duty End-Strength Levels, FY1987-2005,
Selected Years


2,000
1,500
1,000
500
End-Strength in Thousands
0
1987 1989 1991 1993 1995 1997 1999 2000 2001 2005
Fiscal Year
ArmyNavyMarine CorpsAir Force

CRS-13
Table 7. Department of Defense Personnel Levels, Selected Years
(end strength/full time equivalents in thousands)
Actual Actual Actual Actual Actual Actual Actual Actual Actual Proj. Proj. Proj.
Fiscal Year:198119851987 1989 1991 1993 1995 1997 1998 20002001 2005
Army 781 781 781 770 725 572 509 492 484 480 480 480
Navy 540 571 587 593 571 510 435 396 382 372 372 369
Marine Corps191198200197195178174174173173173173
Air Force570602607571511444400378367358357352
Total Active2,0822,1512,1742,1302,0021,7051,5191,4401,4071,3821,3821373
iki/CRS-RL30447Selected Reserves8511,1881,1511,1711,1381,058946902881864866836
g/w
s.orTotal Civilians (FTEs)9471,0291,0321,023969932822746707661645 NA
leak
://wikiSources: Active and reserve data for FY2000-2001 from Office of Management and Budget, Budget of the United States Government, FY2001: Appendix, Feb.2000. Active duty force levels,FY1981-98 from Department of Defense Comptroller, National Defense Budget Estimates for FY2000, March, 1999. All data for
httpFY2005 from U.S. Department of Defense, briefing materials accompanying the FY2001 budget (mimeo), Feb. 2000. Reserve personnel levels through FY1997
from: U.S. Library of Congress, Congressional Research Service, Defense Budget – FY84: Military Manpower and Compensation Issues, Archived CRS Issue Brief

83052, by Robert L. Goldich, 1984; U.S. Library of Congress, Congressional Research Service, Military Manpower and Compensation: FY1992 Budget Issues,


Archived CRS Issue Brief 91026, by Robert L. Goldich, 1992; U.S. Department of Defense, Manpower Requirements Report, FY1998, July 1998. Civilian personnel
levels from Office of Management and Budget, Historical Tables: Budget of the United States Government for Fiscal Year 2001, Feb. 2000.
Notes: Figures reflect end strength for active and reserve forces and full time equivalent (FTE) employment levels for civilians. End strength represents force levels
at the end of each fiscal year. FTEs represent total non-overtime hours worked divided by annual compensable hours. Selected reserves do not include Individual
Ready Reserve and Inactive National Guard. Totals may not add due to rounding.



Table 8. Department of Defense Active Duty Personnel Levels,
FY1950-2005
(end-strength in thousands)
19501,459 19642,687 19782,062 19921,808
19513,249 19652,655 19792,024 19931,705
19523,636 19663,094 19802,050 19941,610
19533,555 19673,377 19812,082 19951,519
19543,302 19683,548 19822,108 19961,471
19552,935 19693,459 19832,124 19971,440
19562,806 19703,065 19842,138 19981,407
19572,796 19712,713 19852,15119991,386
19582,601 19722,322 19862,16920001,382
19592,504 19732,252 19872,174 20011,382
19602,476 19742,161 19882,138 20051,373
19612,484 19752,127 19892,130
19622,808 19762,081 19902,069
19632,700 19772,073 19912,002
Sources: FY2000-FY2005 data from Department of Defense, Briefing material accompanying the
FY2001 budget (mimeo), Feb. 2000; FY1950-1998 data from Under Secretary of Defense
Comptroller, National Defense Budget Estimates for FY2000, Mar. 1999; FY1999 data from Office
of Management and Budget, Budget of the United States Government for FY2001: Appendix, Feb.

2000.


Figure 4: Department of Defense Active Duty
Personnel Levels, FY1950-2005
4,000
1952: 3,6361968: 3,548
3,500
3,000
2,500 1987: 2,174
1960: 2,476
2,000 1975: 2,127
1,500
1,000 End-Strength in Thousands2005: 1,373
500
0 195019551960196519701975198019851990199520002005
Fiscal Year

CRS-15
Table 9. U.S. Military Force Structure, FY1980-2001
Air Forcea
FiscalArmy DivisionsMarine DivisionsNaval ForcesTactical Wingsb
YearActiveReserveActiveReserveCarriersTotal ShipsActiveReserve
1980168 31134772611
1981168 31134912611
1982168 31145132612
1983168 31145142512
1984169 31145242512
19851710 31145422512
19861810 31145562512
19871810 31155692512
19881810 31155662512
19891810 31155672512
iki/CRS-RL3044719901810 3115546241219911610 31155262213
g/w19921410 31144661613
s.or19931410 31134341611
leak1994128 3112387139
://wiki1995128 3111+13731381996108 3111+1365137
http1997108 3111+1357137
1998 10 8 3 1 11+1 333 13 7
1999 10 8 3 1 11+1 317 13 7.2
2000 10 8 3 1 11+1 316 13 7.6
2001 10 8 3 1 11+1 316 12.6 7.6
Sources: U.S. Department of Defense, briefing materials accompanying the FY2001 budget request (mimeo), Feb. 2000. U.S. Library
of Congress, Congressional Research Service, U.S./Soviet Military Balance: Statistical Trends, 1980-1989, CRS Report 90-401 RCO,
by John M. Collins and Dianne E. Rennack, Aug. 6, 1990. U.S. Library of Congress, Congressional Research Service, U.S. Armed
Forces: Statistical Trends, 1985-1990, CRS Report 91-672 RCO, by John M. Collins and Dianne E. Rennack, Sep. 6. 1991. U.S.
Department of the Navy (Program Information Center), Listing of U.S. Naval Ship Battle Forces as of 30 September 1993, Washington

1993 and previous editions. Total ships FY2001 estimate from Highlights of the Dept. of Navy FY2001 budget, Feb. 2000, p 2-3.


Notes: Figures for FY2000 and FY2001 are Administration projections.
a. Air Force figures do not include a wing of F-117 aircraft until FY1990.
b. Carrier figures exclude one auxiliary training carrier for FY1980-92 but include one operational reserve training carrier since
FY1995.



Table 10. Real Growth/Decline in National Defense Funding,
FY1940-2005
(current and constant FY2001 dollars in billions)
Budget AuthorityOutlays
Constant Real Constant Real
Fiscal Current FY2001 Growth/ Current FY2001 Growth/
Year Dollars Dollars Decline Dollars Dollars Decline
19401.7 24.9

19416.4 92.1 +269.8%


194225.7 334.9 +263.6%


194366.7 801.5 +139.3%


194479.1 979.5 +22.2%


194539.2 574.8 83.0 1061.6 +8.4%


194644.0 523.5 -8.9%42.7 545.1 -48.7%


19479.0 108.4 -79.3%12.8 149.3 -72.6%


19489.5 102.0 -5.8%9.1 102.3 -31.5%


194910.9 119.9 +17.5%13.2 141.6 +38.4%


195016.5 164.9 +37.5%13.7 146.8 +3.7%


195157.8 455.6 +176.4%23.6 225.6 +53.7%


195267.5 550.5 +20.8%46.1 402.2 +78.3%


195356.9 474.3 -13.8%52.8 446.1 +10.9%


195438.7 340.5 -28.2%49.3 424.3 -4.9%


195532.9 287.6 -15.5%42.7 362.4 -14.6%


195635.0 287.7 +0.0%42.5 342.4 -5.5%


195739.4 309.4 +7.5%45.4 347.3 +1.4%


195840.1 299.0 -3.3%46.8 339.5 -2.3%


195945.1 315.7 +5.6%49.0 339.4 -0.0%


196044.3 304.7 -3.5%48.1 331.7 -2.3%


196145.1 308.1 +1.1%49.6 331.3 -0.1%


196250.2 337.3 +9.5%52.3 350.4 +5.7%


196352.1 342.6 +1.6%53.4 354.6 +1.2%


196451.6 326.8 -4.6%54.8 351.0 -1.0%


196550.6 312.5 -4.4%50.6 320.6 -8.7%


196664.4 364.9 +16.8%58.1 343.4 +7.1%


196773.1 398.2 +9.1%71.4 397.4 +15.7%


196877.2 405.1 +1.8%81.9 433.7 +9.1%


196978.5 395.5 -2.4%82.5 422.6 -2.6%


197075.3 357.3 -9.7%81.7 391.6 -7.3%


197172.7 325.3 -8.9%78.9 356.9 -8.9%


197276.4 313.1 -3.7%79.2 331.3 -7.2%


197379.1 299.2 -4.5%76.7 301.9 -8.9%


197481.5 283.6 -5.2%79.3 289.1 -4.3%


197586.2 274.5 -3.2%86.5 282.9 -2.1%


197697.3 287.7 +4.8%89.6 273.7 -3.2%


1977110.2 299.3 +4.0%97.2 276.3 +0.9%


1978117.2 295.1 -1.4%104.5 276.5 +0.1%


1979126.5 294.0 -0.4%116.3 285.5 +3.3%



Budget AuthorityOutlays
Constant Real Constant Real
Fiscal Current FY2001 Growth/ Current FY2001 Growth/
Year Dollars Dollars Decline Dollars Dollars Decline

1980143.9 299.1 +1.7%134.0 293.0 +2.6%


1981180.0 334.8 +11.9%157.5 306.7 +4.7%


1982216.5 371.9 +11.1%185.3 328.8 +7.2%


1983245.0 402.8 +8.3%209.9 354.7 +7.9%


1984265.2 421.6 +4.7%227.4 369.3 +4.1%


1985294.7 448.4 +6.3%252.7 391.6 +6.0%


1986289.1 430.2 -4.0%273.4 412.1 +5.3%


1987287.4 416.1 -3.3%282.0 413.4 +0.3%


1988292.0 407.7 -2.0%290.4 412.0 -0.3%


1989299.6 402.6 -1.3%303.6 413.3 +0.3%


1990301.2 393.3 -2.3%297.9 393.9 -4.7%


1991296.2 370.5 -5.8%296.7 374.9 -4.8%


1992287.7 352.5 -4.9%286.1 351.3 -6.3%


1993281.1 334.7 -5.0%283.9 337.8 -3.8%


1994263.3 306.7 -8.4%278.9 324.0 -4.1%


1995266.3 304.1 -0.8%271.0 309.3 -4.5%


1996266.0 297.5 -2.2%265.2 296.4 -4.2%


1997270.3 295.9 -0.5%270.4 294.9 -0.5%


1998271.3 290.8 -1.7%268.4 286.9 -2.7%


1999292.1 307.0 +5.6%274.9 288.7 +0.6%


2000293.3 301.6 -1.8%290.6 298.8 +3.5%


2001305.4 305.4 +1.3%291.2 291.2 -2.6%


2002309.2 302.7 -0.9%298.4 292.2 +0.4%


2003315.6 302.3 -0.1%307.4 295.0 +0.9%


2004323.4 302.4 +0.0%316.5 296.6 +0.5%


2005331.7 302.8 +0.1%330.7 302.7 +2.0%


Sources: U.S. Office of Management and Budget, Historical Tables: Budget of the United
States Government, Fiscal Year 2001, Feb. 2000; deflators and figures on Desert
Shield/Desert Storm costs and receipts from Under Secretary of Defense Comptroller; CRS
calculations.
Notes: Figures for FY1990 and beyond exclude costs and receipts of Operation Desert
Shield/Desert Storm. Figures for FY1999-2004 reflect Administration projections. No data
are available for budget authority prior to FY1945. The figures for budget authority reflect
one unavoidable statistical discontinuity. Figures prior to FY1976 are from DOD data that
have not been revised to reflect accrual accounting for military retirement in years prior to
its adoption in FY1985. Figures from FY1976 on have been revised by the Office of
Management and Budget to reflect accrual accounting. The difference, however, is relatively
small and does not significantly affect the figures as an indication of trends in national
defense funding.



Table 11. National Defense Outlays as a Percentage of GNP/GDP,
FY1910-2005
(current year dollars in billions)
National Outlays National Outlays
FiscalDefenseGNP/as % ofFiscalDefenseGNP/as % of
Year Outlays GDP GNP/GDP Year Outlays GDP GNP/GDP

19100.3 35.30.8%194583.0 221.4 37.5%


19110.3 35.80.8%194642.7 222.9 19.1%


19120.3 39.40.7%194712.8 234.9 5.5%


19130.3 39.60.7%19489.1 256.6 3.5%


19140.3 38.60.8%194913.2 271.7 4.8%


19150.3 40.00.7%195013.7 273.6 5.0%


19160.3 48.30.6%195123.6 321.3 7.3%


19170.6 60.41.0%195246.1 348.9 13.2%


19187.1 76.49.3%195352.8 373.1 14.2%


191913.5 84.016.1%195449.3 378.0 13.0%


19204.0 91.54.4%195542.7 395.3 10.8%


19212.6 69.63.7%195642.5 427.6 9.9%


19220.9 74.11.3%195745.4 450.5 10.1%


19230.7 85.10.8%195846.8 460.6 10.2%


19240.6 84.70.8%195949.0 491.8 10.0%


19250.6 93.10.6%196048.1 519.8 9.3%


19260.6 97.00.6%196149.6 530.9 9.3%


19270.6 94.90.6%196252.3 568.6 9.2%


19280.7 97.00.7%196353.4 600.2 8.9%


19290.7 103.10.7%196454.8 642.3 8.5%


19300.7 90.40.8%196550.6 688.2 7.4%


19310.7 75.81.0%196658.1 757.2 7.7%


19320.7 58.01.2%196771.4 811.7 8.8%


19330.6 55.61.2%196881.9 870.0 9.4%


19340.5 60.50.9%196982.5 949.4 8.7%


19350.7 68.91.0%197081.7 1,013.7 8.1%


19360.9 77.61.2%197178.9 1,081.7 7.3%


19370.9 86.81.1%197279.2 1,178.5 6.7%


19381.0 87.91.2%197376.7 1,313.6 5.8%


19391.1 87.91.2%197479.3 1,441.7 5.5%


19401.7 96.51.7%197586.5 1,559.2 5.5%


19416.4 113.95.6%197689.6 1,735.9 5.2%


194225.7 144.217.8%197797.2 1,974.6 4.9%


194366.7 180.037.1%1978104.5 2,219.5 4.7%


194479.1 209.037.9%1979116.3 2,504.9 4.6%



National Outlays National Outlays
FiscalDefenseGNP/as % ofFiscalDefenseGNP/as % of
Year Outlays GDP GNP/GDP Year Outlays GDP GNP/GDP

1980134.0 2,731.84.9%1995272.1 7,322.63.7%


1981157.5 3,060.35.1%1996265.8 7,700.13.5%


1982185.3 3,231.15.7%1997270.5 8,182.83.3%


1983209.9 3,441.76.1%1998268.5 8,636.33.1%


1984227.4 3,846.55.9%1999274.9 9,115.43.0%


1985252.7 4,141.66.1%2000290.6 9,571.93.0%


1986273.4 4,398.36.2%2001291.2 10,041.32.9%


1987282.0 4,653.96.1%2002298.4 10,502.42.8%


1988290.4 5,016.65.8%2003307.4 10,982.82.8%


1989303.6 5,406.65.6%2004316.5 11,502.02.8%


1990299.3 5,738.45.2%2005330.7 12,084.52.7%


1991273.3 5,927.94.6%


1992298.4 6,221.74.8%


1993291.1 6,560.94.4%


1994281.6 6,948.84.1%


Source: CRS calculations based on data from U.S. Office of Management and Budget, Historical
Tables: Budget of the United States Government, Fiscal Year 2001, Feb. 2000.
Notes: For this and following tables, national defense outlay figures for FY1990 and beyond do not
exclude Operation Desert Shield/Desert Storm costs and receipts, since such the amounts involved
cannot be separated from national economic activity or from total federal outlays. GNP before

1940, GDP thereafter.



Figure 5: National Defense Outlays, FY1910-2005
1,200
1,000
800
600
400
Constant FY2001 $ in Billions
200
0 1910192019301940195019601970198019902000
Fiscal Year
*FY2000-2005: Administration projections.
Figure 6: National Defense Budget Authority and Outlays,
FY1947-2005


500
400
300
200
Constant FY2001 $ in Billions
100 Budget AuthorityOutlays
0 195019551960196519701975198019851990199520002005
Fiscal Year
*FY2000-2005: Administration projections. Excludes Desert Shield/Desert Storm.

Figure 7: National Defense Outlays, Percentage of
GNP/GDP, FY1910-2005
40%
30%
20%
10%Percentage of GNP/GDP
0% 1910 1920 1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000
Fiscal YearFY2000-2005: Administration projections
Figure 8: National Defense Outlays, Percentage of GDP,
FY1947-2005


14%FY1953: 14.2%
12%
10%FY1968: 9.4%
8%
FY1986: 6.2%
6%
Percentage of GDP
4%FY1979: 4.6%
FY1948: 3.5%
2%FY2001: 2.9%
0% 1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005
Fiscal Year
*FY2000-2005: Administration projections.

Table 12. Allocation of Federal Outlays by Budget Enforcement Act
Category, FY1962-2005
(current year dollars in billions)
Defense Non-Defense Total
Fiscal Discretionary Discretionary Mandatory Net Federal
Year Outlays Outlays Outlays Interest Outlays
1962 52.6 19.5 27.9 6.9 106.8
1963 53.7 21.6 28.3 7.7 111.3
1964 55.0 24.1 31.2 8.2 118.5
1965 51.0 26.8 31.8 8.6 118.2
1966 59.0 31.1 35.0 9.4 134.5
1967 72.0 34.5 40.7 10.3 157.5
1968 82.2 35.8 49.1 11.1 178.1
1969 82.7 34.6 53.6 12.7 183.6
1970 81.9 38.4 61.0 14.4 195.6
1971 79.0 43.5 72.8 14.8 210.2
1972 79.3 49.2 86.7 15.5 230.7
1973 77.1 53.3 98.0 17.3 245.7
1974 80.7 57.5 109.7 21.4 269.4
1975 87.6 70.3 151.2 23.2 332.3
1976 89.9 85.6 169.6 26.7 371.8
1977 97.5 99.5 182.3 29.9 409.2
1978 104.6 114.0 204.7 35.5 458.7
1979 116.8 123.1 221.5 42.6 504.0
1980 134.6 141.6 262.2 52.5 590.9
1981 158.0 149.9 301.6 68.8 678.2
1982 185.9 140.0 334.8 85.0 745.8
1983 209.9 143.4 365.3 89.8 808.4
1984 228.0 151.4 361.4 111.1 851.9
1985 253.1 162.6 401.2 129.5 946.4
1986 273.8 164.7 415.9 136.0 990.5
1987 282.5 161.7 421.3 138.7 1,004.1
1988 290.9 173.5 448.3 151.8 1,064.5
1989 304.0 184.8 485.9 169.0 1,143.7
1990 300.1 200.4 568.3 184.4 1,253.2
1991 319.7 213.6 596.6 194.5 1,324.4
1992 302.6 232.0 647.7 199.4 1,381.7
1993 292.4 248.6 669.8 198.7 1,409.5
1994 282.3 261.6 715.0 203.0 1,461.9
1995 273.6 272.1 738.0 232.2 1,515.8
1996 266.0 268.5 785.0 241.1 1,560.6
1997 271.7 277.2 808.3 244.0 1,601.3
1998 270.2 284.5 856.7 241.2 1,652.6
1999 275.5 299.5 898.3 229.7 1,703.0
2000 291.2 326.3 951.7 220.3 1,789.6
2001 292.1 341.8 992.8 208.3 1,835.0
2002 299.2 351.9 1,045.6 198.6 1,895.3
2003 308.2 357.1 1,108.3 189.3 1,962.9
2004 317.2 363.5 1,182.9 177.5 2,041.1
2005 331.4 369.8 1,260.5 163.8 2,125.5
Source: U.S. Office of Management and Budget, Historical Tables: Budget of the United States Government,
Fiscal Year 2001, Feb. 2000.
Note: National defense outlay figures do not exclude Desert Shield/Desert Storm costs and receipts.



Table 13. Allocation of Federal Outlays by
Budget Enforcement Act Category, FY1962-2005
(percentage of total outlays)
Defense Non-Defense Defense
Fiscal Discretionary Discretionary Mandatory Net Share
Year Outlays Outlays Outlays Interest Discretionary
1962 49.3% 18.3% 26.1% 6.5% 73.0%
1963 48.2% 19.4% 25.4% 6.9% 71.3%
1964 46.4% 20.3% 26.3% 6.9% 69.5%
1965 43.1% 22.7% 26.9% 7.3% 65.6%
1966 43.9% 23.1% 26.0% 7.0% 65.5%
1967 45.7% 21.9% 25.8% 6.5% 67.6%
1968 46.2% 20.1% 27.6% 6.2% 69.7%
1969 45.0% 18.8% 29.2% 6.9% 70.5%
1970 41.9% 19.6% 31.2% 7.4% 68.1%
1971 37.6% 20.7% 34.6% 7.0% 64.5%
1972 34.4% 21.3% 37.6% 6.7% 61.7%
1973 31.4% 21.7% 39.9% 7.0% 59.1%
1974 30.0% 21.3% 40.7% 7.9% 58.4%
1975 26.4% 21.2% 45.5% 7.0% 55.5%
1976 24.2% 23.0% 45.6% 7.2% 51.2%
1977 23.8% 24.3% 44.6% 7.3% 49.5%
1978 22.8% 24.9% 44.6% 7.7% 47.8%
1979 23.2% 24.4% 43.9% 8.5% 48.7%
1980 22.8% 24.0% 44.4% 8.9% 48.7%
1981 23.3% 22.1% 44.5% 10.1% 51.3%
1982 24.9% 18.8% 44.9% 11.4% 57.0%
1983 26.0% 17.7% 45.2% 11.1% 59.4%
1984 26.8% 17.8% 42.4% 13.0% 60.1%
1985 26.7% 17.2% 42.4% 13.7% 60.9%
1986 27.6% 16.6% 42.0% 13.7% 62.4%
1987 28.1% 16.1% 42.0% 13.8% 63.6%
1988 27.3% 16.3% 42.1% 14.3% 62.6%
1989 26.6% 16.2% 42.5% 14.8% 62.2%
1990 23.9% 16.0% 45.3% 14.7% 60.0%
1991 24.1% 16.1% 45.0% 14.7% 59.9%
1992 21.9% 16.8% 46.9% 14.4% 56.6%
1993 20.7% 17.6% 47.5% 14.1% 54.0%
1994 19.3% 17.9% 48.9% 13.9% 51.9%
1995 18.0% 18.0% 48.7% 15.3% 50.1%
1996 17.0% 17.2% 50.3% 15.4% 49.8%
1997 17.0% 17.3% 50.5% 15.2% 49.5%
1998 16.3% 17.2% 51.8% 14.6% 48.7%
1999 16.2% 17.6% 52.7% 13.5% 47.9%
2000 16.3% 18.2% 53.2% 12.3% 47.2%
2001 15.9% 18.6% 54.1% 11.4% 46.1%
2002 15.8% 18.6% 55.2% 10.5% 46.0%
2003 15.7% 18.2% 56.5% 9.6% 46.3%
2004 15.5% 17.8% 58.0% 8.7% 46.6%
2005 15.6% 17.4% 59.3% 7.7% 47.3%
Source: CRS calculations based on U.S. Office of Management and Budget, Historical Tables: Budget of the
United States Government, Fiscal Year 2001, Feb. 2000.
Note: National defense outlay figures do not exclude Desert Shield/Desert Storm costs and receipts.



Figure 9: National Defense Outlays, Percentage of
Total Federal Outlays, FY1940-2005
100%
80%
60%
40%
20%Percentage of Federal Outlays
0% 1940 1945 1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005
Fiscal Year
*FY2000-2005: Administration projections.
Figure 10: Federal Outlays by Budget Enforcement Act
Category, FY1962-2005


Net Interest
1,500
Mandatory
1,000
500 Non-Defense Discretionary
Constant FY2001 Dollars in Billions
Defense Discretionary
0 19621966197019741978198219861990199419982002
Fiscal Year
*FY2000-2005, Administration projection.

CRS-25
Table 14. Trends in Department of Defense Future-Years Defense Plans
(budget authority, current year dollars in billions)
FY Admin. Request1987198819891990199119921993199419951996199719981999200020012002200320042005
FY1987, 2/86312332354375396
FY1988, 1/87282303323344365387
FY1989, 2/88279283291307324342360
Reagan FY1990279284290306321336351366
Bush FY1990 279284290296311322336350
FY1991, 1/90279284290289295300304308312
FY1992, 2/91279284291291280278278278281283287
FY1993, 1/92279284291291298269268268270270275
FY1994, 3/93279284291291284275259251248240233241
FY1995, 2/94279284291291284275267249252243240247253
FY1996, 2/95279284291291284275267251 253246243248256266277
iki/CRS-RL30447FY1997, 3/96279284291291284275267251256252243248254262270277
g/wFY1998, 2/97279284291291284275267251256252250251256263270277
s.orFY1999, 2/98279284291293276282267251256254258255257263271274284
leakFY2000, 2/99279284291293276282267251256254258259263267286288299308319
FY2001, 2/00279284291293276282267251256254258259278280291295301308316
://wikiSources: U.S. Department of Defense, Briefing materials accompanying the FY2001 budget (mimeo), Feb. 2001, and prior years’ briefing materials. U.S. Office of Management
httpand Budget, Historical Tables: Budget of the United States Government, FY2001, Feb. 2000 and prior years. U.S. Office of Management and Budget, Budget Baselines, Historical
Data, and Alternatives for the Future, Jan. 1993.
Notes: Boldface denotes the future-year defense plan projected at the time of the budget submission. Figures for the year immediately preceding the year for which funding is
requested (e.g., FY1987 in the FY1988 request) represent an estimate and may include proposed supplemental appropriations or rescissions. Actual figures reported in following
years may differ because of congressional action on supplemental appropriation requests, transfers of budget authority from one year to another, and/or adjustments in contract
authority for Working Capital Funds. The large discrepancies in year-to-year estimates for FY1991 are due to substantial changes in accounting methods for Operation Desert
Shield/Desert Storm. Though the figures for FY1990-92 presented here have been adjusted to exclude funding for Operation Desert Shield/Desert Storm, these adjustments do not
eliminate all of the discrepancies for FY1991.



Part III: Definitions of Budget Terms
The definitions that follow are taken from Office of Management and Budget and
Department of Defense publications.
Accrual Accounting – as applied to military retired pay, a method of recording costs
designed to reflect the liability of the federal government for the future
retirement costs of military personnel currently on active or reserve duty. First
used in FY1985 in DOD, this method of accounting represents a change from
the earlier practice in which the cost of military retirement was measured in
terms of actual payments to current retirees.
Appropriation – one form of budget authority provided by Congress for the funding
of an agency, department, or program for a given amount of time. An
appropriation provides funds for purposes specifically designated by Congress.
Funds will not necessarily all be spent in the year in which they are initially
provided.
Authorization – establishes or maintains a government program or agency by
defining its scope. Authorizing legislation is normally a prerequisite for
appropriations and may set specific limits on the amount that may be
appropriated for the specified program or agency. An authorization, however,
does not make money available, and sometimes appropriations are made without
having been authorized.
Budget Authority – legal authority for an agency to enter into obligations for the
provision of goods or services. It may be available for one or more years. An
appropriation is one form of budget authority.
Budgetary Resources – used in the context of the Budget Enforcement Act of 1997
deficit reduction process, it refers to funds subject to automatic spending
reductions. For defense programs only, these funds are made up of the sum of
new budget authority and unobligated balances of budget authority provided in
prior years.
Current/Constant Dollars – the cost of goods or services in current dollars is the
value in terms of prices current at the time of purchase – current dollars are also
referred to simply as “dollars” or as “then-year dollars.” The cost of goods or
services in constant dollars is the value adjusted to eliminate the effects of
changes in prices (usually due to inflation). Constant dollars, expressed in terms
of an arbitrary reference year (e.g., Fiscal Year 2001 dollars), are determined
by dividing current dollars by a “deflator” based on the prices in the reference
year. Constant dollars are used to assess growth rates of programs
independently of the effects of inflation. Growth rates in constant, inflation-
adjusted dollars are referred to as “real growth” rates.
Deficit – in the federal budget, the amount by which total federal budget outlays for
a given fiscal year exceed total federal revenues for that year.



Fiscal Year – a fiscal year in the federal government begins on October 1 and ends
on September 30 and is designated by the calendar year in which it ends. Thus,
FY2000 began on October 1, 1999 and will end on September 30, 2000. (Note
that the federal fiscal year ran from July 1 to June 30 until FY1977.)
National Defense Budget Function – one of the categories of the federal budget.
It consists of the Department of Defense (DOD) budget, which funds all direct
DOD military programs, and of a number of defense-related activities
administered by other agencies. These activities include atomic energy defense
activities funded through the Department of Energy, civil defense programs
administered by the Federal Emergency Management Agency, and the Selective
Service System. The DOD budget constitutes more than 95% of the National
Defense Budget Function.
Obligation – an order placed, contract awarded, service agreement undertaken, or
other commitments made by federal agencies during a given period which will
require outlays during the same or some future period.
Outlays – money spent by a federal agency from funds provided by Congress.
Outlays in a given fiscal year are a result of obligations that in turn follow the
provision of budget authority.
Sequester or Sequestration – a term used in the Budget Enforcement Act of 1997,
it refers to the withholding of funds from obligation or expenditure and the
eventual cancellation of new budget authority, new loan guarantee commitments,
new direct loan obligations, and other spending authority as defined in the
Budget Act of 1974. It also results in the reduction of obligation limitations.
Total Obligational Authority – a financial measure unique to DOD, it refers to the
total value of direct defense programs for a fiscal year. Prior to FY1979 it
differed from Budget Authority in significant ways, the largest of which was that
TOA in a given year increased if congressional action led to a transfer of BA
balances from prior years, while BA would not change. Beginning in FY1979,
however, transfers which extend the availability of funds began to be treated as
BA and not only TOA. The current difference between BA and TOA is usually
small and technical.
Unexpended Funds – budget authority that has been appropriated by Congress, but
remains unspent, representing future outlays. Unexpended funds, whether
obligated or as yet unobligated, are formally appropriated by Congress for
specific programs.
Unobligated Funds – budget authority that has been appropriated by Congress for
specific programs but that has not yet been pledged or obligated by contract