The Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act: An Overview of the Statutory Framework and U.Sl Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Court and U.S. Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Court of Review Decisions

^Pr^ep^ar^{ed f}^o^r^M^e^m^b^ers^an^d^Com^mⁱ^t^t^ees^of^C^ong^r^e^ss

The Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act (FISA), 50 U.S.C. § 1801 et seq., as passed in 1978,
provided a statutory framework for the use of electronic surveillance in the context of foreign
intelligence gathering. In so doing, Congress sought to strike a delicate balance between national
security interests and personal privacy rights. Subsequent legislation expanded federal laws
dealing with foreign intelligence gathering to address physical searches, pen registers and trap
and trace devices, and access to certain business records. The USA PATRIOT Act of 2001, P.L.
107-56, made significant changes to some of these provisions. Further amendments were included
in the Intelligence Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2002, P.L. 107-108, and the Homeland
Security Act of 2002, P.L. 107-296, the Intelligence Reform and Terrorism Prevention Act, P.L.
108-458, the USA PATRIOT Improvement and Reauthorization Act of 2005, P.L. 109-177, and
the USA PATRIOT Act Additional Reauthorizing Amendments Act of 2006, P.L. 109-178. In
addressing international terrorism or espionage, the same factual situation may be the focus of
both criminal investigations and foreign intelligence collection efforts. Some of the changes in
FISA under these public laws are intended, in part, to facilitate information sharing between law
enforcement and intelligence elements. In its Final Report, the 9/11 Commission noted that the
removal of the pre-9/11 “wall” between intelligence and law enforcement “has opened up new
opportunities for cooperative action within the FBI.”
On May 17, 2002, the U.S. Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Court (FISC) issued a memorandum
opinion and order written by the then Presiding Judge of the court, and concurred in by all of the
other judges then on the court. The unclassified opinion and order were provided to the Senate
Judiciary Committee in response to a letter from Senator Leahy, Senator Grassley, and Senator
Specter, who released them to the public on August 22, 2002. In its decision, the FISC considered
a motion by the U.S. Department of Justice “to vacate the minimization and ‘wall’ procedures in
all cases now or ever before the Court, including this Court’s adoption of the Attorney General’s
July 1995 intelligence sharing procedures, which are not consistent with new intelligence sharing
procedures submitted for approval with this motion.” The FISC granted the Department’s motion,
but modified part of what it saw as proposed minimization procedures. This decision was not
appealed directly, but the Department of Justice did seek review of an FISC order granting as
modified an application for electronic surveillance of an agent of a foreign power and for an FISC
order renewing that surveillance, both subject to restrictions based on the May 17 memorandum
opinion and order by the FISC. The U.S. Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Court of Review
reversed and remanded the FISC orders on November 18, 2002. This report will examine the
detailed statutory structure provided by FISA and related provisions of E.O. 12333, and will
discuss the decisions of the U.S. Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Court and the U.S. Foreign
Intelligence Surveillance Court of Review. It will be updated as subsequent changes require.

Introduc tion ..................................................................................................................................... 1
Backgr ound ............................................................................................................................... 3
Executive Order 12333....................................................................................................................5
The Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act......................................................................................7
The Statutory Framework..........................................................................................................7
Creation of the U.S. Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Court and the U.S. Foreign
Intelligence Court of Review...........................................................................................9
Electronic surveillance under FISA...................................................................................11
Physical searches for foreign intelligence gathering purposes.........................................32
Pen registers or trap and trace devices used for foreign intelligence gathering
purposes ......................................................................................................................... 44
Access to certain business records or other tangible things for foreign intelligence
purposes ......................................................................................................................... 51
Private Right of Action in U.S. District Court for Those Aggrieved by Willful
Violations of 50 U.S.C. §§ 1806(a), 1825(a), or 1845(a) of FISA.......................................58
Sunset Provisions....................................................................................................................59
Published Decisions of the FISC and the U.S. Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Court of
Revi ew ........................................................................................................................................ 59
The FISC Decision..................................................................................................................59
Summary ........................................................................................................................ ... 59
Discussion of the Memorandum Opinion and Order........................................................60
The Decision of the U.S. Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Court of Review.......................66
Summary ........................................................................................................................ ... 66
Discussion of the Opinion.................................................................................................67
Conclusion ..................................................................................................................................... 80
Author Contact Information..........................................................................................................88

On October 26, 2001, President George W. Bush signed P.L. 107-56, the Uniting and
Strengthening America by Providing Appropriate Tools Required to Intercept and Obstruct
Terrorism Act or the USA PATRIOT Act. Among its provisions are a number which impacted or
amended the Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act (FISA), 50 U.S.C. § 1801 et seq., an act which
provides a statutory structure for the use of electronic surveillance, physical searches, pen
registers, trap and trace devices, and orders requiring production of tangible things within the
United States to gather foreign intelligence information or to assist in specified types of
investigations.
The changes made to FISA by P.L. 107-56 were far reaching. For example, the law expanded the
number of United States district court judges on the Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Court and
provided for roving or multipoint electronic surveillance authority under FISA. It amended FISA
provisions with respect to pen registers and trap and trace devices, and substantially expanded the
reach of the business records provisions to provide a mechanism for production of any tangible
thing pursuant to a FISA court order. The amended language changed the certification demanded
of a federal officer applying for a FISA order for electronic surveillance or a physical search from
requiring a certification that the purpose of the surveillance or physical search is to obtain foreign
intelligence information to requiring certification that a significant purpose of the surveillance or
search is to obtain foreign intelligence information. As implemented, this has made it possible for
FISA to be used where the primary purpose of the investigation is criminal investigation, so long
as a significant foreign intelligence purpose is also present. FISA, as amended, also affords a
private right of action to persons aggrieved by inappropriate use or disclosure of information
gathered in or derived from a FISA surveillance or physical search or through the use of a pen
register or trap and trace device. Of the amendments made by the USA PATRIOT Act, all but the
section which increased the number of judges on the Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Court
were set by that Act to sunset on December 31, 2005. P.L. 109-160 and P.L. 109-170 extended the
sunset of certain FISA provisions, among others, to February 3, 2006, and March 10, 2006,
respectively. The USA PATRIOT Improvement and Reauthorization Act of 2005, P.L. 109-177,
replaced the sunset provisions of P.L. 107-56, as amended, with new provisions extending the
application of the affected amendments to December 31, 2009. Amendments to FISA were also
made by the Intelligence Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2003, P.L. 107-108; the Homeland
Security Act of 2002, P.L. 107-296; and the Intelligence Reform and Terrorism Protection Act of

2004, P.L. 108-458.

In the 109^th Congress, two measures, the USA PATRIOT Improvement and Reauthorization Act
of 2005, P.L. 109-177, and the USA PATRIOT Act Additional Reauthorizing Amendments Act of
2006, P.L. 109-178, made significant changes to FISA. P.L. 109-177 extended the duration of
FISA electronic surveillance, physical searches, and pen register and trap and trace devices. It
also added requirements to applications for production of certain sensitive types of records, and
expanded the requirements for applications for FISA orders for production of tangible things and
for orders authorizing such production. This Act created a new petition review pool within the
U.S. Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Court (FISC) to address challenges to such production
orders or to related nondisclosure orders, and established a detailed procedure for review of such
orders. Further, it directed the Inspector General of the U.S. Department of Justice to perform a
comprehensive audit of the effectiveness and use, including improper or illegal use, of the
investigative authority under title V of FISA, 50 U.S.C. § 1861 et seq., for fiscal years 2002-2006.
The measure modified the requirements for multipoint electronic surveillance under FISA. It also

expanded congressional oversight of FISA electronic surveillance, physical searches, and use of
pen registers and trap and trace devices. P.L. 109-178 amends the procedures for judicial review
of production and nondisclosure orders under 50 U.S.C. § 1861.
On May 17, 2002, the U.S. Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Court issued an opinion and order¹
written by the then Presiding Judge of the court, U.S. District Judge Royce C. Lamberth. All of
the other judges then on the FISC concurred in the order. The opinion was provided by the current
Presiding Judge of the FISC, U.S. District Judge Colleen Kollar-Kotelly, to the Senate Judiciary
Committee in response to a July 31 letter from Senator Leahy, Senator Grassley and Senator ²
Specter. On August 22, 2002, the unclassified opinion was released to the public by Senator
Leahy, Senator Grassley and Senator Specter.
In the memorandum opinion and order, the FISC considered a motion by the U.S. Department of
Justice “to vacate the minimization and ‘wall’ procedures in all cases now or ever before the
Court, including this Court’s adoption of the Attorney General’s July 1995 intelligence sharing
procedures, which are not consistent with new intelligence sharing procedures submitted for ³
approval with this motion.” In its memorandum and accompanying order, the FISC granted the
Department of Justice’s motion, but modified the second and third paragraphs of section II.B of ⁴
the proposed minimization procedures.
The FISC’s May 17^th memorandum opinion and order were not appealed directly. However, the
Justice Department sought review in the U.S. Foreign Intelligence Court of Review (Court of
Review) of an FISC order authorizing electronic surveillance of an agent of a foreign power, ^th
subject to restrictions flowing from the May 17 decision, and of an FISC order renewing that
surveillance subject to the same restrictions. The Court of Review reversed and remanded the ⁵
FISC orders. This opinion, the first issued by the U.S. Foreign Intelligence SurveillanceCourt of
Review since its creation in 1978, was also released to the public. This report will provide
background on the Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act, discuss its statutory framework, and
review these two decisions.

¹^{In re}^A^{ll Ma}^tte^{rs Su}^bm^itte^{d to t}^h^e^Fore^ig^{n In}^te^llig^eⁿ^c^e^Surv^e^illa^nc^e^Court,²¹⁸^{F. S}^u^p^p^.^2d⁶^11(U.^S^.^Fore^ig^{n I}ⁿ^te^ll.
^Sur^v^e^{il. C}^t^.²⁰⁰²⁾⁽^h^e^r^eⁱ^na^f^t^e^r^{FISC o}^p^.^).
²^S^ee,^S^t^at^em^en^t^o^f^S^eⁿ^.^P^a^t^rⁱ^c^{k L}^e^ah^y^,^Ch^ai^r^m^an^,^Co^mmⁱ^t^t^{ee o}ⁿ^t^h^{e Ju}^dⁱ^ci^ary^,^“T^h^e^US^A^P^A^T^R^I^O^T^A^c^tⁱⁿ^P^r^actⁱ^ce:
^She^d^dⁱ^ng^Lⁱ^g^h^{t o}ⁿ^t^h^e^FISA^P^r^oc^e^ss”^(Se^p^{t. 10}^{, 2}⁰⁰²^),^htt^p^://le^a^h^y^.^se^na^te^.g^ov^/pre^ss/200²⁰^9/⁰⁹¹⁰⁰^2.^htm^{l; “}^C^ourts,”
^N^a^tio^nal^J^our^nal’^s^Te^c^hⁿ^o^lo^gy^D^a^ily⁽^A^ug^us^{t 22}^{, 2}⁰⁰²^,^{PM E}^d^iti^oⁿ⁾^;^“^S^e^c^r^e^t^C^our^{t R}^e^b^u^f^f^s^A^s^hc^r^o^f^{t; J}^u^s^tic^e^D^e^pt.
^C^h^ide^d^oⁿ^Misⁱ^nf^or^m^a^tion,”^by^Da^{n Eg}^g^e^{n a}^{nd S}^u^s^a^{n Sc}^hm^idt,^Washⁱⁿ^gt^on^Po^st^,^{p. A}¹⁽^A^ug^us^{t 23,}²⁰⁰²⁾^.
³^FI^SC^op.^,²¹^{8 F}^.^S^u^p^p^.^2d^at⁶^13.
⁴^Id^.^a^t⁶²^4-²⁷^.
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^Fore^ig^{n In}^te^llig^eⁿ^c^e^Surv^e^illa^nc^e^A^c^{t, P}^.^L^.^95-⁵¹^{1, a}^s^a^m^e^nde^{d (he}^r^eⁱ^na^f^t^e^r^FISA^),^T^itle^{I, §}¹⁰^3,⁵⁰^U.S.C.^{§ 1}⁸⁰³^,
^c^r^e^a^t^e^d^both^the^U.^{S. F}^o^re^ig^{n I}ⁿ^te^llig^eⁿ^c^e^Surv^e^illa^nc^e^Cour^t^aⁿ^d^t^h^e^U.S.^Fore^ig^{n I}ⁿ^te^llig^eⁿ^c^e^Surv^e^illa^nc^e^Court^of
^Re^vⁱ^e^w^.^A^s^orig^ina^lly^c^onstitute^d^the^FISC^w^a^s^m^a^de^{up of}⁷^U.S.^distric^t^c^o^{urt j}^udg^e^s^pu^blic^ly^de^sigⁿ^a^t^e^d^by^the
^C^h^ie^f^J^u^s^tic^e^of^the^Uⁿ^ite^{d S}^t^a^t^e^s^{. A}^s^am^e^nde^{d by}^the^U^S^A^P^A^T^R^I^O^T^A^c^{t, P}^.^L^.¹^07-^56,^§²⁰^8,^the^m^e^m^b^e^r^s^h^{ip in}^the
^FI^SC^w^a^s^e^x^pa^nde^{d to}^{11 m}^e^m^b^e^r^s^,^a^t^le^a^s^{t 3 of}^w^hom^m^u^s^t^liv^e^w^ithin^a²⁰^m^ile^r^a^dius^of^the^Dⁱ^s^t^rⁱ^c^t^of^C^o^lum^b^ia^.
^T^h^e^{U.S. Fore}^ig^{n I}ⁿ^te^llig^eⁿ^c^e^Sur^v^e^illa^nc^e^{Court of}^Re^vⁱ^e^w^is^m^a^de^up^of^{3 U.S.}^distric^t^c^ourt^{or U.}^{S. c}^o^u^r^{t of}^a^ppe^a^l^s
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^{to a}^d^dre^{ss pe}^titi^{ons f}^ile^{d u}^nde^r^§⁵⁰¹^(f^{) of}^FISA^{, 50 U.S.C}^.^§¹⁸⁶¹⁽^f⁾^{, to c}^h^a^lle^ng^e^pro^duc^ti^on^or^de^{rs or re}^la^te^d
^non^dis^c^los^u^r^e^or^de^r^s^.

Investigations for the purpose of gathering foreign intelligence give rise to a tension between the ⁶
Government’s legitimate national security interests and the protection of privacy interests. The
stage was set for legislation to address these competing concerns in part by Supreme Court
decisions on related issues. In Katz v. United States, 389 U.S. 347 (1967), the Court held that the
protections of the Fourth Amendment extended to circumstances involving electronic surveillance ⁷
of oral communications without physical intrusion. The Katz Court stated, however, that its ⁸
holding did not extend to cases involving national security. In United States v. United States
District Court, 407 U.S. 297 (1972) (the Keith case), the Court regarded Katz as “implicitly
recogniz[ing] that the broad and unsuspected governmental incursions into conversational privacy
which electronic surveillance entails necessitate the application of Fourth Amendment ⁹
safeguards.” Mr. Justice Powell, writing for the Keith Court, framed the matter before the Court
as follows:
^T^h^{e i}^s^s^u^{e be}^f^o^{re u}^sⁱ^s^anⁱ^m^port^aⁿ^t^on^e^f^o^{r t}^h^{e peopl}^{e of}^ou^{r c}^o^uⁿ^t^r^y^an^{d t}^h^ei^{r G}^o^v^e^rⁿ^m^eⁿ^t^.
^{It in}^v^o^l^v^es^th^{e delicate qu}^e^s^tⁱ^on^of^th^{e P}^r^es^iden^t^’^s^po^w^e^r,^actin^g^t^h^roug^h^t^h^e^A^ttorn^e^y
^Gen^e^r^a^{l, to}^au^th^o^r^{ize electr}^oⁿⁱ^{c su}^r^v^eil^l^aⁿ^c^eⁱⁿⁱⁿ^t^e^rⁿ^a^l^s^e^cu^rⁱ^ty^m^a^tt^e^r^s^wⁱ^th^o^u^t^p^rⁱ^o^r^ju^dⁱ^cⁱ^a^l
^approv^{al. Su}^cces^sⁱ^v^e^P^r^es^iden^ts^f^o^r^m^o^{re th}^an^on^e^-^qu^{arter of}^{a cen}^tu^r^y^h^a^v^e^au^th^o^rⁱ^z^e^d^s^u^c^h
^su^r^v^eillaⁿ^{ce in}^v^a^r^yⁱⁿ^g^d^e^g^r^ees^,^wⁱ^t^h^o^u^{t g}^u^id^aⁿ^{ce f}^r^o^m^t^h^{e Co}ⁿ^g^r^e^{ss o}^r^{a d}^e^fⁱⁿⁱ^tⁱ^v^e^d^e^cⁱ^sⁱ^oⁿ
^o^f^thⁱ^s^Co^u^r^{t. T}^h^{is case b}^rⁱⁿ^g^s^th^{e is}^su^e^h^e^r^e^f^o^r^th^e^fⁱ^r^s^{t ti}^m^e^{. I}^t^{s r}^e^so^lu^tioⁿⁱ^s^a^m^a^tter^o^f
ⁿ^a^tioⁿ^a^{l co}ⁿ^cerⁿ^,^r^e^q^u^irⁱⁿ^g^seⁿ^s^it^ivⁱ^t^y^b^o^t^h^to^th^{e Go}^v^e^rⁿ^m^eⁿ^t^’^s^rⁱ^g^h^{t to}^p^r^o^t^{ect itself}^f^r^o^m
^uⁿ^l^a^w^fu^{l s}^u^bv^ersⁱ^on^an^{d attack}^an^{d to th}^{e citizen’}^s^righ^{t to b}^e^s^ecu^{re in}^hⁱ^s^priv^ac^y^a^g^aiⁿ^s^t¹⁰
^unr^e^a^so^na^b^l^e^G^o^ve^rⁿ^me^ntⁱⁿ^t^r^usi^o^n.
The Court held that, in the case of intelligence gathering involving domestic security surveillance, ¹¹
prior judicial approval was required to satisfy the Fourth Amendment. Justice Powell
emphasized that the case before it “require[d] no judgment on the scope of the President’s
surveillance power with respect to the activities of foreign powers, within or without the ¹²
country.” The Court expressed no opinion as to “the issues which may be involved with respect

⁶^T^h^e^Fourt^h^A^m^e^ndm^eⁿ^{t to the}^Uⁿ^ite^d^Sta^t^e^s^Consti^tuti^on^sta^t^e^s^:
^T^h^e^rⁱ^g^h^{t of}^the^pe^o^p^le^t^o^be^s^e^c^u^r^e^{in t}^h^eⁱ^r^pe^r^s^oⁿ^s^,^ho^us^e^s^{, pa}^pe^r^s^{, a}^{nd e}^f^f^e^c^t^s^,^ag^aⁱ^ns^t
^unr^e^a^s^ona^b^l^e^s^e^a^r^c^h^e^s^a^{nd s}^e^iz^ur^e^s^{, s}^h^a^{ll n}^o^t^be^vⁱ^ola^t^e^d^{, a}^nd^no^W^a^r^r^a^nts^s^h^a^{ll is}^s^u^e^,^bu^{t u}^p^oⁿ
^p^r^ob^ab^l^e^cau^se,^sup^p^o^r^t^e^d^b^y^Oat^h^o^r^affⁱ^r^m^atⁱ^oⁿ^,^an^{d p}^a^rtⁱ^c^u^l^arl^y^d^e^scri^bⁱⁿ^g^t^h^e^p^l^{ace t}^o^b^e
^search^ed^,^an^d^t^h^{e p}^e^rson^{s o}^r^t^hⁱⁿ^{gs t}^o^b^e^sei^zed^.
⁷^K^a^tz^v^.^Uⁿ^ite^{d Sta}^t^e^s^,³⁸^{9 U}^.^S^.³^47,³⁵^{3 (}¹⁹⁶⁷⁾^.
⁸^Id^.^,^a^t³^59,^n.²³^.
⁹^Uⁿ^ite^d^Sta^t^e^s^v^.^Uⁿ^ite^d^Sta^t^e^s^Dⁱ^s^t^rⁱ^c^t^C^our^t^,⁴⁰⁷^U^.^S.²^97,³^13-¹⁴⁽¹⁹⁷²⁾^.
¹⁰⁴⁰^{7 U}^.^S^.^a^t²⁹⁹^.
¹¹^Id^.^,^at³⁹¹^-³²¹^.^Ju^stⁱ^ce^P^o^w^e^l^l^al^so^ob^served^t^h^at^,
^N^a^tiona^{l s}^e^c^u^rity^c^a^s^e^s^{... of}^te^{n re}^f^l^e^c^t^a^c^onv^e^r^g^e^nc^e^of^Firs^{t a}^{nd F}^ourt^h^A^m^e^ndm^eⁿ^{t v}^a^lue^s^not
^pr^e^s^eⁿ^{t in}^c^a^s^e^s^of^“^o^r^d^ina^r^y^”^c^rⁱ^m^e^.^T^houg^{h the}^inv^e^s^tig^a^tiv^e^dut^y^o^f^the^e^x^e^c^u^tiv^e^m^a^y^be
^st^roⁿ^g^{er i}ⁿ^s^u^ch^cases,^so^al^soⁱ^s^t^h^{ere great}^{er j}^e^o^p^a^rd^y^t^o^coⁿ^s^tⁱ^t^u^tⁱ^oⁿ^a^l^l^y^p^r^o^t^ect^ed^sp^eech^.
^“Hi^s^t^o^ri^cal^l^y^t^h^{e st}^ru^ggl^e^f^o^{r f}^r^e^e^d^o^m^o^f^sp^eech^an^d^p^r^{ess i}ⁿ^Eⁿ^gl^aⁿ^d^w^a^{s b}^o^uⁿ^d^up^wⁱ^t^h^t^h^{e i}^s^s^u^e
^o^f^t^h^{e sco}^p^e^o^f^t^h^{e search}^and^sei^z^u^r^{e p}^o^w^er,^”^M^a^r^c^us^v^.^Se^ar^c^h^W^a^r^r^ant^{, 3}⁶⁷^U^.^S.⁷¹^7,⁷²⁴
⁽¹⁹⁶¹⁾^.^...^Fo^u^r^th^A^m^en^d^m^en^{t p}^r^o^t^ectioⁿ^s^b^eco^m^e^th^{e m}^o^{re n}^ecessar^y^w^h^en^th^{e targ}^{ets o}^f^o^f^fⁱ^cial
^surv^e^illa^nc^e^m^a^y^be^those^suspe^c^t^e^d^of^un^orth^od^ox^y^{in the}ⁱ^{r p}^o^litic^a^l^be^lie^f^s^{. T}^h^e^da^ng^e^r^to
^p^o^lⁱ^tⁱ^cal^dⁱ^ssen^tⁱ^s^acu^t^e^w^h^{ere t}^h^{e G}^o^v^e^rn^men^t^at^t^e^m^p^t^s^t^o^act^u^{nder so}^vagu^{e a co}ⁿ^cep^t^{as t}^h^e
^pow^e^r^{to pr}^ote^c^t^“^dom^e^s^tic^s^e^c^u^rity^.”^....
¹²^Id^.^,^a^t³^08.

to activities of foreign powers or their agents.”¹³ However, the guidance which the Court provided
in Keith with respect to national security surveillance in a domestic context to some degree
presaged the approach Congress was to take in foreign intelligence surveillance. The Keith Court
observed in part:
^...W^{e recog}ⁿⁱ^{ze t}^h^{at do}^m^e^sti^c^su^r^v^eillaⁿ^ce^m^a^yⁱⁿ^v^o^lv^e^dif^f^e^reⁿ^t^polic^y^aⁿ^{d practical}
^coⁿ^s^id^er^atioⁿ^s^f^r^o^m^t^h^{e s}^u^r^v^eillan^{ce o}^f^“^o^r^dⁱⁿ^ar^y^crⁱ^m^e.^{” T}^h^{e g}^a^th^erⁱⁿ^g^o^f^secu^rⁱ^t^y
ⁱⁿ^telli^g^eⁿ^{ce is o}^f^teⁿ^loⁿ^g^r^aⁿ^g^e^an^dⁱⁿ^v^o^l^v^{es th}^{e i}ⁿ^ter^r^elatioⁿ^o^f^v^a^rⁱ^o^u^{s so}^u^r^{ces an}^d^ty^p^e^s^o^f
ⁱⁿ^f^o^r^m^atioⁿ^.^T^h^{e e}^x^{act tar}^g^ets^o^f^s^u^ch^su^r^v^eillaⁿ^ce^m^a^y^b^e^m^o^r^e^dⁱ^f^fⁱ^c^u^{lt to}^id^en^ti^f^y^t^h^aⁿⁱⁿ
^su^r^v^eillaⁿ^{ce o}^p^e^r^a^tioⁿ^s^ag^aiⁿ^s^t^m^aⁿ^y^t^y^p^e^{s o}^f^crⁱ^m^{e sp}^ecifⁱ^e^dⁱⁿ^T^{itle I}^I^I^[^o^f^th^{e O}^mⁿⁱ^b^u^s
^C^rⁱ^m^e^C^oⁿ^t^rol^an^d^S^a^f^e^S^t^reet^s^A^c^t^,^{18 U}^.^S^.^C^.^{§ 2510}^{et s}^e^q.^]^.^Of^ten^,^to^o^,^th^{e e}^m^p^h^a^s^is^o^f
^d^o^m^e^s^{tic in}^te^lli^g^eⁿ^ce^g^a^th^erⁱⁿ^g^{is o}ⁿ^th^{e p}^r^ev^eⁿ^tioⁿ^o^f^uⁿ^l^a^w^f^u^{l activ}^it^y^o^r^t^h^e^eⁿ^h^aⁿ^c^em^en^t
^o^f^t^h^e^G^o^ve^rⁿ^meⁿ^t^’^s^p^r^e^p^a^r^e^dne^s^s^fo^r^so^m^e^p^o^s^si^b^l^e^f^u^t^u^r^e^c^rⁱ^sⁱ^s^o^r^e^m^e^r^ge^nc^y.^T^hus,^t^h^e
^f^o^cus^{of do}^m^e^s^tic^s^u^rv^ei^llance^m^a^y^{be le}^s^s^precis^e^th^aⁿ^th^at^{directed ag}^aiⁿ^s^t^m^o^re
^coⁿ^v^eⁿ^tioⁿ^a^l^t^y^p^e^{s o}^f^crⁱ^m^es.^Giv^eⁿ^t^h^ese^p^o^t^en^tial^dⁱ^stiⁿ^cti^oⁿ^s^b^e^t^w^eeⁿ^T^{itle I}^I^I^crⁱ^mⁱⁿ^al
^su^r^v^eillaⁿ^{ces an}^d^th^o^s^{e i}ⁿ^v^o^lvⁱⁿ^g^d^o^m^e^s^{tic secu}^rⁱ^t^y^{, Co}ⁿ^g^r^e^ss^m^a^y^wⁱ^sh^to^coⁿ^s^id^er
^protectiv^{e s}^t^aⁿ^dards^f^o^{r th}^{e la}^t^t^er^w^h^ic^h^diff^er^f^r^o^m^t^h^os^{e alr}^eady^pres^{cribed f}^o^{r s}^p^eci^fⁱ^ed
^crⁱ^m^esⁱⁿ^T^{itle I}^I^I^{. Dif}^f^er^en^t^s^t^an^d^a^r^d^s^m^a^y^b^e^co^m^p^atib^le^wⁱ^t^h^th^e^Fo^u^r^t^h^Am^eⁿ^d^m^en^tⁱ^f
^th^e^y^ar^{e r}^easoⁿ^ab^{le b}^o^t^hⁱⁿ^r^e^l^a^tioⁿ^to^t^h^{e le}^g^iti^m^a^teⁿ^eed^o^f^Go^v^e^rⁿ^m^eⁿ^t^f^o^rⁱⁿ^te^lli^g^eⁿ^c^e
ⁱⁿ^f^o^r^m^atioⁿ^aⁿ^d^th^{e p}^r^o^t^ected^rⁱ^g^h^t^{s o}^f^o^u^r^citizeⁿ^{s. Fo}^r^th^{e w}^a^r^r^an^{t ap}^p^licatioⁿ^m^a^y^v^a^r^y
^accordin^g^{to th}^e^g^o^v^e^rⁿ^m^eⁿ^t^{al in}^teres^t^{to be}^en^f^o^{rced and th}^{e n}^a^t^u^{re of}^citⁱ^zen^ri^g^h^ts
^des^e^rv^ing^protection^{.... It}^m^a^y^{be th}^a^t^C^oⁿ^g^r^es^s^,^f^o^{r exa}^m^ple,^w^o^u^l^{d j}^u^dg^{e t}^h^at^th^e
^application^an^d^af^fidav^it^s^h^o^wⁱⁿ^g^probable^cau^s^eⁿ^e^e^dⁿ^o^t^f^o^l^l^ow^t^h^e^ex^a^c^t^r^e^q^uⁱ^r^em^en^t^s^o^f^§
²⁵¹⁸^bu^t^s^h^ou^l^d^al^l^e^g^e^ot^h^e^{r ci}^rcum^s^t^an^ce^s^m^o^{re appropri}^a^t^e^t^o^d^o^m^e^s^tⁱ^c^s^e^cu^rⁱ^t^y^c^a^s^e^s^;^t^h^a^t
^th^{e r}^e^q^u^es^{t f}^o^r^p^r^io^r^co^u^r^{t au}^t^h^o^r^izatioⁿ^co^u^l^d^,ⁱⁿ^sen^s^iti^v^e^ca^{ses, b}^e^m^a^d^e^to^aⁿ^y^m^e^m^b^er^o^f
^{a s}^p^eciall^y^desⁱ^gn^{ated cou}^r^t...;^an^{d th}^at^th^e^ti^m^e^an^{d reporting}^requ^ire^m^en^t^sⁿ^{eed n}^o^{t be s}^o
^s^t^ri^ct^as^t^h^os^{e i}ⁿ^{§ 2518}^.^T^h^{e abov}^{e parag}^r^aph^doesⁿ^o^t^,^of^cou^r^s^e^{, at}^t^e^m^p^t^t^o^g^uⁱ^{de t}^h^e
^con^g^r^essⁱ^on^al^j^u^dgm^en^t^bu^t^rat^h^{er t}^o^delⁱⁿ^eat^{e t}^h^e^pres^en^t^s^c^o^p^{e of}^ou^{r o}^w^{n opi}ⁿⁱ^on^{. We do}
ⁿ^o^{t atte}^m^p^{t to detail th}^{e precis}^e^s^t^an^dards^f^o^{r dom}^es^tⁱ^{c s}^ecu^ri^t^y^w^a^rran^t^s^aⁿ^y^m^o^{re t}^h^an^ou^r
^decisⁱ^onⁱⁿ^Ka^tz^s^oug^h^t^to^s^e^{t th}^{e re}^fⁱⁿ^e^{d requ}^ire^m^eⁿ^ts^f^o^{r th}^{e s}^p^eci^fⁱ^{ed cri}^mⁱⁿ^al
^su^r^v^eillaⁿ^ces^w^h^ic^hⁿ^o^w^coⁿ^s^tit^u^t^{e T}^{itle I}^I^I^.^W^e^d^o^h^o^ld^,^h^o^w^e^v^e^r^,^t^h^{at p}^r^io^r^j^u^dⁱ^cial
^approv^alⁱ^s^requⁱ^r^{ed f}^o^{r t}^h^e^t^y^p^e^of^do^m^e^s^tⁱ^c^s^u^rv^eil^l^an^ce^inv^o^lv^{ed in this}^cas^e^an^{d t}^h^at^s^u^c^h
^approv^{al m}^a^y^be^m^a^{de in}^accordan^ce^wⁱ^t^h^s^u^ch^reas^oⁿ^{able s}^t^an^dards^as^th^{e C}^oⁿ^g^r^es^s^m^a^y¹⁴
^pres^cribe.
Court of appeals decisions following Keith met more squarely the issue of warrantless electronic
surveillance in the context of foreign intelligence gathering. In United States v. Brown, 484 F.2d ^th
418 (5 Cir. 1973), cert. denied, 415 U.S. 960 (1974), the Fifth Circuit upheld the legality of a
warrantless wiretap authorized by the Attorney General for foreign intelligence purposes where
the conversation of Brown, an American citizen, was incidentally overheard. The Third Circuit in ^rd
United States v. Butenko, 494 F.2d 593 (3 Cir. 1974), cert. denied sub nom, Ivanov v. United
States, 419 U.S. 881 (1974), concluded that warrantless electronic surveillance was lawful,
violating neither Section 605 of the Communications Act nor the Fourth Amendment, if its
primary purpose was to gather foreign intelligence information. In its plurality decision in
Zweibon v. Mitchell, 516 F.2d 594, 613-14 (D.C. Cir. 1975), cert. denied, 425 U.S. 944 (1976),
the District of Columbia Circuit took a somewhat different view in a case involving a warrantless
wiretap of a domestic organization that was not an agent of a foreign power or working in
collaboration with a foreign power. Finding that a warrant was required in such circumstances,
the plurality also noted that “an analysis of the policies implicated by foreign security

¹³^Id^.^,^a^t³^21-^22.
¹⁴⁴⁰^{7 U}^.^S^.^a^t³^23-²⁴^.

surveillance indicates that, absent exigent circumstances, all warrantless electronic surveillance is
unreasonable and therefore unconstitutional.”
With the passage of the Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act (FISA), P.L. 95-511, Title I,
October 25, 1978, 92 Stat. 1796, codified as amended at 50 U.S.C. § 1801 et seq., Congress
sought to strike a delicate balance between these interests when the gathering of foreign ¹⁵
intelligence involved the use of electronic surveillance. Collection of foreign intelligence ¹⁶
information through electronic surveillance is now governed by FISA and E.O. 12333. This
report will examine the provisions of FISA which deal with electronic surveillance in the foreign
intelligence context, as well as those applicable to physical searches, the use of pen registers and
trap and trace devices under FISA, and access to business records and other tangible things for
foreign intelligence purposes. As the provisions of E.O. 12333 to some extent set the broader
context within which FISA operates, we will briefly examine its pertinent provisions first.

Executive Order 12333, 46 Fed. Reg. 59,941 (December 4, 1981), as amended,¹⁷ 50 U.S.C. § 401
note, deals with “United States Intelligence Activities.” Under Section 2.3 of E.O. 12333, the
agencies within the Intelligence Community are to “collect, retain or disseminate information
concerning United States persons only in accordance with procedures established by the head of
the agency concerned and approved by the Attorney General, consistent with the authorities
provided by Part 1 of this Order....” Among the types of information that can be collected,
retained or disseminated under this section are:
⁽^a⁾^Iⁿ^f^o^r^m^atioⁿ^th^{at i}^s^p^u^b^licl^y^av^ai^lab^l^e^{or collected}^w^ith^t^h^{e con}^s^eⁿ^{t o}^f^th^{e pers}^on
^con^cern^e^d;
⁽^b⁾^Iⁿ^f^o^r^m^atioⁿ^coⁿ^s^tit^u^tⁱⁿ^g^f^o^r^e^igⁿⁱⁿ^tell^ig^eⁿ^{ce o}^r^co^uⁿ^t^erⁱⁿ^t^e^llig^eⁿ^{ce, in}^c^l^u^dⁱⁿ^g^su^c^h
ⁱⁿ^f^o^r^m^atⁱ^{on con}^cerⁿⁱⁿ^g^corpor^atⁱ^oⁿ^s^{or ot}^h^e^{r co}^mm^{ercial organ}ⁱ^zati^ons^{. C}^o^l^l^ectⁱ^{on w}ⁱ^t^hⁱⁿ
^th^{e Un}^ited^{States o}^f^f^o^r^e^igⁿⁱⁿ^t^e^llig^eⁿ^{ce n}^o^{t o}^t^h^e^r^wⁱ^s^{e o}^b^t^ain^a^b^l^{e sh}^{all b}^e^uⁿ^d^er^ta^k^eⁿ^b^y^t^h^e
^F^B^{I or,}^w^h^eⁿ^sⁱ^gⁿⁱ^fⁱ^c^aⁿ^t^f^o^rei^gⁿⁱⁿ^t^e^l^lⁱ^g^eⁿ^{ce i}^s^s^ough^t^,^b^y^ot^h^e^{r au}^t^h^ori^{zed ag}^en^ci^es^of^t^h^e
^Iⁿ^telli^g^eⁿ^c^e^Co^m^m^uⁿⁱ^t^y^{, p}^r^o^vⁱ^d^e^d^th^atⁿ^o^f^o^r^e^igⁿⁱⁿ^tel^lig^eⁿ^{ce co}^llectioⁿ^b^y^s^u^ch^ag^eⁿ^cies
^m^a^y^be^uⁿ^d^ertak^eⁿ^f^o^{r th}^{e pu}^rpos^{e of}^acquⁱ^ringⁱⁿ^f^o^r^m^at^ion^con^cernⁱ^ng^th^{e do}^m^e^s^tic
^activ^itie^{s o}^f^Uⁿ^ited^State^s^p^e^r^s^oⁿ^s;
⁽^c⁾^Iⁿ^f^o^r^m^atioⁿ^o^b^t^aiⁿ^e^dⁱⁿ^th^{e co}^u^r^{se o}^f^{a la}^w^f^u^l^f^o^r^e^igⁿⁱⁿ^telli^g^eⁿ^ce,
^co^uⁿ^t^erⁱⁿ^telli^g^eⁿ^{ce, in}^terⁿ^atioⁿ^a^{l n}^a^r^c^o^{tics o}^rⁱⁿ^terⁿ^atioⁿ^a^{l t}^e^r^r^o^r^ismⁱⁿ^v^e^sti^g^atioⁿ^;

¹⁵^For^aⁿ^e^x^am^ina^tion^of^the^le^gⁱ^s^l^a^tiv^e^his^t^or^y^of^P^.^L^.⁹⁵^-⁵^11,^s^e^e^S.^R^e^{pt. 9}⁵^-⁶⁰⁴^{, Se}^na^te^C^o^m^m^itte^e^{on t}^h^e^J^u^dicⁱ^a^r^y^,
^P^a^r^t^s^I^a^{nd I}^I⁽^N^ov^.^15,²²^,¹⁹⁷⁷⁾^;^S.R^e^pt.⁹⁵^-⁷^01,^Se^na^te^Se^le^c^t^C^o^m^m^itte^e^{on I}ⁿ^te^ll^ig^eⁿ^c^e⁽^M^a^r^c^h¹⁴^{, 1}⁹⁷⁸⁾^;^H^.^R^e^pt.
^95-¹²^83,^House^P^e^rm^aⁿ^eⁿ^{t Se}^le^c^t^Com^m^itte^e^{on Inte}^llig^eⁿ^c^e^(J^une^{8, 1}⁹⁷⁸^{); H.}^Co^nf^{. Re}^pt.^95-¹⁷²⁰^(Oc^t^{. 5,}¹⁹^78);
^Se^na^te^R^e^por^ts^aⁿ^{d H}^ous^e^C^o^nf^e^r^eⁿ^c^e^R^e^por^{t a}^r^e^r^e^prⁱⁿ^te^{d i}ⁿ¹⁹⁷⁸^U^.^{S. C}^ode^C^oⁿ^g^{. &}^Admⁱ^{n. N}^e^w^s³⁹^04.
¹⁶^P^h^y^s^ic^a^l^se^a^r^c^h^e^s^f^o^r^f^o^re^ig^{n inte}^llig^eⁿ^c^e^inf^o^rm^a^{tion a}^r^e^g^o^v^e^rne^d^by^{50 U.S.C}^.^§¹⁸²¹^et^seq^.^,^w^h^ile^the^us^e^of^peⁿ
^regi^st^{ers an}^d^t^r^ap^an^{d t}^r^{ace d}^e^vi^{ces i}ⁿ^conⁿ^ectⁱ^oⁿ^wⁱ^t^h^f^o^rei^gⁿⁱⁿ^t^e^l^lⁱ^g^en^{ce i}ⁿ^vestⁱ^g^atⁱ^oⁿ^sⁱ^s^ad^d^r^{essed i}ⁿ⁵⁰^U.^S^.^C.^§
¹⁸⁴¹^et^seq^{. A}^cces^{s to}^certain^b^u^sⁱⁿ^e^{ss reco}^rd^{s an}^d^o^t^h^e^{r tan}^g^ib^{le t}^hⁱⁿ^g^s^f^o^{r f}^o^reigⁿⁱⁿ^tellig^en^{ce o}^rⁱⁿ^tern^atioⁿ^a^l
^te^r^r^o^rⁱ^s^m^inv^e^s^tig^a^tⁱ^v^e^pur^pos^e^sⁱ^s^c^o^v^e^r^e^{d by}^{50 U}^.^S.C^.^§¹⁸⁶¹^et^seq^.
¹⁷^E.O.¹²³³³^w^a^{s a}^m^e^nde^{d by}^{E.O. 13}²⁸^4,⁶⁸^Fe^d.^Re^g^.^4,⁰⁷^{5 (Ja}ⁿ^.^23,²⁰⁰³^{), e}ⁿ^t^itle^{d “}^A^m^e^ndm^eⁿ^t^of^Ex^e^c^u^tiv^e
^O^r^de^r^s^{, a}^{nd O}^t^he^r^A^c^tions^{, i}ⁿ^C^o^nne^c^tio^{n w}^{ith t}^h^e^Es^ta^blis^hm^eⁿ^{t o}^f^the^D^e^pa^r^t^m^e^{nt of}^H^o^m^e^l^a^{nd Se}^c^u^r^ity^”^{; a}^{nd E.O}^.
¹³³⁵⁵^{, 6}⁹^Fe^{d. Re}^g^.⁵³^,⁵⁹³^(A^ug^{. 27}^{, 2}⁰⁰⁴^{), e}ⁿ^title^{d “}^S^treⁿ^g^t^he^ne^{d Ma}^na^g^e^m^e^{nt of}^the^Inte^llig^eⁿ^c^e^Com^m^unity^”^.

^{(d) In}^f^o^rm^at^ionⁿ^{eeded to prot}^{ect th}^{e s}^a^f^e^t^y^of^aⁿ^y^pers^on^s^o^r^org^aⁿⁱ^zation^s^{, i}ⁿ^clu^dⁱⁿ^g
^th^o^s^e^w^h^o^ar^{e tar}^g^et^{s, v}ⁱ^ctⁱ^m^s^o^r^h^o^stag^{es o}^fⁱⁿ^terⁿ^atioⁿ^a^{l ter}^r^o^r^{ist o}^r^g^aⁿⁱ^zatioⁿ^s^;
^{(e) In}^f^o^r^m^atioⁿⁿ^{eeded to protect f}^o^reignⁱⁿ^telli^g^eⁿ^{ce or coun}^terintelli^g^eⁿ^ce^s^o^u^r^ces^or
^m^e^t^h^ods^f^r^o^m^uⁿ^a^u^t^h^o^{rized dis}^c^los^u^{re. C}^o^llectioⁿ^wⁱ^t^hⁱⁿ^th^{e Un}ⁱ^t^{ed States}^s^h^{all be}
^uⁿ^d^erta^k^eⁿ^b^y^t^h^{e FB}^{I ex}^cept^th^{at ot}^h^e^{r ag}^eⁿ^cies^o^f^t^h^{e In}^tel^lig^eⁿ^{ce C}^o^mm^un^it^y^m^a^y^als^o
^{collect s}^u^c^hⁱⁿ^f^o^r^m^{ation concern}ⁱ^ng^pres^en^{t or f}^o^r^m^{er e}^m^p^l^o^y^ees^{, pres}^eⁿ^{t or f}^o^r^m^er
ⁱⁿ^telli^g^eⁿ^{ce a}^g^en^c^y^coⁿ^t^ractors^{or th}^eⁱ^{r pres}^en^t^{or f}^o^r^m^er^e^m^ploy^ee^s^,^{or applican}^ts^f^o^{r an}^y
^suc^h^e^m^p^l^o^y^me^nt^o^r^c^o^nt^r^a^c^tⁱ^ng;
^(f^{) In}^f^o^r^m^at^ion^con^cernⁱ^ng^pers^on^s^w^h^{o are reas}^on^abl^y^belie^{ved to}^{be p}^o^ten^{tial s}^o^u^r^ces
^o^r^coⁿ^t^{acts f}^o^r^th^{e p}^u^r^p^o^s^{e o}^f^d^e^ter^mⁱⁿⁱⁿ^g^th^eⁱ^r^suⁱ^t^ab^ilit^y^o^r^cr^ed^ib^ility^;
^(g^{) In}^f^o^r^m^a^tⁱ^oⁿ^ari^sⁱⁿ^g^ou^t^of^{a l}^a^w^f^u^l^pers^onⁿ^e^l^,^phy^si^cal^{or com}^m^uni^catⁱ^ons^s^e^c^u^ri^t^y
ⁱ^nve^stⁱ^g^a^tⁱ^o^n;
^...
⁽ⁱ⁾^Iⁿ^cid^eⁿ^t^all^y^o^b^t^aiⁿ^e^dⁱⁿ^f^o^r^m^atioⁿ^t^h^at^m^a^yⁱⁿ^dⁱ^{cate i}ⁿ^v^o^lv^e^m^en^tⁱⁿ^acti^v^itie^{s t}^h^at
^m^a^y^vⁱ^olate^f^e^{deral, s}^t^{ate, local or f}^o^reigⁿ^la^w^s^{; an}^d
^(j⁾^In^f^o^r^m^atioⁿⁿ^eces^s^a^r^y^f^o^{r adm}ⁱⁿⁱ^s^t^rati^v^e^pu^rpos^es^.
^Iⁿ^ad^d^itioⁿ^,^ag^en^cie^s^wⁱ^t^hⁱⁿ^th^{e I}ⁿ^telli^g^eⁿ^ce^Co^m^m^uⁿⁱ^t^y^m^a^y^dⁱ^sse^mⁱⁿ^a^{te i}ⁿ^f^o^r^m^atioⁿ^,
^oth^e^{r th}^anⁱⁿ^f^o^r^m^ation^deriv^e^d^f^r^o^m^sⁱ^gn^al^sⁱⁿ^tell^ig^eⁿ^{ce, to each}^approp^{riate ag}^en^c^y^wⁱ^t^hⁱⁿ
^th^{e I}ⁿ^telli^g^eⁿ^{ce Co}^m^m^uⁿⁱ^t^y^f^o^r^p^u^r^p^o^s^{es o}^f^allo^wⁱⁿ^g^t^h^{e r}^ecipⁱ^en^{t ag}^eⁿ^c^y^to^d^e^ter^mⁱⁿ^e
^w^h^et^h^e^r^th^{e i}ⁿ^f^o^r^m^atioⁿⁱ^s^r^e^l^e^v^aⁿ^t^to^it^{s r}^e^sp^oⁿ^sib^ili^{ties a}ⁿ^d^can^b^e^r^e^tain^ed^b^y^it.
In discussing collections techniques, Section 2.4 of E.O. 12333 indicates that agencies within the
Intelligence Community are to use
^th^{e lea}^s^{t i}ⁿ^tr^u^sⁱ^v^{e co}^llectioⁿ^te^chⁿⁱ^q^u^es^f^e^a^s^ib^le^wⁱ^t^hⁱⁿ^t^h^{e U}ⁿ^{ited Sta}^t^es^{or directed ag}^ai^ns^t
^Un^{ited S}^t^ates^pers^on^s^{abroad. Ag}^eⁿ^cies^{are n}^o^{t a}^u^t^h^{orized to u}^s^e^s^u^{ch techn}ⁱ^q^u^es^a^s
^electr^oⁿⁱ^{c s}^u^r^v^ei^llan^ce,^uⁿ^c^oⁿ^s^en^ted^p^h^y^sical^sear^ch^,^m^a^il^s^u^r^v^eillaⁿ^{ce, p}^h^y^sⁱ^cal
^su^r^v^eillaⁿ^ce,^o^r^m^oⁿ^ito^riⁿ^g^d^e^vⁱ^{ces u}ⁿ^l^e^ss^t^h^e^y^areⁱⁿ^acco^rd^an^{ce w}ⁱ^t^h^p^r^o^ced^u^r^es
^es^tablis^h^e^{d by}^t^h^{e h}^{ead of}^th^{e a}^g^en^c^y^con^cern^e^d^aⁿ^d^a^p^p^r^o^v^e^d^b^y^t^h^e^A^t^t^o^rⁿ^ey^G^eⁿ^e^r^a^l^.^S^u^ch
^p^r^o^ced^u^r^{es sh}^{all p}^r^o^t^{ect co}ⁿ^s^tit^u^tioⁿ^a^{l a}ⁿ^d^o^t^h^e^r^leg^a^{l r}ⁱ^g^h^t^{s an}^d^li^m^it^u^s^{e o}^f^su^c^h
^inf^o^r^m^ation^{to la}^w^f^{ul g}^o^v^e^rnm^e^{ntal pu}^rpos^es^....
Section 2.5 of the Executive Order 12333 states that:
^T^h^{e A}^tto^rⁿ^e^y^Geⁿ^e^r^a^l^h^e^r^e^b^y^{is d}^e^le^g^a^ted^th^e^p^o^w^e^r^to^ap^p^r^o^v^{e th}^e^u^s^e^f^o^rⁱⁿ^telli^g^eⁿ^c^e
^pu^rpos^es^,^wⁱ^t^hⁱⁿ^th^{e U}ⁿ^{ited St}^ates^{or ag}^ain^s^{t a United States}^per^s^oⁿ^a^b^r^o^a^d^,^o^f^aⁿ^y^t^e^chⁿⁱ^q^u^e
^fo^r^w^hⁱ^c^{h a}^w^a^r^r^aⁿ^t^w^o^u^l^d^b^e^re^q^uⁱ^r^e^dⁱ^f^und^e^r^t^a^keⁿ^fo^r^l^a^w^eⁿ^f^o^rce^m^en^t^pu^rpos^es^,^provⁱ^d^ed
^th^{at s}^u^c^h^techⁿⁱ^q^u^e^s^s^h^allⁿ^o^{t b}^e^uⁿ^d^er^tak^eⁿ^uⁿ^le^{ss t}^h^e^A^tto^rⁿ^e^y^Geⁿ^e^r^a^{l h}^a^{s d}^e^ter^mⁱⁿ^edⁱⁿ
^each^ca^s^e^t^h^at^th^ere^is^probab^l^{e caus}^e^{to belie}^v^e^th^a^t^t^h^{e te}^chⁿⁱ^q^u^{e i}^s^{directed a}^g^aiⁿ^s^t^a
^f^o^reign^po^w^e^{r or a}ⁿ^ag^eⁿ^{t o}^f^{a f}^o^reign^po^w^e^{r. Electron}ⁱ^{c s}^u^rv^eil^l^an^{ce, a}^s^defⁱⁿ^e^{d i}ⁿ^t^h^e
^Foreigⁿ^Iⁿ^telli^g^eⁿ^ce^Su^r^v^eillaⁿ^ce^A^c^{t of}^{1978 [s}^ection¹⁸⁰^{1 et s}^e^{q. of}^th^is^{title], s}^h^{all be}
^con^d^u^c^{ted in}^accordan^ce^wⁱ^t^h^th^at^A^c^{t, as}^w^e^l^l^as^this^Order.

The Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act (FISA), P.L. 95-511, Title I, October 25, 1978, 92 Stat.

1796, codified at 50 U.S.C. § 1801 et seq., as amended, provides a framework for the use of ¹⁸¹⁹²⁰

electronic surveillance and physical searches to obtain foreign intelligence information. It

¹⁸⁵⁰^U^.^S.C.^§¹⁸⁰¹⁽^f⁾⁽²⁾^d^e^fⁱⁿ^e^{s “e}^lectroⁿⁱ^{c su}^rv^eillan^{ce” to}^m^ean^:
^{(1) the}^a^c^q^uisiti^on^by^aⁿ^e^l^e^c^t^roni^c^,^m^e^c^h^aⁿ^ic^a^l^{, or}^o^t^he^{r surv}^e^illaⁿ^c^e^de^vⁱ^c^e^of^the^c^onteⁿ^{ts of}^aⁿ^y
^wⁱ^{re o}^r^radⁱ^o^co^mm^uⁿⁱ^catⁱ^o^{n sen}^t^b^y^o^rⁱⁿ^t^e^nd^ed^t^o^b^e^recei^ved^b^y^{a p}^a^rtⁱ^c^u^l^ar,^kno^wⁿ^Unⁱ^t^e^d
^S^t^at^{es p}^e^rsoⁿ^w^h^oⁱ^sⁱⁿ^t^h^{e U}ⁿⁱ^t^e^d^S^t^at^es,ⁱ^f^t^h^{e co}^nteⁿ^{ts a}^r^e^a^c^q^uir^e^{d by}^inte^nti^ona^lly^ta^rg^e^ting^tha^t
^Uⁿ^ite^{d S}^t^a^t^e^s^pe^r^s^on,^u^nde^r^cⁱ^r^c^u^m^s^t^aⁿ^c^e^s^{in w}^h^ic^{h a}^pe^r^s^on^ha^s^a^r^e^a^s^ona^ble^e^x^pe^c^t^a^tion^of
^pr^iv^a^c^y^a^{nd a}^w^a^r^r^a^nt^w^ould^be^r^e^quir^e^{d f}^o^r^la^w^eⁿ^f^o^r^c^em^eⁿ^{t pur}^p^o^s^e^s^;
^{(2) the}^a^c^q^uisiti^on^by^aⁿ^e^l^e^c^t^roni^c^,^m^e^c^h^aⁿ^ic^a^l^{, or}^o^t^he^{r surv}^e^illaⁿ^c^e^de^vⁱ^c^e^of^the^c^onteⁿ^{ts of}^aⁿ^y
^wⁱ^r^e^c^o^m^m^unic^a^{tion to}^or^f^r^om^a^pe^r^s^{on i}ⁿ^t^h^e^Uⁿ^ite^{d Sta}^t^e^s^{, w}^itho^u^{t t}^h^e^c^ons^eⁿ^t^of^aⁿ^y^pe^r^s^on
^t^h^eret^o^,ⁱ^f^su^ch^acquⁱ^si^tⁱ^oⁿ^o^ccu^rsⁱⁿ^t^h^{e Un}ⁱ^t^e^d^S^t^at^es^,^but^d^o^e^s^no^t^inc^l^u^d^e^the^ac^q^u^isitioⁿ^{of t}^hose
^c^o^m^m^unic^a^tⁱ^oⁿ^s^of^c^o^m^p^ute^r^tr^e^s^pas^s^e^r^s^tha^t^w^o^ul^d^be^pe^r^m^is^sⁱ^ble^un^de^r^s^e^c^tion²⁵¹¹⁽²⁾⁽ⁱ⁾^of
^Title¹⁸^;
^{(3) the}^inteⁿ^tio^na^{l a}^c^quisi^tio^{n by}^aⁿ^e^l^e^c^t^ronic^,^m^e^c^h^aⁿ^ic^a^l^{, or}^othe^{r surv}^e^illa^nc^e^de^vⁱ^c^e^of^the
^c^onteⁿ^ts^of^aⁿ^y^r^a^{dio c}^o^m^m^unic^a^t^ion,^u^nde^r^cⁱ^r^c^um^s^t^aⁿ^c^e^s^{in w}^h^ic^{h a}^pe^r^s^oⁿ^ha^s^a^r^e^a^s^ona^ble
^e^x^pe^c^t^a^{tion of}^pr^iv^a^c^y^a^{nd a}^w^a^r^r^aⁿ^{t w}^ould^be^r^e^q^u^ir^e^d^f^o^r^la^w^eⁿ^f^o^r^c^e^m^eⁿ^{t pur}^pos^e^s^{, a}ⁿ^{d if}^bo^th
^t^h^{e sen}^d^e^{r and}^al^lⁱⁿ^t^e^nd^ed^reci^pi^en^t^s^{are l}^o^cat^ed^wⁱ^t^hⁱⁿ^t^h^{e Un}ⁱ^t^{ed S}^t^at^es;^o^r
^{(4) the}^insta^lla^ti^on^or^use^of^aⁿ^e^l^e^c^t^ronic^,^m^e^c^h^aⁿ^ic^a^l^{, or ot}^he^{r sur}^v^e^illa^nc^e^de^vⁱ^c^e^{in the}^Unite^d
^Sta^t^e^s^f^o^r^m^onitorⁱ^ng^to^a^c^quir^eⁱⁿ^f^o^r^m^a^tion,^othe^r^thaⁿ^f^r^om^a^wⁱ^r^e^or^r^a^di^{o c}^o^m^m^unic^a^tion^,^u^nde^r
^cⁱ^r^c^um^s^t^aⁿ^c^e^s^{in w}^h^ic^{h a}^pe^r^s^on^ha^s^a^r^e^a^s^ona^ble^e^x^pe^c^t^a^tion^of^pr^iv^a^c^y^a^{nd a}^w^a^r^r^a^{nt w}^{ould be}
^r^e^quir^e^{d f}^o^r^la^w^eⁿ^f^o^r^c^em^eⁿ^{t pur}^pos^e^s^.
^T^h^e^ita^lic^iz^e^d^por^ti^on^of^Su^bs^e^c^tion¹⁸⁰¹⁽^f⁾⁽²⁾^w^a^s^a^dde^{d by}^Se^c^.¹⁰⁰³^of^P.L^.¹⁰^7-⁵⁶^.
¹⁹^A^“^phy^sⁱ^c^a^l^s^e^a^r^c^h^”^is^de^fⁱ^ne^{d u}^nde^r^s^e^c^tio^{n 3}⁰¹⁽⁵⁾^of^FI^SA^{, 50}^U^.^S.C^.^{§ 1}⁸²¹⁽⁵⁾^,^t^o^m^e^aⁿ^:
^aⁿ^y^ph^y^s^ic^a^l^intrusio^{n w}^ithin^the^Unite^{d S}^t^a^t^e^s^int^o^pr^e^m^is^e^s^or^pr^o^p^e^r^ty⁽ⁱ^nc^luding^e^x^a^m^ina^{tion of}
^the^inte^rⁱ^or^of^pr^ope^r^t^y^by^te^c^hnic^a^l^m^e^aⁿ^s⁾^tha^t^isⁱⁿ^te^nde^d^to^r^e^s^u^l^t^{in s}^e^iz^ur^e^,^r^e^pr^o^duc^ti^on,
^ins^p^e^c^tio^n,^or^a^lte^r^a^tio^{n of}^inf^o^r^m^a^tion,^m^a^te^rⁱ^a^l^{, or}^pr^o^p^e^r^ty^{, unde}^r^cⁱ^r^c^um^s^t^aⁿ^c^e^s^{in w}^h^ic^{h a}
^pe^r^s^on^ha^s^a^r^e^a^s^ona^ble^e^x^pe^c^t^a^tion^of^pr^iv^a^c^y^a^{nd a}^w^a^r^r^a^nt^w^{ould be}^r^e^q^u^ir^e^d^f^o^r^la^w
^en^f^o^rce^m^en^t^p^u^r^p^o^s^es,^b^u^t^do^{es no}^tⁱⁿ^cl^u^d^e^(A^{) “el}^ect^roⁿⁱ^{c su}^rvei^l^l^an^ce”,^{as d}^e^fⁱⁿ^e^dⁱⁿ^sectⁱ^oⁿ
¹⁸⁰¹⁽^f⁾^of^this^tit^le^[⁵^{0 U}^.^S.C^.^]^,^o^r⁽^B⁾^the^a^c^q^uis^iti^on^by^the^Uⁿ^ite^{d Sta}^t^e^s^G^o^v^e^rⁿ^m^e^{nt of}^f^o^r^e^igⁿ
^inte^llig^eⁿ^c^e^inf^o^rm^a^{tion f}^r^om^inte^rna^tio^na^{l or f}^o^re^ig^{n c}^o^m^m^unic^a^tions,^{or f}^o^re^ig^{n in}^te^llig^eⁿ^c^e
^a^c^tiv^itie^s^c^onduc^te^dⁱⁿ^acco^r^d^an^{ce w}ⁱ^t^h^o^t^h^e^rwⁱ^s^{e ap}^p^lⁱ^cab^l^e^F^e^d^e^r^a^l^l^a^wⁱⁿ^vo^l^vⁱⁿ^{g a f}^o^rei^gⁿ
^e^l^e^c^t^ronic^c^o^m^m^unic^a^{tions sy}^ste^m^{, utiliz}^ing^a^m^e^aⁿ^{s othe}^{r t}^h^aⁿ^e^l^e^c^t^ronic^surv^e^illa^nc^e^a^s^de^fⁱ^ne^d
^{in [}⁵⁰^U^.^S.C^.^§¹⁸⁰¹⁽^f⁾^]^.
²⁰^“^F^oreⁱ^gⁿⁱⁿ^te^llig^eⁿ^c^e^inf^o^rm^a^tion”^{is de}^fⁱ^ne^{d i}ⁿ⁵⁰^U.^S.C.^{§ 1}⁸⁰¹⁽^e⁾^{to m}^e^aⁿ^:
^{(1) inf}^o^rm^a^{tion t}^h^a^t^re^la^te^{s to, a}ⁿ^{d if}^c^onc^e^r^ning^a^Uⁿ^ite^d^Sta^t^e^s^pe^{rson is}^ne^c^e^ssa^r^y^{to, the}^a^b^ili^ty
^o^f^t^h^{e Un}ⁱ^t^e^d^S^t^at^{es t}^o^p^r^ot^ect^agaⁱⁿ^s^t^—
^(A^{) a}^c^t^ua^{l or pote}ⁿ^tia^{l a}^tta^c^k^{or o}^t^he^{r g}^r^a^v^e^hostile^a^c^t^{s of}^a^f^o^re^igⁿ^pow^e^r^{or a}ⁿ^a^g^eⁿ^{t of}^a
^f^o^r^e^ig^{n pow}^e^r^;
⁽^B⁾^s^a^bota^g^e^orⁱⁿ^te^rⁿ^a^tio^na^{l te}^r^r^o^rⁱ^s^m^b^y^a^f^o^r^e^ig^{n pow}^e^r^or^aⁿ^a^g^eⁿ^{t of}^a^f^o^r^e^ig^{n pow}^e^r^;
^{(C) c}^l^a^nde^stineⁱⁿ^te^llig^eⁿ^c^e^a^c^tiv^itie^{s by}^aⁿ^inte^llig^eⁿ^c^e^se^rv^ic^e^{or ne}^tw^ork^of^a^f^o^re^ig^{n pow}^e^r
^or^by^aⁿ^a^g^eⁿ^{t of}^a^f^o^r^e^ig^{n pow}^e^r^;^or
⁽²^{) in}^f^o^rm^atioⁿ^w^ith^resp^{ect to}^{a f}^o^reigⁿ^p^o^w^e^{r o}^r^f^o^re^ig^{n te}^rritory^tha^t^re^la^te^{s to, a}^{nd if}^c^onc^e^rⁿⁱ^ng
^{a Un}ⁱ^t^e^d^S^t^at^{es p}^e^rsoⁿⁱ^sⁿ^ecessary^t^o^—
⁽^A⁾^the^na^tiona^l^de^f^e^ns^e^or^the^s^e^c^u^rity^of^the^Unite^{d Sta}^t^e^s^;^or
^{(B) the}^c^o^nd^uc^{t of}^the^f^o^re^ig^{n a}^ffa^{irs of}^the^Unite^d^Sta^t^e^s^.
^“^I^nte^r^na^tio^na^{l te}^rrorism^”^{is de}^fⁱ^ne^{d in}⁵⁰^U.S^.^{C. §}¹⁸⁰¹^(c^{) to}^m^e^aⁿ^a^c^tiv^itie^{s tha}^t:
⁽^c^onti^nue^d.^..)

also provides a statutory structure for the installation and use of pen registers and trap and trace ²¹
devices and for orders requiring production of tangible things for use in federal investigations to
obtain foreign intelligence information not concerning a United States person or to protect against ²²
international terrorism or clandestine intelligence activities. Such an investigation of a United

^(...c^on^tin^ue^d)
⁽¹^{) i}ⁿ^vol^{ve vi}^o^l^en^t^act^{s o}^r^act^s^d^aⁿ^g^ero^u^s^t^o^hu^m^aⁿ^lⁱ^f^{e t}^h^at^{are a v}ⁱ^o^l^atⁱ^oⁿ^o^f^t^h^{e cri}^mⁱⁿ^al^l^a^{ws o}^f
^the^Unite^d^Sta^t^e^s^or^of^aⁿ^y^Sta^t^e^,^{or tha}^t^w^ould^be^a^c^r^im^ina^l^vⁱ^ola^{tion if}^c^o^m^m^itte^{d w}^{ithin the}
^j^u^ri^sdⁱ^c^tⁱ^oⁿ^o^f^t^h^{e Un}ⁱ^t^ed^S^t^at^{es or an}^y^S^t^at^e;
⁽²⁾^a^ppe^a^r^t^o^be^inte^nde^d—
^(A^{) to intim}^ida^t^e^{or c}^o^e^r^c^e^a^cⁱ^v^ilia^{n p}^o^p^u^la^tio^n;
⁽^B⁾^{to i}ⁿ^f^l^ue^nc^e^the^p^o^lic^y^of^a^g^o^v^e^rⁿ^m^e^{nt by}^intim^ida^{tion or}^c^o^e^r^cⁱ^on;^or
⁽^C⁾^{to a}^f^f^e^c^t^the^c^oⁿ^duc^t^of^a^g^ove^rⁿ^m^e^{nt b}^y^a^s^s^a^ss^ina^tion^or^kⁱ^dⁿ^a^ppi^ng^{; a}^nd
⁽³⁾^oc^c^u^r^tota^lly^outsⁱ^de^the^Uⁿ^ite^{d Sta}^t^e^s^,^or^tr^aⁿ^s^c^eⁿ^d^na^ti^ona^l^bo^unda^rⁱ^e^sⁱⁿ^te^r^m^s^of^the^m^e^aⁿ^s
^b^y^w^hⁱ^c^h^t^h^ey^{are a}^cco^m^p^lⁱ^s^h^e^d^,^t^h^{e p}^e^rson^{s t}^h^ey^ap^p^{ear i}ⁿ^t^e^nd^ed^t^o^co^{erce o}^rⁱⁿ^tⁱ^mⁱ^d^at^e,^o^r^t^h^e
^l^o^cal^{e i}ⁿ^w^hⁱ^c^h^t^h^ei^{r p}^e^r^p^et^rat^o^rs^o^p^e^rat^e^o^r^{seek as}^y^l^u^m^.
^“^S^a^bota^g^e^”^{is de}^fⁱ^ne^{d in}^{50 U}^.^S.^{C. §}¹⁸⁰¹⁽^{d) t}^o^m^e^aⁿ^“^a^c^tiv^itie^{s t}^h^a^t^inv^o^lv^e^a^vⁱ^ola^tⁱ^on^of^c^h^a^p^te^r¹⁰⁵^of^T^itle^18,^or
^tha^t^w^ould^inv^o^lv^e^suc^h^a^vⁱ^ola^tio^{n if}^c^o^m^m^itte^{d a}^g^aⁱ^{nst the}^Unite^d^Sta^t^e^s^.”
²¹^P^eⁿ^regi^st^{ers an}^d^t^r^{ap an}^{d t}^r^{ace devi}^{ces ar}^{e ad}^d^r^essedⁱⁿ^tⁱ^t^l^e^{IV o}^f^F^I^S^A^,⁵⁰^U.^S^.^C.^§¹⁸⁴¹^et^seq^{. S}^ubs^e^c^tio^{n 4}⁰¹⁽²⁾
^o^f^F^I^S^A^,⁵⁰^U.^S^.^C.^§¹⁸⁴¹⁽²⁾^d^e^fⁱⁿ^e^{s “p}^en^regi^st^{er” an}^d^“t^rap^aⁿ^d^t^r^{ace d}^e^vi^ce^{” b}^y^cro^ss-r^e^feren^{ce t}^o¹⁸^U^.^S^.^C.^§
³¹²^{7. U}^nde^r¹⁸^U^.^S.C^.^§³¹²⁷⁽³⁾^,^“^p^eⁿ^r^e^gⁱ^s^t^e^r^”^is^de^fⁱ^ne^{d to m}^e^aⁿ^:
^a^de^vⁱ^c^e^or^pr^oc^e^s^s^w^h^ic^{h r}^e^c^o^r^d^s^or^de^c^ode^s^dia^lⁱⁿ^g^,^r^o^utiⁿ^g^,^a^ddr^e^s^sⁱ^ng^{, or}^sⁱ^gⁿ^a^lingⁱⁿ^f^o^r^m^a^tion
^traⁿ^sm^itte^{d by}^aⁿ^instrum^e^{nt or f}^a^c^ility^f^r^o^m^w^h^ic^{h a}^wⁱ^re^{or e}^l^e^c^t^ronic^c^o^m^m^unic^a^{tion is}
^traⁿ^sm^itte^{d, prov}^ide^d^{, h}^o^w^e^v^e^{r, t}^h^a^t^suc^h^inf^o^rm^a^{tion sha}^ll^not^inc^l^ude^t^h^e^c^oⁿ^t^eⁿ^ts^of^aⁿ^y
^c^o^m^m^unic^a^{tion, b}^u^{t s}^u^c^h^te^r^m^do^e^s^{not i}ⁿ^c^l^u^d^e^aⁿ^y^de^vⁱ^c^e^or^pr^oc^e^s^s^us^e^d^by^a^pr^ov^ide^r^or
^c^u^stom^e^r^of^a^wⁱ^re^{or e}^l^e^c^t^ronic^c^o^m^m^unic^a^{tion se}^rv^ic^e^f^o^{r billing}^,^{or re}^c^o^rdiⁿ^g^a^s^aⁿⁱⁿ^cⁱ^de^nt^to
^billi^ng^{, f}^o^{r c}^o^m^m^unic^a^{tions se}^rv^ic^e^s^prov^ide^d^by^suc^h^prov^ide^r^or^aⁿ^y^de^vⁱ^c^e^{or proc}^e^{ss use}^d^by^a
^pr^ov^ide^r^or^c^u^s^t^om^e^r^of^a^wⁱ^r^e^c^o^m^m^unic^a^{tion s}^e^r^v^ic^e^f^o^r^c^o^s^t^a^c^c^oun^ting^or^ot^he^r^lik^e^p^u^r^p^os^e^sⁱⁿ
^the^or^dina^r^y^c^our^s^e^of^its^busⁱⁿ^e^s^s^.
^T^h^{e t}^e^r^m^“t^rap^an^d^t^r^{ace d}^e^vi^{ce” i}^s^d^e^fⁱⁿ^e^d^uⁿ^d^e^{r 18}^U.^S^.^C.^§³¹²⁷⁽⁴⁾^t^o^m^ean^:
^a^de^vⁱ^c^e^or^pr^oc^e^s^s^w^h^ic^{h c}^a^p^tur^e^s^the^inc^o^mⁱ^ng^e^l^e^c^t^r^onic^or^o^t^he^r^im^puls^e^s^w^h^ic^{h ide}ⁿ^tif^y^the
^or^ig^ina^ting^num^be^r^or^othe^r^dia^lin^g^,^r^outiⁿ^g^,^a^d^dr^e^s^sⁱ^ng^{, a}^{nd s}ⁱ^gⁿ^a^lⁱⁿ^g^inf^o^r^m^a^{tion r}^e^a^s^ona^bly
^lⁱ^k^el^y^t^oⁱ^d^en^tⁱ^fy^t^h^{e so}^u^r^{ce o}^f^{a w}ⁱ^{re o}^r^el^ect^roⁿⁱ^{c co}^mm^uⁿⁱ^catⁱ^o^n,^p^r^o^vⁱ^d^ed^,^h^o^w^ever,^t^h^at^su^ch
ⁱⁿ^f^o^rm^atⁱ^oⁿ^sh^al^l^no^tⁱⁿ^cl^ud^{e t}^h^e^coⁿ^t^en^t^s^o^f^an^y^co^mm^uⁿⁱ^catⁱ^oⁿ^.
²²^{50 U}^.^S.C.^§¹⁸⁶¹^{. In}^a^ddi^tio^{n t}^o^t^h^e^prov^isi^ons^de^a^ling^w^{ith e}^l^e^c^t^ro^nic^surv^e^illa^nc^e^,^p^h^y^s^ic^a^l^se^a^r^c^h^e^s^a^nd^peⁿ
^regi^st^{ers an}^d^t^r^ap^an^{d t}^r^{ace d}^e^vi^ces,^F^I^S^Aⁱⁿ^cl^ud^{es a sect}ⁱ^oⁿ^w^hⁱ^c^h^,^su^b^j^ect^t^o^sub^s^ectⁱ^oⁿ¹⁸⁶¹⁽^a)(³^),^p^e^rmⁱ^t^s^t^h^e
^Di^rect^o^r^o^f^t^h^{e F}^B^I^o^r^hⁱ^{s d}^e^si^gn^e^e^(w^h^o^s^{e ran}^k^m^a^y^b^eⁿ^o^l^o^w^e^{r t}^h^an^an^A^ssi^st^an^t^S^p^eci^al^A^g^en^tⁱⁿ^Ch^{arge) t}^o^ap^p^l^y
^f^o^r^aⁿ^or^de^r^r^e^q^u^irⁱⁿ^g^“^p^r^o^duc^ti^oⁿ^of^aⁿ^y^ta^ng^ible^thing^s⁽ⁱ^nc^lu^din^g^book^s^,^r^e^c^o^r^d^s^,^pa^pe^r^s^{, d}^o^c^u^m^e^nts^,^aⁿ^{d o}^t^he^r^ite^m^s⁾
^f^o^{r a}ⁿ^inv^e^stig^a^{tion t}^o^o^b^taⁱⁿ^f^o^re^ig^{n inte}^llig^eⁿ^c^e^inf^o^rm^a^{tion n}^o^{t c}^onc^e^rⁿⁱ^ng^a^Unite^d^Sta^t^e^s^pe^rsoⁿ^{or to}^pr^ote^c^t
^a^g^aⁱ^{nst inte}^rna^tio^na^{l te}^rrorⁱ^sm^{or c}^l^a^nde^stineⁱⁿ^te^llig^eⁿ^c^e^a^c^tiv^itie^s....”⁵⁰^U.S^.^C.^{§ 1}⁸⁶¹^(a^)(1).^W^h^e^r^e^suc^h^aⁿ
^inv^e^s^tig^a^{tion is}^of^a^Uⁿ^ite^{d Sta}^t^e^s^pe^rs^on^{, it m}^a^y^{not be}^c^oⁿ^duc^te^d^“^s^ole^l^y^{upon t}^h^e^ba^sⁱ^s^of^a^c^tiv^itie^s^prote^c^t^e^d^by^the
^fⁱ^{rst a}^m^eⁿ^d^m^eⁿ^{t to the}^C^onsti^tuti^on.”^Id^.^Subs^e^c^tⁱ^on¹⁸⁶¹⁽^a⁾⁽³⁾^w^a^s^a^dde^d^by^P^.^L^.¹^09-¹⁷^{7. I}^t^pr^ov^ide^s^tha^t^{, i}ⁿ^t^h^e^c^a^s^e
^of^aⁿ^a^pplic^a^tio^{n f}^o^r^aⁿ^or^de^r^r^e^q^u^ir^ing^t^h^e^pr^od^uc^tio^{n of}^li^br^a^r^y^cⁱ^r^c^ula^tion^r^e^c^o^r^d^s^,^libr^a^r^y^pa^tr^on^li^s^t^s^,^bo^ok^s^a^le^s
^reco^rd^s,^bo^o^k^cu^st^o^m^{er l}ⁱ^s^t^s^,^fⁱ^rea^r^{ms sal}^e^{s reco}^rd^s,^t^a^{x ret}^u^rn^reco^r^d^s,^edu^catⁱ^oⁿ^a^l^reco^r^d^s,^o^r^m^e^dⁱ^cal^reco^rd^s
^c^ontaⁱⁿⁱ^ng^inf^o^r^m^a^{tion tha}^t^w^oul^{d ide}ⁿ^tif^y^a^pe^r^s^{on, t}^h^e^Dⁱ^r^e^c^t^or^o^f^the^Fe^de^r^a^{l B}^u^r^e^a^u^of^Iⁿ^v^e^s^tig^a^{tion m}^a^y^de^le^g^a^te
^the^a^u^th^ority^{to m}^a^k^e^suc^h^a^pplic^a^{tion t}^o^eⁱ^t^h^e^r^the^De^p^u^ty^Dⁱ^r^e^c^t^or^of^the^Fe^de^r^a^{l B}^u^r^e^a^u^of^Iⁿ^v^e^s^tig^a^{tion or}^the
^E^x^ecu^tⁱ^v^e^A^ssi^st^an^t^Di^rect^o^r^f^o^{r Nat}ⁱ^oⁿ^a^l^S^ecu^ri^t^y^(o^{r an}^y^su^cc^ess^o^{r po}^si^tⁱ^oⁿ⁾^.^T^h^{e Dep}^u^t^y^Di^rect^o^r^o^r^t^h^{e E}^x^ecu^tⁱ^v^e
^A^s^sⁱ^s^t^aⁿ^{t D}ⁱ^re^c^t^{or a}^r^e^pro^h^ib^ite^d^f^r^o^m^f^u^rthe^{r de}^le^g^a^tion^of^s^u^c^h^a^u^th^ority^{. A}^lthoug^{h t}^h^is^s^e^c^tion^is^eⁿ^title^d^{“access t}^o
^c^e^r^ta^{in busi}ⁿ^e^{ss re}^c^o^{rds f}^o^{r f}^o^re^{ign in}^te^llig^eⁿ^c^e^a^{nd i}ⁿ^te^rna^tⁱ^ona^{l te}^rrorism^inv^e^stig^a^tions,”^{it e}ⁿ^c^o^m^p^a^sse^s
^s^ubs^ta^ntia^lly^m^o^r^e^thaⁿ^jus^t^busⁱⁿ^e^s^s^r^e^c^o^r^d^s^.^T^h^e^c^u^r^r^e^{nt la}^ng^ua^g^e^of^{50 U}^.^S.C^.^§§¹⁸⁶¹^aⁿ^{d 1}⁸⁶²⁽^w^hic^h^de^a^l^s^w^ith
^c^ong^r^e^s^sⁱ^ona^{l ov}^e^r^sⁱ^g^h^{t of}^a^{ll s}^u^c^h^r^e^que^s^t^s^f^o^r^p^r^o^duc^ti^on^of^ta^ng^ible^thiⁿ^g^s^un^de^r^§¹⁸⁶¹⁾^w^a^s^a^dde^{d by}^the^U^S^A
^P^A^T^R^IO^T^A^c^t^,^an^d^am^en^d^e^d^b^y^P^.^L^.¹⁰⁷^-¹⁰⁸^.^It^repl^aced^f^o^{rmer 5}⁰^U.^S^.^C.^§^§¹⁸⁶¹^-18⁶³^,^add^e^d^by^P^.^L^.^105-²⁷^{2, title}
^V^I^,^§⁶⁰²^,¹¹²^S^t^at^.²⁴¹¹^(Oct^.²⁰^,¹⁹⁹⁸^),^w^hⁱ^c^h^d^e^fⁱⁿ^e^d^vari^ou^{s t}^e^r^m^s,^p^r^o^vⁱ^d^{ed f}^o^{r ap}^p^lⁱ^catⁱ^oⁿ^s^f^o^r^o^r^d^e^{rs f}^o^{r access}
^t^o^cert^aⁱⁿ^lⁱ^mⁱ^t^e^d^t^y^p^e^{s o}^f^b^u^sⁱⁿ^es^{s reco}^rd^{s (rel}^a^tⁱⁿ^{g t}^o^reco^rd^{s i}ⁿ^t^h^{e p}^o^ssessi^oⁿ^o^f^co^mm^oⁿ^carri^ers,^p^h^y^si^cal^st^o^r^age
^f^a^{cilities, p}^u^b^{lic acco}^mm^o^d^a^tioⁿ^f^a^cilities,^an^d^v^e^hⁱ^{cle ren}^t^{al f}^{acilities) f}^o^r^f^o^reigⁿⁱⁿ^tellig^en^{ce an}^dⁱⁿ^tern^atioⁿ^a^l
⁽^c^onti^nue^d.^..)

States person may not be conducted solely on the basis of activities protected by the First ²³
Amendment to the Constitution. This measure seeks to strike a balance between national
security needs in the context of foreign intelligence gathering and privacy rights.
FISA establishes two special courts, the U.S. Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Court (FISC) and
the U.S. Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Court of Review (Court of Review), comprised of
federal judges to address applications for court orders authorizing such electronic surveillance,
physical searches, installation and use of pen registers and trap and trace devices, and production ²⁴
of tangible things.
Under 50 U.S.C. § 1803(a),²⁵ the Chief Justice of the United States must publicly designate
eleven U.S. district court judges from seven of the United States judicial circuits, of whom no
fewer than three must reside within 20 miles of the District of Columbia. These eleven judges
constitute the U.S. Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Court (FISC), which has jurisdiction over ²⁶²⁷
applications for and orders approving electronic surveillance, physical searches, pen registers ²⁸²⁹
or trap and trace devices or orders for production of tangible things anywhere within the ³⁰³¹
United States under FISA. If an application for electronic surveillance or a physical search
under this Act is denied by one judge of this court, it may not then be considered by another judge
on the court. If a judge denies such an application, he or she must immediately provide a written ³²
statement for the record of the reason(s) for this decision.
The Chief Justice also publicly designates the three U.S. district court or U.S. court of appeals
judges who together make up the U.S. Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Court of Review (Court ³³³⁴
of Review). This court has jurisdiction to review any denial of an order under FISA. If the

^(...c^on^tin^ue^d)
^te^r^r^o^rⁱ^s^m^inv^e^s^tig^a^tions^{, a}^nd^pr^ov^ide^d^f^o^r^c^o^ng^r^e^s^sⁱ^ona^{l ov}^e^r^sⁱ^g^h^{t o}^f^s^u^c^h^r^e^c^o^r^d^s^r^e^que^s^t^s^.^For^m^o^r^e^inf^o^r^m^a^{tion on}
^{title V o}^f^FISA^{, 5}⁰^U.S.C.^§^§¹⁸⁶¹^-1⁸⁶²^,^{see th}^{e sectio}ⁿ^o^f^th^is^rep^o^{rt en}^ti^tled^“A^{ccess to}^certain^b^u^sⁱⁿ^{ess reco}^rd^{s an}^d
^othe^{r ta}^ng^ible^th^ing^s^f^o^{r f}^o^re^ig^{n inte}^llig^eⁿ^c^e^pur^pose^s^,”ⁱⁿ^fra^.
²³^Sectioⁿ⁴⁰²⁽^a)(1⁾^o^f^FISA^{, 5}⁰^U^.^{S.C. §}¹⁸⁴²^(a)(1^);^Sec^tioⁿ⁵⁰¹⁽^a)⁽¹^{) an}^d^(a)(2^)(B)^o^f^FISA^{, 5}⁰^U.^S^.^{C. §}¹⁸⁶¹⁽^a)(¹⁾
^an^d^(a)(2^)(B)^.
²⁴^For^a^m^o^r^e^de^ta^ile^d^dis^c^us^sⁱ^oⁿ^of^the^FI^SC^aⁿ^d^the^C^our^t^of^R^e^vⁱ^ew^{, s}^e^e^C^R^S^R^e^por^{t R}^L³³⁸^33,^The^U^.^S.^For^e^igⁿ
^Inte^lligeⁿ^c^e^Surv^e^illa^nc^e^Co^{urt a}^{nd t}^h^e^U.S^.^F^o^re^ign^Inte^lli^ge^nc^e^S^u^rv^e^illanc^e^Co^urt^{of Re}^vⁱ^e^w^{: An}^Ov^e^r^vⁱ^e^w^{, b}^y
^E^lⁱ^zab^et^h^B.^Bazan^.
²⁵^W^h^en^F^I^S^A^w^a^{s en}^act^edⁱⁿ¹⁹^78,^t^h^{e F}^I^S^C^w^a^s^m^a^d^e^u^p^o^f^seven^j^u^d^g^es;^S^ectⁱ^oⁿ²⁰^{8 o}^f^P^.^L^.¹⁰⁷^-⁵⁶ⁱⁿ^creased^t^h^at
ⁿ^u^m^b^e^{r t}^o^el^even^.
²⁶^Cf.^{, 50}^U^.^S.C^.^{§ 18}⁰²⁽^b)^.
²⁷^{50 U}^.^S.C^.^§¹⁸²²⁽^c⁾^.
²⁸^{50 U}^.^S.C^.^§¹⁸⁴²⁽^b)^aⁿ^{d (}^d⁾^.
²⁹^{50 U}^.^S.C^.^§¹⁸⁶¹⁽^b)^aⁿ^{d (}^c⁾^.
³⁰^{50 U}^.^S.C^.^§¹⁸⁰³⁽^a⁾^.
³¹^{50 U}^.^S.C^.^§¹⁸²²⁽^c⁾^.
³²^{50 U}^.^S.C^.^§^§¹⁸⁰³⁽^a⁾^,¹⁸²²⁽^c⁾^.
³³^{50 U}^.^S.C^.^§¹⁸⁰³⁽^b)^.
³⁴⁵⁰^U^.^S^.^C^.^§§¹⁸⁰³⁽^b⁾^;^{see a}^l^so^,⁵⁰^U^.^S.C^.^§^§¹⁸²²⁽^d)^,¹⁸⁶¹⁽^f⁾⁽³⁾^.

United States appeals an FISC denial of an application, the record from the FISC must be
transmitted under seal to the Court of Review established.
If the Court of Review determines that an application was properly denied, again a written
statement of the reason(s) for the court’s decision must be provided for the record. The United
States may petition for a writ of certiorari to the United States Supreme Court for review of that ³⁵
decision. All proceedings under FISA must be conducted expeditiously, and the record of all
proceedings including applications and orders granted, must be maintained under security
measures established by the Chief Justice in consultation with the Attorney General and the ³⁶
Director of National Intelligence.
Three FISC judges who reside within 20 miles of the District of Columbia, or, if all of such
judges are unavailable, other judges of the FISC designated by the presiding judge of such court,
comprise a petition review pool which has jurisdiction to review petitions filed pursuant to 50 ³⁷
U.S.C. § 1861(f)(1) challenging production orders and non-disclosure orders.
The judges of the FISC and the Court of Review serve for seven year terms and may not be ³⁸
redesignated. The FISC and the Court of Review may establish rules and procedures, and may ³⁹
take such actions, as are reasonably necessary to administer their responsibilities under FISA.
The FISC has established the F^OREIG^NI^N^T^E^LLI^GE^N^C^ES^UR^V^E^IL^LA^NCEC^OUR^TR^UL^E^S^O^F
P^ROCEDURE, and P^{ROCEDURES FOR}R^EV^I^E^W^O^FP^ET^IT^IONS^F^I^L^E^{D P}^U^RS^UA^NT^T^OS^ECT^I^ON501(^F)
^OF^T^H^EF^OREIG^NI^NT^E^L^L^I^GENCES^UR^V^E^IL^LA^NCEA^CT^OF1978,^ASA^M^E^NDED have also been ⁴⁰
adopted. Rules of procedure for the Court of Review have not been identified. Any such rules
and procedures, and any modifications thereto, must be recorded and transmitted in an
unclassified form (although they may include a classified annex) to all of the judges on the FISC;
all of the judges on the Court of Review; the Chief Justice of the United States; the Committee on
the Judiciary of the Senate and of the House of Representatives; and the House Permanent Select ⁴¹
Committee on Intelligence and the Senate Select Committee on Intelligence.

³⁵^{50 U}^.^S.C^.^§¹⁸⁰³⁽^b)^;^{see a}^l^s^o^,⁵⁰^U.S.C.^§^§¹⁸²²^(d^),¹⁸⁶¹^(f⁾⁽³^).
³⁶^{50 U}^.^S.C^.^§¹⁸⁰³⁽^c⁾^.
³⁷^{50 U}^.^S.C^.^§¹⁸⁰³⁽^e⁾^,^a^dde^d^by^Subs^e^c^tio^{n 1}⁰⁶⁽^f⁾⁽¹⁾^of^P^.^L^.¹⁰^9-¹^{77. U}^nde^r⁵⁰^U^.^S.C^.^§¹⁸⁰³⁽^e⁾⁽²⁾^,^the^FI^SC^w^a^s
^r^e^quir^e^d^{to a}^d^op^{t a}ⁿ^{d, c}^o^ns^is^te^nt^w^{ith the}^pr^ote^c^tion^of^na^tio^na^{l s}^e^c^u^r^ity^{, to p}^ubl^is^h^pr^oc^e^d^ur^e^s^f^o^r^th^e^r^e^vⁱ^ew^of
^pe^titio^{ns f}^ile^{d p}^u^rsua^nt^to⁵⁰^U.S.^{C. §}¹⁸^61(f⁾⁽¹⁾^by^th^e^pa^ne^{l e}^s^ta^b^lishe^d^un^de^{r Su}^bse^c^tion¹⁸⁰³^(e^{)(1). S}^ubse^c^tioⁿ
¹⁸⁰^3(e⁾⁽²⁾^f^u^rthe^{r dire}^c^t^e^d^tha^t^s^u^c^h^proc^e^d^ure^s^pr^ov^ide^tha^t^re^vⁱ^e^w^of^a^pe^titio^{n sha}^l^l^be^c^o^nd^uc^te^{d i}ⁿ^c^a^m^e^r^a^a^{nd a}^l^so
^pr^ov^ide^f^o^r^t^h^e^de^sⁱ^gⁿ^a^tio^{n of}^aⁿ^a^c^ting^pr^e^s^iding^j^udg^e^.^Uⁿ^de^r^R^u^l^e⁸⁽^a⁾^of^the^P^ROCE^DURE^S^F^O^R^R^EV^I^E^W^O^F^P^ETI^TI^O^N^S
^FI^LED^PU^R^S^U^A^N^T^TO^S^E^C^T^I^ON⁵⁰¹⁽^F⁾^OF^T^H^E^F^ORE^I^GN^I^NT^E^L^L^I^GE^N^C^E^S^URVE^I^L^L^ANC^E^A^CT^O^F^1978,^AS^A^ME^N^D^E^D^{, Cle}^r^k^of
^t^h^{e Cou}^r^tⁿ^o^tⁱ^fⁱ^e^{s t}^h^e^P^r^esi^dⁱⁿ^{g Jud}^g^{e o}^f^t^h^{e F}^I^S^C^w^h^en^{a p}^e^tⁱ^tⁱ^oⁿⁱ^s^recei^ved^.^If^t^h^{e P}^r^esi^dⁱⁿ^{g Ju}^d^g^eⁱ^s^uⁿ^a^vai^l^a^b^l^e,^t^h^e
^loc^a^l^FI^SC^j^udg^e^,^othe^r^t^h^aⁿ^the^Pr^e^s^iding^J^udg^e^,^w^ho^ha^s^the^g^r^e^a^t^e^s^{t s}^e^nior^ity^{on t}^h^e^FI^SC^isⁿ^o^tif^ie^{d by}^the^C^l^e^r^k^of
^t^h^{e Cou}^r^t^.^If^no^l^o^cal^j^u^d^g^{e i}^s^avai^l^a^b^l^e,^t^h^{e Cl}^{erk o}^f^t^h^{e Co}^u^r^t^no^tⁱ^fⁱ^e^{s t}^h^{e m}^o^st^senⁱ^o^r^F^I^S^C^j^u^d^g^{e reaso}ⁿ^a^b^l^y
^avai^l^a^b^l^e.^T^h^{e j}^u^d^g^{e n}^o^tⁱ^fⁱ^e^dⁱ^s^t^h^{e Act}ⁱⁿ^{g P}^r^esi^dⁱⁿ^{g Jud}^g^{e f}^o^{r t}^h^at^case.
³⁸^{50 U}^.^S.C^.^§¹⁸⁰³⁽^d)^.
³⁹^{50 U}^.^S.C^.^§¹⁸⁰³⁽^f⁾⁽¹⁾^,^a^dde^d^by^P^.^L^.¹⁰^9-¹⁷⁷^,^S^ubs^e^c^tioⁿ¹⁰⁹⁽^d)^.
⁴⁰^Both^a^r^e^a^v^a^ila^ble^a^t^http:^//www^.usc^ourts.g^ov^/^r^ule^s^/f^isa^.^htm^l^.
⁴¹^{50 U}^.^S.C^.^§¹⁸⁰³⁽^f⁾⁽²⁾^,^a^s^a^d^de^d^by^P^.^L^.¹⁰^9-¹⁷⁷^,^S^ubs^e^c^tioⁿ¹⁰⁹⁽^d)^.

Electronic surveillance under title I of FISA, 50 U.S.C. § 1801 et seq., is generally conducted ⁴²
under an FISC order, unless the surveillance fits within one of three statutory exceptions.
The first of these exceptions is electronic surveillance of certain foreign powers without a court
order upon Attorney General certification that specific criteria have been met. Under section
101(g) of FISA, 50 U.S.C. § 1801(g), as amended by Subsection 506(a)(5) of P.L. 109-177, the
term “Attorney General” is defined to mean “the Attorney General of the United States (or Acting
Attorney General), the Deputy Attorney General, or, upon the designation of the Attorney
General, the Assistant Attorney General designated as the Assistant Attorney General for National ⁴³
Security under section 507A of title 28, United States Code.”
Under 50 U.S.C. § 1802, the President, through the Attorney General, may authorize electronic
surveillance to acquire foreign intelligence information for up to one year without a court order if
two criteria are satisfied. First, to utilize this authority, the Attorney General must certify in
writing under oath that:
^(A^{) th}^{e electro}ⁿⁱ^{c s}^u^rv^eil^l^an^ce^is^s^o^lel^y^{directed at—}
⁽ⁱ⁾^th^{e acq}^uⁱ^sitioⁿ^o^f^t^h^{e co}ⁿ^t^en^ts^o^f^co^m^m^uⁿ^icatioⁿ^s^tr^an^s^m^itted^b^y^m^ean^{s o}^f
^com^m^uni^catⁱ^ons^us^{ed ex}^cl^u^sⁱ^v^el^y^bet^w^een^{or a}^m^ong^f^o^rei^gⁿ^po^w^e^rs^{, as}^defⁱⁿ^e^{d i}ⁿ^[50
^U^.^S^.^C^.^{§ 1801}^(a)(1⁾^{, (}²^{), o}^r⁽³^)];^or
⁽ⁱⁱ⁾^th^{e acq}^uⁱ^sitioⁿ^o^f^techⁿⁱ^calⁱⁿ^telli^g^eⁿ^{ce, o}^t^h^e^r^th^aⁿ^th^{e sp}^o^k^en^co^m^m^uⁿⁱ^c^a^tⁱ^oⁿ^s
^ofⁱⁿ^di^vⁱ^du^al^s^,^f^r^o^m^propert^y^{or prem}ⁱ^s^es^un^{der t}^h^{e open}^an^{d ex}^cl^u^sⁱ^v^{e con}^t^rol^of^a
^f^o^rei^gⁿ^po^w^e^{r, as}^defⁱⁿ^e^{d i}ⁿ^[^{50 U}^.^S^.^C^.^{§ 1}^801(a⁾⁽¹^{), (2}^{) or}^(3)];

⁴²^T^h^e^s^e^thre^e^e^x^c^e^{ptions a}^r^e^:^{50 U.}^{S.C. §}¹⁸⁰²^(e^le^c^t^ronⁱ^c^surv^e^illaⁿ^c^e^of^thre^e^c^a^t^e^g^orie^{s of}^f^o^re^ig^{n pow}^e^r^s^f^o^{r up t}^o
^one^y^e^a^r^w^{ithout a}^c^o^ur^t^or^de^r^up^{on A}^ttorⁿ^e^y^G^e^ne^r^a^{l c}^e^r^tifⁱ^c^a^tion;^the^t^h^r^e^e^c^a^t^e^g^or^ie^s^,^a^s^de^fⁱ^ne^{d in 50 U}^.^S.C^.^§^§
¹⁸⁰¹⁽^a⁾⁽¹⁾^,⁽²⁾^,^or⁽³⁾^,^c^o^v^e^r⁽¹⁾^a^f^o^r^e^ig^{n g}^o^v^e^rⁿ^m^e^{nt or}^aⁿ^y^c^o^m^pone^nt^the^r^e^o^f^,^w^h^e^t^he^r^or^not^r^e^c^o^gⁿ^iz^e^d^by^the
^Uⁿ^ite^{d S}^t^a^t^e^s^{; (}²⁾^a^f^a^c^tion^of^a^f^o^r^e^ig^{n na}^tio^{n or}^na^ti^ons^,^no^{t s}^u^bs^ta^ntia^lly^c^o^m^pos^e^d^of^Uⁿ^ite^d^Sta^t^e^s^pe^r^s^ons^;^or⁽³⁾
^aⁿ^eⁿ^tity^tha^t^{is o}^p^eⁿ^ly^a^c^k^now^le^dg^e^d^by^a^f^o^re^ig^{n g}^o^v^e^rn^m^e^{nt or}^g^o^v^e^rn^m^e^{nts to be}^dire^c^t^e^d^aⁿ^{d c}^ontr^o^lle^d^by^suc^h
^f^o^re^ig^{n g}^o^v^e^rn^m^e^{nt or g}^o^v^e^rnm^e^{nts); 5}⁰^U.^S.C.^{§ 1}⁸⁰⁵^(f⁾^(e^m^e^rg^eⁿ^c^y^e^l^e^c^tronic^surv^e^illa^nc^e^up^on^A^ttorne^y^G^e^ne^ra^l
^c^e^r^tif^ic^a^{tion f}^o^{r u}^p^t^o⁷²^ho^{urs w}^h^ile^aⁿ^FISC^orde^{r is}^beⁱⁿ^g^so^ug^h^t^{); a}ⁿ^d⁵⁰^U.S.C^.^§¹⁸¹¹^(e^le^c^t^ronⁱ^c^surv^e^illa^nc^e^f^o^r
^{15 c}^a^l^eⁿ^da^r^da^y^s^af^te^r^a^c^ong^r^e^s^sⁱ^ona^l^de^c^l^a^r^a^tion^of^w^a^r⁾^.
⁴³^Se^c^tion⁵^07A^w^a^{s a}^dde^{d t}^o^title^{28, U}^.^S.C.^{, by}^P.L^.¹⁰^9-1⁷⁷^,^Se^c^t^ion⁵⁰^6(a^)(1).^It^prov^ide^s^:
^{§ 5}^07A^{. A}^ssistaⁿ^{t A}^ttorne^y^G^e^ne^r^a^{l f}^o^{r Na}^tiona^{l Se}^c^u^rity
^(a^{) Of}^the^Assistaⁿ^{t A}^ttorne^y^s^G^e^ne^ra^{l a}^p^p^o^inte^d^u^nde^r^s^e^c^tioⁿ⁵⁰⁶^,^one^s^h^a^{ll s}^e^r^v^e^,^up^on^the
^de^sigⁿ^a^tion^of^the^P^r^e^s^ideⁿ^{t, a}^s^t^h^e^A^s^sistaⁿ^{t A}^ttorne^y^Ge^ne^ra^{l f}^o^r^Na^tiona^{l Se}^c^u^ri^ty^.
^{(b) T}^h^e^A^ssistaⁿ^t^A^ttorne^y^G^e^ne^r^a^{l f}^o^{r Na}^tiona^{l Se}^c^u^rity^sha^ll—
⁽¹⁾^s^e^r^v^e^a^s^the^he^a^d^of^the^N^a^ti^oⁿ^a^l^Se^c^u^r^ity^Dⁱ^vⁱ^sⁱ^{on of}^the^D^e^pa^r^t^m^e^{nt of}^J^u^s^tic^e^unde^r
^se^c^{tion 5}^09A^of^{this tit}^le^;
^{(2) se}^rv^e^a^s^prim^a^r^y^lia^{ison to}^the^Dire^c^t^{or of}^Na^tiona^{l I}ⁿ^te^llig^eⁿ^c^e^f^o^{r the}^De^pa^rtm^e^{nt of}
^Ju^stⁱ^ce;^an^d
⁽³⁾^pe^r^f^or^m^s^u^c^h^othe^r^du^tie^s^a^s^the^A^ttorⁿ^e^y^G^e^ne^r^a^l^m^a^y^pr^e^s^c^r^ibe^.

^{(B) t}^h^{ere i}^sⁿ^o^su^bs^t^aⁿ^tⁱ^a^l^lⁱ^k^e^lⁱ^h^{ood t}^h^at^t^h^{e su}^rv^ei^l^l^aⁿ^ce^wⁱ^l^l^acquⁱ^{re t}^h^{e co}ⁿ^t^ent^s^of
^any^co^m^m^unicatioⁿ^to^w^h^ic^h^{a Un}^{ited State}^s^pers^on^is^{a part}^y^;^an^d
^(C^{) th}^{e propos}^{ed m}ⁱⁿⁱ^mⁱ^za^tion^procedu^r^es^wⁱ^t^h^res^p^{ect to s}^u^ch^s^u^r^v^eillaⁿ^ce^m^{eet t}^h^e⁴⁴
^defⁱⁿⁱ^tⁱ^oⁿ^of^mⁱⁿⁱ^mⁱ^zatⁱ^oⁿ^pro^cedu^r^es^un^{der [50 U}^.^S^.^C^.^§¹⁸^01(h^)];

⁴⁴^Minimⁱ^z^a^tion^proc^e^d^ure^s^w^{ith re}^spe^c^t^{to e}^l^e^c^t^ro^nic^surv^e^illa^nc^e^a^r^e^de^fⁱ^ne^{d in}^{50 U}^.^S.C.^§¹⁸⁰¹⁽^{h) t}^o^m^e^aⁿ^:
⁽¹^{) sp}^eci^fⁱ^{c p}^r^o^ced^u^r^es,^w^hⁱ^c^h^s^h^al^l^b^e^ad^op^t^e^{d b}^y^t^h^{e A}^t^t^o^rn^ey^G^eⁿ^e^ral^,^t^h^at^{are reaso}ⁿ^a^b^l^y
^de^sigⁿ^e^dⁱⁿ^lig^ht^of^the^p^u^rp^ose^a^{nd te}^c^h^niq^u^e^of^the^pa^rtic^ula^r^s^u^r^v^e^illa^nc^e^,^{to m}ⁱ^nimⁱ^z^e^the
^a^c^quisitio^{n a}ⁿ^{d re}^te^nti^oⁿ^,^aⁿ^{d pr}^o^h^ibit^the^disse^mⁱ^na^tion,^of^non^pu^blic^ly^a^v^a^ila^ble^inf^o^rm^a^tion
^c^onc^e^r^ning^unc^oⁿ^s^e^ntiⁿ^g^Uⁿ^ite^d^Sta^t^e^s^pe^r^s^ons^c^o^ns^is^te^{nt w}^ith^the^ne^e^d^of^the^Uⁿ^ite^d^Sta^t^e^s^to
^obtaⁱ^n,^pro^duc^e^,^aⁿ^{d d}ⁱ^sse^mⁱ^na^te^f^o^re^ig^{n inte}^llig^eⁿ^c^e^inf^o^rm^a^tion;
^{(2) pr}^oc^e^dure^s^t^h^a^t^re^q^u^ire^tha^t^no^npu^blic^ly^a^v^a^ila^ble^inf^o^r^m^a^tion,^w^h^ic^{h is not}^f^o^re^ig^{n inte}^llig^eⁿ^c^e
^inf^o^r^m^a^{tion, a}^s^de^fⁱ^ne^{d in s}^ubs^e^c^t^{ion (}^e⁾⁽¹⁾^of^th^is^s^e^c^tion,^s^h^a^ll^not^be^dis^s^e^mⁱ^na^te^{d in a}^m^a^nne^r
^tha^t^ideⁿ^tif^ie^{s a}ⁿ^y^Unite^{d Sta}^t^e^s^p^e^{rson, w}^itho^u^{t s}^u^c^h^pe^r^s^oⁿ^’^s^c^o^ns^eⁿ^{t, u}ⁿ^le^s^s^s^u^c^h^pe^r^s^on’^s
^id^en^tity^{is n}^ecessar^y^to^unde^rs^taⁿ^d^f^o^re^ig^{n inte}^llig^eⁿ^c^e^inf^o^rm^a^tion^{or a}^s^s^e^s^s^its^im^porta^nc^e^;
⁽³⁾ⁿ^o^tw^iths^t^a^ndi^ng^pa^r^a^g^r^a^phs⁽¹⁾^a^{nd (}²⁾^,^pr^oc^e^d^ur^e^s^tha^t^a^l^l^o^w^f^o^r^the^r^e^te^nti^oⁿ^aⁿ^d
^dis^s^e^mⁱ^na^{tion of}^inf^o^r^m^a^{tion tha}^t^is^e^v^ideⁿ^c^e^of^a^c^rⁱ^m^e^w^h^ic^{h ha}^s^be^eⁿ^{, is}^be^ing^,^o^r^is^a^b^out^to^be
^c^o^m^m^itte^{d a}^{nd tha}^t^is^to^be^re^taⁱⁿ^e^d^or^disse^mⁱ^na^te^{d f}^o^{r la}^w^eⁿ^f^o^rc^e^m^eⁿ^{t purp}^o^se^{s; a}^nd
^{(4) n}^o^tw^ithsta^ndi^ng^pa^ra^g^r^a^{phs (1}^{), (2),}^aⁿ^d⁽³^),^w^{ith re}^spe^c^t^{to a}ⁿ^y^e^l^e^c^t^ronic^surv^e^illa^nc^e
^a^ppr^ov^e^d^pur^s^u^aⁿ^{t t}^o^s^e^c^tio^{n 1}⁸⁰²⁽^a⁾^of^this^ti^tle^{, p}^r^oc^e^dur^e^s^t^h^a^t^r^e^quir^e^t^h^a^tⁿ^o^c^o^nteⁿ^ts^of^aⁿ^y
^c^o^m^m^unic^a^{tion to}^w^h^ic^{h a}^Uⁿ^ite^d^Sta^t^e^s^pe^r^s^on^is^a^pa^r^t^y^s^h^a^{ll be}^dⁱ^s^c^los^e^{d, d}ⁱ^s^s^e^mⁱ^na^te^{d, or}^us^e^d
^f^o^{r an}^y^p^u^r^po^{se o}^r^ret^aⁱⁿ^ed^f^o^{r l}^oⁿ^g^{er t}^h^an⁷²^ho^ur^s^uⁿ^le^s^s^a^c^our^t^or^de^r^u^nde^r^s^e^c^tⁱ^on¹⁸⁰⁵^of^this
^title^{is o}^b^ta^ine^d^or^uⁿ^le^{ss the}^A^tto^rne^y^G^e^ne^r^a^{l de}^te^rm^ine^s^tha^t^theⁱⁿ^f^o^rm^a^{tion i}^ndic^a^t^e^s^a^thre^a^t^of
^de^a^t^{h or}^s^e^rⁱ^ous^bo^dily^ha^r^m^{to a}ⁿ^y^pe^r^s^on.
^Se^c^.³¹^4(a⁾⁽¹⁾^of^H^.^Re^{pt. 1}^07-³²^{8, t}^h^e^c^onf^e^r^eⁿ^c^e^re^port^{on t}^h^e^In^t^e^llig^eⁿ^c^e^A^u^thoriz^a^tio^{n A}^c^{t f}^o^{r Fis}^c^a^l^Y^e^a^r²⁰⁰²^to
^acco^m^p^an^y^H.^R.²⁸⁸³^,^am^en^d^e^d⁵⁰^U.^S^.^C.^§¹⁸⁰¹⁽^h⁾⁽⁴⁾^t^o^c^h^an^{ge t}^o⁷²^h^o^u^r^{s w}^h^at^w^a^{s p}^r^e^vⁱ^o^u^s^l^y^{a 2}⁴^h^o^u^r^p^e^ri^o^d
^be^y^{ond w}^h^ic^{h the}^c^o^nteⁿ^ts^of^aⁿ^y^c^o^m^m^unic^a^{tion t}^o^w^h^ic^{h a}^U^.^S.^pe^r^s^{on is}^a^pa^r^t^y^m^a^y^{not be}^r^e^ta^ine^d^a^b^s^e^nt^a^c^our^t
^or^de^r^u^nde^r⁵⁰^U^.^S.C^.^§¹⁸⁰⁵^or^a^fⁱ^nding^by^the^A^ttorⁿ^e^y^G^e^ne^r^a^{l t}^h^a^t^theⁱⁿ^f^o^r^m^a^{tion in}^dic^a^t^e^s^a^thr^e^a^t^of^de^a^t^{h or}
^seri^o^u^s^bo^dⁱ^l^yⁱⁿ^j^u^ry^.^T^h^{e co}ⁿ^f^er^eⁿ^{ce versi}^oⁿ^o^f^H.^R.²⁸⁸³^recei^ved^t^h^{e a}^p^p^r^o^b^a^tⁱ^oⁿ^o^f^b^o^t^h^h^o^u^s^{es o}^f^Coⁿ^g^ress,^an^d
^w^a^{s f}^o^r^w^ard^e^d^t^o^t^h^e^P^r^esi^d^en^t^oⁿ^Dece^m^b^{er 1}⁸^,²⁰⁰¹^,^f^o^r^hⁱ^{s si}^gn^a^t^u^r^e.^Sⁱ^gn^e^d^b^y^t^h^e^P^r^esi^d^en^t^t^eⁿ^d^a^y^s^l^a^t^e^r,ⁱ^t
^be^c^a^m^e^P^.^L^.¹⁰^7-¹⁰⁸^.
^“^U^nite^{d Sta}^t^e^s^pe^r^s^oⁿ^”^is^de^fⁱ^ne^{d in 5}⁰^U^.^S.C^.^{§ 1}⁸⁰¹⁽ⁱ⁾^{to m}^e^aⁿ
^a^c^itiz^eⁿ^of^the^Unite^{d Sta}^t^e^s^{, a}ⁿ^a^lie^{n la}^wf^ully^a^d^m^itte^{d f}^o^{r pe}^r^m^aⁿ^eⁿ^{t re}^side^nc^e^(a^{s de}^fⁱ^ne^{d in}
^se^c^{tion 1}¹⁰¹^(a⁾⁽²^{0) of}^T^itle^{8), a}ⁿ^uni^nc^or^pora^t^e^d^a^ssocⁱ^a^tⁱ^{on a}^s^u^b^s^ta^ntia^{l n}^u^m^b^e^r^of^m^e^m^b^e^r^{s o}^f
^w^h^ic^{h a}^r^e^c^itiz^eⁿ^{s of}^the^Unite^d^S^t^a^t^e^s^{or a}^lie^{ns la}^w^f^ull^y^a^d^m^itte^{d for pe}^rm^aⁿ^eⁿ^{t re}^side^nc^e^,^or^a
^co^rp^o^r^atⁱ^o^{n w}^hⁱ^c^hⁱ^sⁱⁿ^c^o^rpo^r^at^{ed i}ⁿ^t^h^{e Un}ⁱ^t^e^d^S^t^at^es,^b^u^t^do^{es n}^o^tⁱⁿ^cl^ud^{e a co}^rpo^r^atⁱ^oⁿ^o^r^an
^a^s^s^o^cⁱ^a^{tion w}^h^ic^{h is}^a^f^o^r^e^ig^{n p}^o^w^e^r^{, a}^s^defⁱ^ne^{d in s}^u^bs^e^c^tion⁽^a⁾⁽¹⁾^,⁽²⁾^,^or⁽³⁾^of^this^s^e^c^tio^n.
^“^F^or^eⁱ^gⁿ^p^o^w^e^r^”^is^de^fⁱ^ne^{d in 5}⁰^U^.^S.C^.^{§ 1}⁸⁰¹⁽^a⁾^to^m^e^aⁿ^:
⁽¹⁾^a^f^o^r^e^ig^{n g}^o^v^e^rⁿ^m^e^{nt or}^aⁿ^y^c^o^m^pone^{nt t}^h^e^r^e^o^f^,^w^h^e^t^he^r^orⁿ^o^t^r^e^c^o^gⁿ^iz^e^d^by^the^Uⁿ^ite^d
^S^t^at^es;
⁽²⁾^a^f^a^c^{tion of}^a^f^o^r^e^ig^{n na}^tio^{n or}^na^tio^ns^,^{not s}^ubs^taⁿ^tia^lly^c^o^m^pos^e^d^of^Uⁿ^ite^d^Sta^t^e^s^pe^r^s^ons^;
^{(3) a}ⁿ^eⁿ^tity^tha^t^{is o}^p^eⁿ^ly^a^c^k^now^le^dge^{d by}^a^f^o^re^ig^{n g}^o^v^e^rn^m^e^{nt or g}^o^v^e^rnm^e^{nts to be}^dire^c^t^e^d
^a^{nd c}^o^ntr^o^l^l^e^d^by^s^u^c^h^f^o^r^e^ig^{n g}^o^v^e^rⁿ^m^e^{nt or}^g^o^v^e^rⁿ^m^e^nts^;
^{(4) a}^g^r^ou^{p e}ⁿ^g^a^g^e^{d in i}ⁿ^te^rna^tⁱ^oⁿ^a^{l te}^rrorism^{or a}^c^tiv^itie^{s in pre}^p^a^r^a^{tion t}^h^e^r^e^f^or;
^{(5) a}^f^o^re^ig^n-ba^se^{d p}^o^litic^a^l^org^a^niz^a^tion^,ⁿ^o^{t s}^ubs^ta^nt^ia^lly^c^o^m^pose^d^of^Un^ite^{d S}^t^a^t^e^s^pe^rsons;^or
^{(6) a}ⁿ^eⁿ^tity^tha^t^{is dire}^c^t^e^d^a^{nd c}^ontr^o^lle^d^by^a^f^o^re^ig^{n g}^o^v^e^rn^m^e^{nt or g}^o^v^e^rnm^e^nts.
^“^A^g^e^{nt of}^a^f^o^r^e^ig^{n pow}^e^r^”^is^de^fⁱ^ne^{d i}ⁿ^{50 U}^.^S.C^.^§¹⁸⁰¹⁽^b)^t^o^m^e^aⁿ^:
⁽¹⁾^aⁿ^y^pe^r^s^on^othe^r^t^h^aⁿ^a^Uⁿ^ite^{d Sta}^t^e^s^pe^r^s^oⁿ^{, w}^ho—
^(A^{) act}^{s i}ⁿ^t^h^{e Un}ⁱ^t^e^d^S^t^at^{es as an}^o^f^fⁱ^c^e^{r o}^r^em^p^l^o^y^{ee o}^f^a^f^o^rei^gⁿ^p^o^w^er,^o^r^{as a m}^e^m^b^{er o}^f^a
^f^o^r^e^ig^{n pow}^e^r^a^s^defⁱ^ne^{d in s}^ubs^e^c^{tion (}^a⁾⁽⁴⁾^of^this^s^e^c^tⁱ^on;
^{(B) a}^c^t^{s f}^o^{r or on}^be^ha^lf^of^a^f^o^re^ig^{n pow}^e^r^w^h^ic^{h e}ⁿ^g^a^g^e^{s in c}^l^aⁿ^d^e^stine^inte^llig^eⁿ^c^e^a^c^tiv^itie^{s in}
^t^h^{e Un}ⁱ^t^e^{d S}^t^at^{es con}^t^rary^t^o^t^h^{e i}ⁿ^t^e^rest^{s o}^f^t^h^{e Un}ⁱ^t^e^{d S}^t^at^es,^w^h^en^t^h^{e ci}^rcu^m^st^an^{ces o}^f^su^ch
⁽^c^onti^nue^d.^..)

^....
Second, in order for the President, through the Attorney General, to use this authority
^{... th}^{e A}^ttorn^e^y^Gen^e^{ral [}^m^u^s^{t report] s}^u^ch^mⁱⁿⁱ^mⁱ^zation^proc^e^d^u^r^e^s^aⁿ^d^aⁿ^y^ch^aⁿ^g^e^s^th^e^r^e^t^o
^to^th^{e Ho}^u^s^{e P}^e^r^m^aⁿ^eⁿ^{t Se}^lect^Co^m^m^ittee^oⁿ^Iⁿ^telli^g^eⁿ^{ce a}ⁿ^d^th^e^Sen^a^{te Select}^Co^m^m^ittee
^oⁿ^Iⁿ^telli^g^eⁿ^{ce at lea}^s^{t th}^ir^t^y^d^a^y^s^p^r^io^r^to^th^eir^ef^f^ecti^v^{e d}^a^te^{, u}ⁿ^l^e^{ss t}^h^{e Atto}^rⁿ^e^y^Geⁿ^e^r^a^l

^(...c^on^tin^ue^d)
^pe^rson’s^pre^s^eⁿ^c^e^{in t}^h^e^Unite^d^S^t^a^t^e^s^indic^a^t^e^tha^t^s^u^c^h^pe^{rson m}^a^y^eⁿ^g^a^ge^{in suc}^h^a^c^tiv^itie^{s in}^the
^Uⁿ^ite^{d S}^t^a^t^e^s^{, or}^w^h^eⁿ^s^u^c^h^pe^r^s^oⁿ^k^now^ing^l^y^aⁱ^ds^or^a^b^e^t^s^aⁿ^y^pe^r^s^{on i}ⁿ^t^h^e^c^oⁿ^duc^t^of^s^u^c^h
^a^c^tiv^itie^{s or k}^now^ing^l^y^c^onspire^s^w^{ith a}ⁿ^y^pe^{rson to e}ⁿ^g^a^g^e^{in suc}^h^a^c^tiv^itie^{s; or}
⁽^C^{) e}^ngage^sⁱⁿ^inte^rⁿ^ati^oⁿ^a^{l te}^r^r^o^rⁱ^s^m^or^ac^tiv^itie^sⁱⁿ^pr^e^p^ar^ati^oⁿ^t^h^e^r^e^f^or^e^[sⁱ^c^];^or
⁽²⁾^aⁿ^y^pe^r^s^{on w}^ho—
^(A^{) k}ⁿ^o^w^ing^l^y^eⁿ^g^a^g^e^{s in c}^l^a^nde^stine^inte^ll^ig^eⁿ^c^e^g^a^the^r^ing^a^c^tiv^itie^{s f}^o^{r or on}^be^ha^lf^of^a^f^o^re^igⁿ
^pow^e^r^{, w}^h^ic^{h a}^c^tiv^itie^{s inv}^o^lv^e^{or m}^a^y^inv^o^lv^e^a^vⁱ^ola^tion^of^the^c^r^im^ina^l^sta^t^ute^s^of^the^Unite^d
^S^t^at^es;
^{(B) purs}^u^aⁿ^{t t}^o^t^h^e^dire^c^tⁱ^on^of^aⁿ^inte^llig^eⁿ^c^e^se^rv^ic^e^{or ne}^tw^ork^of^a^f^o^re^ig^{n pow}^e^r^{, k}^now^ing^l^y
^eⁿ^g^a^g^e^{s in a}ⁿ^y^othe^{r c}^l^a^nde^stiⁿ^eⁱⁿ^te^llig^eⁿ^c^e^a^c^tiv^itie^{s f}^o^{r or on}^be^ha^lf^of^suc^h^f^o^re^ig^{n pow}^e^r^,
^w^h^ic^{h a}^c^tiv^itie^s^inv^o^lv^e^{or a}^r^e^a^bout^{to i}ⁿ^v^o^lv^e^a^vⁱ^ola^tioⁿ^of^the^c^r^im^ina^l^s^t^a^t^ute^s^of^the^Uⁿ^ite^d
^S^t^at^es;
^{(C) k}^now^ing^l^y^eⁿ^g^a^ge^{s in sa}^bota^g^e^{or inte}^rna^tⁱ^ona^l^te^rrorism^{, or a}^c^tiv^itie^{s tha}^t^a^r^eⁱⁿ^pre^p^a^r^a^tioⁿ
^the^r^e^f^or^{, or}^oⁿ^be^ha^lf^of^a^f^o^r^e^igⁿ^pow^e^r^{; or}
^(D^{) k}^now^ing^l^y^eⁿ^te^rs^the^Uⁿ^ite^d^Sta^t^e^s^un^de^{r a}^f^a^ls^e^{or f}^r^a^uduleⁿ^t^ideⁿ^tity^f^o^{r or o}ⁿ^be^ha^lf^of^a
^f^o^r^e^ig^{n pow}^e^r^or^{, w}^h^ile^{in t}^h^e^Uⁿ^ite^{d Sta}^t^e^s^{, k}ⁿ^o^wⁱ^ng^l^y^a^s^s^u^m^e^s^a^f^a^lse^or^f^r^a^uduleⁿ^t^ideⁿ^t^ity^f^o^r^or
^on^be^ha^lf^of^a^f^o^r^e^ig^{n pow}^e^r^{; or}
^{(E) k}^now^ing^l^y^aⁱ^{ds or a}^b^e^t^{s a}ⁿ^y^pe^{rson in}^the^c^oⁿ^duc^t^of^a^c^tiv^itie^s^de^sc^ribe^{d i}ⁿ^su^bpa^ra^g^r^a^{ph (A}^),
^{(B), or (C)}^{or k}ⁿ^o^wⁱ^ng^l^y^c^onspire^{s w}^{ith a}ⁿ^y^pe^{rson to e}ⁿ^g^a^g^e^{in a}^c^tiv^itie^{s de}^sc^ribe^{d in}
^s^ubpa^r^a^g^r^a^{ph (}^A⁾^,⁽^B⁾^,^or⁽^C⁾^.
^T^h^e^ita^lic^iz^e^d^la^ng^ua^g^e^{in 50}^U.S.^{C. §}¹⁸⁰¹⁽^b)(1)(C)^w^a^{s a}^dde^{d to t}^h^e^de^fⁱ^nitioⁿ^of^“^a^g^eⁿ^{t of}^a^f^o^re^{ign p}^o^w^e^r”ⁱⁿ
^Se^c^tion⁶⁰⁰¹^of^the^In^te^llig^eⁿ^c^e^Re^f^o^r^m^a^{nd T}^e^rroris^m^P^r^e^v^eⁿ^tion^A^c^{t of}^2004,^P.L^.¹^08-⁴⁵^{8. T}^h^is^prov^is^io^{n w}^ould^be
^“^s^ubje^c^t^to^the^s^u^ns^e^t^pr^ov^is^ionⁱⁿ^s^e^c^tion²²^{4 of}^the^U^S^A^P^A^T^R^I^O^T^A^c^{t of}^{2001 (}^P^u^b^lic^L^a^w^107-⁵⁶^{, 1}¹⁵^Sta^t^.²⁹⁵⁾^,
^inc^l^u^d^ing^t^h^e^e^x^c^e^p^tion^pr^ov^ide^d^{in s}^u^bs^e^c^tion⁽^b⁾^of^s^u^c^h^s^e^c^tion²²⁴^.”^A^s^am^e^nde^{d by}^P^.^L^.¹^09-¹^77,^Se^c^tio^{n 1}^03,^the
^s^uns^e^t^pr^ov^is^ionⁱⁿ^Se^c^tio^{n 2}²⁴^of^P^.^L^.¹⁰^7-⁵⁶^{, w}^oul^{d ta}^k^e^e^f^f^e^c^t^{on D}^e^c^e^m^b^e^r^31,²⁰⁰⁹^{, e}^x^c^e^p^{t f}^o^r^aⁿ^y^f^o^r^e^igⁿ
^inte^llig^eⁿ^c^e^inv^e^stig^a^tion^be^g^un^b^e^f^o^re^tha^t^da^te^{or a}ⁿ^y^c^r^im^ina^l^offe^nse^{or p}^o^te^ntia^l^of^f^e^nse^tha^t^be^g^a^{n or}^oc^c^u^rre^d
^be^f^o^r^e^tha^t^da^te^{. F}^o^r^a^m^o^r^eⁱⁿ^de^pth^dis^c^us^sⁱ^oⁿ^of^this^s^o^-^c^a^lle^{d “}^l^one^w^o^lf^”^pr^ov^is^ion,^s^e^e^C^R^S^R^e^por^{t R}^S²²⁰^11,
^In^tellig^eⁿ^{ce Refo}^{rm a}ⁿ^d^Terro^{rism Preven}^tioⁿ^Act^o^f²⁰⁰⁴^:^“L^oⁿ^e^W^o^{lf” Amen}^d^m^en^{t t}^o^t^h^{e Fo}^reigⁿ^In^tellig^eⁿ^ce
^Surv^e^illa^nc^e^Ac^t^,^b^y^E^lⁱ^zab^et^h^B.^Bazan^an^d^Bri^aⁿ^T^.^Yeh^.
^Se^v^e^r^a^{l othe}^r^pr^ov^isⁱ^ons^of^Iⁿ^te^lli^g^e^nc^e^R^e^f^o^r^m^a^{nd T}^e^r^r^o^rⁱ^s^m^P^r^e^v^eⁿ^{tion A}^c^{t a}^l^s^o^im^pa^c^t^e^d^FI^SA^{. Se}^c^tion¹⁰¹¹^of^the
^m^e^a^s^ure^am^e^nde^{d T}^itle^{I of}^the^N^a^tiona^{l Se}^c^u^r^ity^A^c^{t of}^1947,⁵⁰^U^.^S.C.^{§ 4}⁰²^et^seq^.,^{to str}ⁱ^k^e^the^pre^v^{ious Se}^c^tio^ns
¹⁰²^thr^oug^h¹⁰⁴^of^the^A^c^{t 50 U}^.^S.C^.^§^§⁴⁰^3,⁴⁰^3-^1,⁴^03-^{3, a}ⁿ^d⁴⁰^3-^4,^a^nd^ins^e^r^t^ne^w^Se^c^tions¹⁰^{2 t}^h^r^o^ug^{h 1}^04A^{. T}^h^e
^ne^w^Se^c^{tion 1}^{02 c}^r^e^a^t^e^d^t^h^e^p^o^sitⁱ^on^of^Dire^c^t^{or of}^Na^tiona^{l I}ⁿ^te^lli^g^e^nc^e^{(DNI). Se}^c^{tion 1}^02A^ou^tlin^e^d^a^u^th^oritie^{s a}ⁿ^d
^re^s^ponsⁱ^b^ilitie^s^of^the^posⁱ^tio^{n. U}^nde^{r t}^h^e^ne^w^Se^c^tion¹⁰^2A^(f⁾⁽⁶⁾^of^the^N^a^tiona^l^Se^c^u^rity^A^c^{t, the}^D^N^I^w^a^s^gⁱ^veⁿ
^re^s^ponsⁱ^b^ility^“^t^{o e}^s^ta^blis^{h re}^q^u^ir^em^eⁿ^ts^a^{nd pri}^o^ritie^s^f^o^{r f}^o^re^ig^{n i}ⁿ^te^llig^eⁿ^c^e^inf^o^rm^a^{tion to}^be^c^o^ll^e^c^t^e^d^un^de^r
^[^F^I^S^A^]^{, a}ⁿ^{d pr}^ov^ide^a^ssistaⁿ^c^e^to^the^A^ttorne^y^G^e^ne^ra^{l to e}ⁿ^sure^th^a^t^inf^o^rm^a^{tion de}^riv^e^{d f}^r^om^e^l^e^c^tronic^surv^e^illa^nc^e
^or^p^h^y^s^ic^a^l^s^e^a^r^c^h^e^s^unde^r^tha^t^a^c^t^is^dis^s^e^mⁱ^na^te^{d s}^o^tha^t^{it m}^a^y^{be us}^e^d^e^f^fⁱ^cⁱ^eⁿ^tl^y^a^{nd e}^f^f^e^c^tiv^e^l^y^f^o^r^f^o^r^e^igⁿ
^inte^llig^eⁿ^c^e^pur^pose^s^{, e}^x^c^e^p^{t tha}^t^the^Dire^c^t^{or sha}^l^l^ha^v^e^{no a}^u^th^ori^t^y^{to dire}^c^t^{, m}^a^na^ge^{, or u}^nde^rta^k^e^e^l^e^c^t^ronic
^surv^e^illa^nc^e^{or p}^h^y^s^ic^a^l^s^e^a^r^c^h^op^e^r^a^{tions p}^u^rsuaⁿ^t^to^th^a^t^a^c^t^unle^s^{s othe}^rw^ise^a^u^thoriz^e^d^by^sta^t^ute^{or Ex}^e^c^u^tiv^e
^or^de^r^.^”^N^e^w^Se^c^{tion 1}^02A⁽^f⁾⁽⁸⁾^o^f^the^N^a^tiona^{l Se}^c^u^r^ity^A^c^{t, a}^s^eⁿ^a^c^t^e^d^by^P^.^L^.¹⁰^8-⁴⁵⁸^{, Se}^c^tⁱ^on¹⁰^11,^pr^ov^ide^d^t^h^a^t^,
^“^N^othingⁱⁿ^t^h^is^a^c^t^s^h^a^ll^be^c^ons^t^r^ue^{d a}^s^a^f^f^e^c^ting^the^r^o^le^of^the^D^e^pa^r^t^m^e^{nt of}^J^u^s^tic^e^or^t^h^e^A^ttorⁿ^ey^G^e^ne^r^a^l^w^ith
^re^spe^c^t^{to a}^p^p^lic^a^tio^{ns u}^nde^{r t}^h^e^Fore^ig^{n In}^te^llig^eⁿ^c^e^Surv^e^illa^nc^e^A^c^t.”
^Sectioⁿ¹⁰⁷¹⁽^e)^o^f^P.L^.¹⁰⁸^-⁴⁵⁸^,^a^m^en^d^e^d^FISA^toⁱⁿ^sert^“Directo^r^o^f^Natioⁿ^a^{l I}ⁿ^tellig^en^{ce” in}^lieu^o^f^“Directo^r^o^f
^Cen^t^{ral In}^tellig^en^{ce” in}^each^p^l^{ace in}^w^h^ich^{it a}^p^p^eared^.
^Se^c^tion⁶⁰⁰²^c^r^e^a^t^e^d^a^dditi^ona^l^s^e^mⁱ^a^nnua^{l r}^e^p^o^r^ting^r^e^q^u^ir^e^m^eⁿ^ts^un^de^r^FI^SA^{, w}^h^ic^{h a}^r^e^c^odifⁱ^e^d^a^t⁵⁰^U^.^S.C^.^§
¹⁸⁷^1.^For^a^m^o^r^e^de^ta^ile^{d dis}^c^us^sⁱ^on^of^the^s^e^r^e^por^ti^ng^r^e^qu^ir^e^m^eⁿ^ts^{, s}^e^e^f^ootnote¹⁶^5,ⁱⁿ^f^r^a^,^and^acco^m^p^an^yⁱⁿ^g^t^e^xt^.

^d^e^ter^mⁱⁿ^e^sⁱ^m^m^e^dⁱ^{ate actio}ⁿⁱ^s^r^e^q^u^ir^ed^an^dⁿ^o^tif^ie^{s th}^{e co}^m^m^ittee^sⁱ^m^m^e^dⁱ^atel^y^o^f^s^u^c^h
^mⁱⁿⁱ^mⁱ^zation^aⁿ^{d th}^{e reas}^oⁿ^{for th}^{eir becom}ⁱⁿ^g^e^f^f^ecti^v^{e i}^m^m^e^diatel^y^.
Such electronic surveillance must be conducted only in accordance with the Attorney General’s
certification and minimization procedures adopted by him. A copy of his certification must be
transmitted by the Attorney General to the FISC. This certification remains under seal unless an
application for a court order for surveillance authority is made under 50 U.S.C. §§ 1801(h)(4) and ⁴⁵

1804, or the certification is necessary to determine the legality of the surveillance under 50 ⁴⁶

U.S.C. § 1806(f).
In connection with electronic surveillance so authorized, the Attorney General may direct a
specified communications common carrier to furnish all information, facilities, or technical
assistance needed for the electronic surveillance to be accomplished in a way that would protect
its secrecy and minimize interference with the services provided by the carrier to its customers.
50 U.S.C. § 1802(a)(4)(A). In addition, the Attorney General may direct the specified
communications common carrier to maintain any records, under security procedures approved by
the Attorney General and the Director of National Intelligence, concerning the surveillance or the
assistance provided which the carrier wishes to retain. 50 U.S.C. § 1802(a)(4)(B). Compensation
at the prevailing rate must be made to the carrier by the Government for providing such aid.
If the President, by written authorization, empowers the Attorney General to approve applications
to the FISC, an application for a court order may be made pursuant to 50 U.S.C. § 1802(b). A
judge receiving such an application may grant an order under 50 U.S.C. § 1805 approving
electronic surveillance of a foreign power or an agent of a foreign power to obtain foreign
intelligence information. There is an exception to this, however. Under 50 U.S.C. § 1802(b), a
court does not have jurisdiction to grant an order approving electronic surveillance directed solely
as described in 50 U.S.C. § 1802(a)(1)(A) (that is, at acquisition of the contents of
communications transmitted by means of communications used exclusively between or among
foreign powers, or acquisition of technical intelligence, other than the spoken communications of
individuals, from property or premises under the open and exclusive control of a foreign power),
unless the surveillance may involve the acquisition of communications of a United States person.

50 U.S.C. § 1802(b).

An application for a court order authorizing electronic surveillance for foreign intelligence
purposes may be sought under 50 U.S.C. § 1804. An application for such a court order must be
made by a federal officer in writing on oath or affirmation to an FISC judge. The application must
be approved by the Attorney General based upon his finding that the criteria and requirements set
forth in 50 U.S.C. § 1801 et seq. have been met. Section 1804(a) sets out what must be included
in the application:
⁽¹⁾^th^{e id}^en^tit^y^o^f^th^{e Fed}^e^r^a^l^o^f^fⁱ^cer^m^a^kⁱⁿ^g^t^h^{e ap}^p^licatioⁿ^;

⁴⁵^{50 U}^.^S.C^.^§¹⁸⁰⁴^is^dis^c^us^s^e^d^a^t^pa^g^e^s^17-²²^of^this^r^e^por^t^,ⁱⁿ^fra.
⁴⁶⁵⁰^U^.^S^.^C.^§¹⁸⁰²⁽^a)(²^{) and}^(a)(3).⁵⁰^U.^S^.^C^.^{§ 18}⁰⁶ⁱ^s^dⁱ^scu^ssed^a^t^f^o^o^t^no^t^e⁶⁸^and^acco^m^p^an^yⁱⁿ^g^t^e^xt^,^infra.

⁽²⁾^th^{e au}^th^o^r^it^y^coⁿ^f^er^r^e^d^oⁿ^th^{e Atto}^rⁿ^e^y^Geⁿ^e^r^a^{l b}^y^th^{e P}^r^esid^eⁿ^t^o^f^th^e^Uⁿⁱ^t^e^d^S^t^a^t^es
^an^d^th^{e ap}^p^r^o^v^{al o}^f^th^e^A^t^to^rⁿ^e^y^Gen^e^r^a^{l to}^m^a^k^e^t^h^{e ap}^p^licatioⁿ^;
⁽³⁾^th^{e id}^en^ti^t^y^,^if^kⁿ^o^wⁿ^,^o^r^{a d}^e^scrⁱ^p^tioⁿ^o^f^t^h^e^s^p^ecifⁱ^c^targ^{et o}^f^t^h^{e elec}^tron^ic⁴⁷
^su^r^v^eillaⁿ^ce;
^{(4) a s}^t^ate^m^en^{t o}^f^th^e^f^act^s^an^d^circum^s^t^aⁿ^ces^{relied u}^pon^b^y^t^h^{e applican}^{t to j}^u^s^tⁱ^f^y^hⁱ^s
^b^e^lief^th^a^t^—
⁽^A⁾^th^{e tar}^g^{et o}^f^t^h^{e electr}^oⁿⁱ^c^su^r^v^eillaⁿ^{ce is a f}^o^r^e^igⁿ^p^o^w^e^r^o^r^an^ag^en^{t o}^f^a
^f^o^rei^gⁿ^po^w^e^r;^an^d
^(B^{) each}^o^f^t^h^{e f}^a^c^ilitie^{s o}^r^p^l^{aces at}^w^h^ich^th^e^electroⁿⁱ^{c su}^r^v^eillaⁿ^{ce i}^s
^di^rect^{ed i}^s^beiⁿ^g^us^{ed, or i}^s^ab^ou^t^t^o^be^u^s^{ed, b}^y^a^f^o^rei^g^{n pow}^{er or a}ⁿ^a^g^eⁿ^t^o^f^a
^f^o^rei^gⁿ^po^w^e^r;
^{(5) a s}^t^at^em^eⁿ^t^of^t^h^{e propos}^{ed m}ⁱⁿⁱ^mⁱ^zatⁱ^oⁿ^procedu^r^es^;
^{(6) a det}^aⁱ^l^e^{d des}^c^ri^ptⁱ^oⁿ^of^t^h^eⁿ^a^t^u^{re of}^t^h^eⁱⁿ^f^o^r^m^a^tⁱ^{on s}^oug^ht^aⁿ^{d t}^h^e^t^y^{pe o}^f
^co^m^m^uⁿⁱ^catioⁿ^s^o^r^activ^itie^{s t}^o^b^e^su^b^j^ected^t^o^th^{e su}^r^v^e^illaⁿ^ce;
⁽⁷⁾^a^cer^tif^icatioⁿ^o^r^cer^tif^icati^oⁿ^s^b^y^th^e^A^s^sis^t^an^{t to}^th^{e P}^r^esid^en^t^f^o^r^N^a^tⁱ^oⁿ^a^l^S^e^cu^rⁱ^ty
^A^f^f^aⁱ^r^s^{or an}^e^x^ecu^tⁱ^v^e^bran^c^h^of^fⁱ^ci^a^l^{or of}^fⁱ^ci^a^l^s^desⁱ^gn^at^{ed by}^t^h^{e Pres}ⁱ^d^en^t^f^r^o^m^a^m^ong
^t^h^os^{e ex}^ec^u^tⁱ^v^{e off}ⁱ^cers^e^m^pl^o^y^{ed i}ⁿ^t^h^{e area of}ⁿ^a^tⁱ^oⁿ^a^l^s^ecuri^t^y^{or def}^eⁿ^s^{e an}^{d appoi}ⁿ^t^ed⁴⁸
^by^t^h^{e P}^r^es^iden^t^wⁱ^t^h^t^h^{e adv}ⁱ^{ce an}^{d con}^s^{ent of}^th^e^Sen^a^te^—
^(A^{) th}^{at th}^{e certi}^fy^ing^offⁱ^ci^{al deem}^s^th^{e in}^f^o^r^m^at^ioⁿ^so^u^g^h^t^to^b^e^f^o^r^e^igⁿ
ⁱⁿ^telli^g^eⁿ^{ce in}^f^o^r^m^a^tioⁿ^;
^{(B) t}^h^at^a^sigⁿ^ificaⁿ^t⁴⁹^p^u^r^p^o^s^{e o}^f^t^h^{e s}^u^r^v^eillaⁿ^{ce i}^s^to^o^b^t^ain^f^o^r^e^igⁿⁱⁿ^telli^g^eⁿ^c^e
ⁱⁿ^f^o^r^m^atioⁿ^;

⁴⁷^Se^c^tion¹⁰⁸⁽^a⁾⁽¹⁾^of^P^.^L^.¹^09-¹⁷^{7, a}^d^de^{d t}^h^e^w^o^r^d^“^s^pe^cⁱ^fⁱ^c^”^{to th}^is^s^ubs^e^c^tio^n.
⁴⁸^U^nde^r^Se^c^tⁱ^on^1-¹⁰³^of^Ex^e^c^u^tiv^e^O^r^de^r¹²¹³^9,⁵⁵^Fe^d.^R^e^g^.^30,³^{11 (}^M^a^y^{23, 1}⁹⁷⁹⁾^,^a^s^a^m^e^nde^{d b}^y^Sec^tion^{1 of}
^E^.^O.¹³³⁸³^,⁷⁰^F^e^d.^R^e^g.⁴¹^,⁹³³⁽^J^u^l^y¹⁵^,²⁰⁰⁵⁾^,^th^{e S}^ecr^et^ary^o^f^S^t^at^e,^t^h^{e S}^ecret^ary^o^f^De^fen^s^e,^t^h^{e Di}^rect^o^r^o^f
^Na^tiona^{l In}^te^llig^eⁿ^c^e^,^the^Dire^c^t^o^r^of^the^FBI,^the^De^p^u^ty^S^e^c^r^e^t^a^r^{y of}^Sta^t^e^,^the^De^p^u^ty^Se^c^r^e^t^a^r^y^o^f^De^fe^nse^,^the
^Dire^c^t^{or of}^the^Ce^ntra^{l I}ⁿ^te^llig^eⁿ^c^e^Ag^eⁿ^c^y^{, a}^{nd the}^P^rⁱⁿ^cⁱ^pa^{l De}^p^u^t^y^Dire^c^t^{or of}^Na^tiona^{l I}ⁿ^te^llig^eⁿ^c^e^w^e^re^de^sigⁿ^a^t^e^d
^{to m}^a^ke^suc^h^c^e^r^tif^ic^a^{tions in su}^p^por^t^of^a^pplic^a^tio^{ns t}^o^eⁿ^g^a^g^e^{in e}^l^e^c^t^ronic^surv^e^illa^nc^e^f^o^{r f}^o^re^ig^{n inte}^llig^eⁿ^c^e
^p^u^r^p^o^s^es.^Nei^t^h^{er t}^h^{ese o}^f^fⁱ^ci^al^{s n}^o^{r an}^y^oⁿ^e^actⁱⁿ^{g i}ⁿ^t^h^o^s^{e cap}^aci^tⁱ^es^m^a^y^mak^e^su^ch^certⁱ^fⁱ^catⁱ^oⁿ^s^un^l^e^{ss t}^h^ey^are
^a^ppoi^nte^d^by^the^P^r^e^s^ideⁿ^{t w}^{ith t}^h^e^a^d^vⁱ^c^e^a^{nd c}^o^ns^eⁿ^t^of^the^Se^na^te^.
⁴⁹^Se^c^tion²¹⁸^of^P.L^.¹⁰^7-⁵⁶^a^m^e^nde^{d t}^h^e^r^e^quisⁱ^te^c^e^r^tif^ic^a^tions^to^be^m^a^de^b^y^the^A^s^sⁱ^s^t^aⁿ^{t to t}^h^e^P^r^e^s^ideⁿ^{t f}^o^r
^N^a^tiona^{l Se}^c^u^rⁱ^ty^A^f^f^a^ir^s^,^or^othe^r^de^sⁱ^gⁿ^a^t^e^d^of^fⁱ^cⁱ^a^l⁽^s^e^e^f^ootnote²⁵⁾^{. H}^e^r^e^tof^o^r^e^{, the}^c^e^r^tif^yⁱ^ng^of^fⁱ^cⁱ^a^l^ha^{d to}
^c^e^r^tif^y^,^am^ong^othe^r^t^h^ing^s^{, t}^h^a^t^th^e^pur^pose^of^the^e^l^e^c^t^ronic^s^u^rv^e^illa^nc^e^un^de^{r FISA}^w^a^{s to obta}ⁱⁿ^f^o^re^igⁿ
^inte^llig^eⁿ^c^e^inf^o^rm^a^{tion. Un}^de^{r t}^h^e^ne^w^la^ng^ua^g^e^{, the}^c^e^r^tifyⁱ^ng^o^f^fⁱ^cⁱ^a^l^m^u^{st c}^e^r^ti^fy^tha^t^{a sig}ⁿ^ific^aⁿ^t^p^u^r^p^os^e^of^s^u^c^h
^e^l^e^c^t^ronic^surv^e^illa^nc^e^{is to}^o^b^taⁱⁿ^f^o^re^ig^{n inte}^llig^eⁿ^c^e^inf^o^rm^a^tion^.^A^s^inte^rpre^te^{d by}^the^Co^urt^of^Re^vⁱ^e^w^{in In re}
^Se^a^l^e^d^C^a^s^e^{, 31}^{0 F.}^3d⁷^17,⁷^28-³⁸⁽^U^.S.^For^e^igⁿ^Iⁿ^te^ll^{. S}^u^r^v^e^{il. C}^t^{. R}^e^v^.²⁰⁰²⁾^,^this^la^ng^ua^g^e^a^ppe^a^r^s^{to e}^x^c^l^ude^FI^SA
^a^s^a^v^e^hic^l^e^f^o^{r a}^u^th^oriz^ing^e^l^e^c^t^ronic^surv^e^illa^nc^e^w^h^e^r^e^the^sole^p^u^rp^ose^of^aⁿ^inv^e^stig^a^{tion is c}^r^im^ina^l^pr^ose^c^u^tio^n.
^T^h^e^g^o^v^e^rn^m^e^nt^m^u^{st ha}^v^e^a^m^e^a^s^ura^b^le^f^o^re^ig^{n inte}^llig^eⁿ^c^e^p^u^rp^o^s^e^othe^{r t}^h^aⁿ^c^r^im^ina^l^prose^c^u^ti^on^{, e}^v^eⁿ^of^f^o^re^igⁿ
^inte^llig^eⁿ^c^e^c^r^im^e^s^{, in or}^de^{r t}^o^sa^tisfy^the^“^s^igⁿⁱ^fⁱ^c^aⁿ^{t purp}^o^s^e^”^sta^nda^{rd. T}^h^e^Co^{urt’s a}ⁿ^a^l^y^s^{is a}^ppe^a^r^{s to sug}^g^e^{st tha}^t
^the^pr^im^a^r^y^pur^pos^e^of^the^inv^e^s^tⁱ^g^a^{tion u}^nde^r^FI^SA^m^a^y^be^c^rⁱ^m^ina^l^pr^os^e^c^u^ti^on,^s^o^l^ong^a^s^c^o^lle^c^tⁱ^on^of^f^o^r^e^igⁿ
^inte^llig^eⁿ^c^e^inf^o^rm^a^{tion is a}^l^{so a}^sigⁿ^if^ic^aⁿ^{t purp}^o^se^of^the^e^l^e^c^t^ro^nic^surv^e^illa^nc^e^.^T^h^{is issue}^w^a^{s not a}^d^dre^sse^d
^dire^c^tly^{in the}^o^pⁱⁿ^ion^of^the^U.S^.^Fo^re^ig^{n I}ⁿ^te^llig^eⁿ^c^e^Surv^e^illa^nc^e^Courtⁱⁿ^{In re}^A^{ll Ma}^tte^{rs S}^ubm^itte^{d to}^the^F^o^re^igⁿ
^Inte^llig^eⁿ^c^e^Surv^e^illa^nc^e^Co^urt,²¹⁸^{F. S}^u^p^p^.^2d⁶^{11( U.}^{S. F}^o^re^igⁿ^Inte^{ll. S}^u^rv^e^{il. Ct.}²⁰⁰²^).^Id^.^{, a}^t⁶¹⁵^n.2^.^B^o^th
^opi^nioⁿ^{s a}^r^e^a^ddre^sse^{d la}^te^{r i}ⁿ^t^hⁱ^s^re^{port i}ⁿ^t^h^e^se^c^tion^eⁿ^title^{d “}^P^u^b^lishe^d^De^cⁱ^sions^of^th^e^{FISC a}ⁿ^{d the}^U.^S.^Fore^igⁿ
^Inte^llig^eⁿ^c^e^Surv^e^illa^nc^e^Co^urt^of^Re^vⁱ^e^w^.”
⁽^c^onti^nue^d.^..)

^(...c^on^tin^ue^d)
^P^a^{st c}^a^s^e^s^c^onside^rⁱⁿ^g^the^c^o^nstit^utio^na^{l suf}^fⁱ^cⁱ^eⁿ^c^y^o^f^FISA^{in the}^c^onte^x^{t of}^e^l^e^c^t^ronic^surv^e^illa^nc^e^ha^v^e^re^je^c^t^e^d
^Four^t^h^A^m^e^ndm^eⁿ^{t c}^h^a^lle^ng^e^s^a^{nd d}^u^e^pr^oc^e^s^s^c^h^a^lle^ng^e^s^unde^r^t^h^e^Fif^t^{h A}^m^eⁿ^d^m^eⁿ^{t to the}^us^e^ofⁱⁿ^f^o^r^m^a^tion
^g^l^ean^ed^f^r^o^m^{a FISA}^ele^c^troⁿⁱ^{c s}^u^rv^eillan^{ce in}^{a su}^b^s^eq^u^eⁿ^t^crimⁱⁿ^{al p}^r^o^s^ecu^tioⁿ^,^b^ecau^{se th}^{e p}^u^rp^o^s^{e o}^f^th^{e FISA}
^e^l^e^c^t^ronic^surv^e^illa^nc^e^,^b^o^thⁱⁿⁱ^tia^lly^a^{nd thro}^ug^ho^{ut t}^h^e^surv^e^illa^nc^e^,^w^a^{s to se}^c^u^re^f^o^re^ig^{n inte}^llig^eⁿ^c^e^inf^o^rm^a^tion
^a^{nd n}^o^t^pr^im^a^r^il^y^or^ie^nte^d^t^o^w^a^r^d^s^c^r^im^ina^l^inv^e^s^tig^a^{tion or}^pr^os^e^c^u^tio^{n, U}ⁿ^ite^d^Sta^t^e^s^v^.^Me^g^a^hey^,⁵⁵³^F.^Su^pp^{. 1}¹⁸⁰^,^th
¹¹⁸^5-¹¹^{93 (}^D^.N^.Y^.)^,^aff’d⁷²⁹^F.^2d¹⁴⁴⁴⁽²^d^Cⁱ^r^.¹⁹⁸²⁾^{; U}ⁿ^ite^{d St}^a^t^e^s^v^.^O^{tt, 82}^{7 F}^.²^d⁴⁷³^,⁴⁷⁵⁽⁹^Cⁱ^r^.¹⁹⁸⁷⁾^;^Uⁿⁱ^t^e^d^th^st
^Sta^t^e^s^{. v}^B^a^dia^,⁸²⁷^F.^2d¹⁴⁵⁸^{, 1}⁴⁶⁴⁽¹¹^Cⁱ^r^.¹⁹⁸⁷⁾^.^S^{ee a}^l^so^{, U}ⁿ^ite^{d Sta}^t^e^s^v^.^J^o^hns^oⁿ^,⁹⁵^{2 F}^.²^d⁵^65,⁵⁷^{2 (}¹^Cir.
¹⁹⁹¹⁾^,^r^e^he^arⁱⁿ^{g a}ⁿ^d^c^e^r^{t. de}^nie^d^{, 50}^{6 U}^.^S.⁸¹^{6 (}¹⁹⁹¹⁾⁽^hol^ding^t^h^a^t^{, a}^ltho^u^g^h^e^v^ideⁿ^c^e^o^b^ta^ine^dⁱⁿ^FI^SA^e^l^e^c^t^r^onic
^surv^e^illa^nc^e^m^a^y^la^te^{r be}^use^dⁱⁿ^a^c^r^im^ina^l^prose^c^u^tion^,^c^r^im^ina^l^inv^e^stig^a^{tion m}^a^y^not^be^the^prim^a^r^y^purpose^of^the^th
^surv^e^illa^nc^e^,^a^{nd FI}^SA^m^a^y^{not b}^e^use^d^a^s^aⁿ^eⁿ^d-ru^{n a}^r^o^uⁿ^d^t^h^e⁴^A^m^e^ndm^eⁿ^t)^{; U}ⁿ^ite^{d Sta}^t^e^s^v^.^Pe^lton,⁸³⁵^F.2^d^th
¹⁰⁶^{7, 10}^74-⁷⁶⁽⁴^Cⁱ^r^.¹⁹⁸⁷⁾^,^cert^.^d^eⁿⁱ^ed^,⁴⁸^{6 U.S}^.¹⁰¹⁰⁽¹⁹⁸^{7) (}^h^oldi^ng^tha^t^e^l^e^c^t^ro^nic^surv^e^illa^nc^e^un^de^{r FISA}
^pa^sse^{d c}^onstit^uti^ona^{l m}^u^ste^r^w^h^e^r^e^prim^a^r^y^purpose^of^surv^e^illa^nc^e^,^init^ia^lly^a^{nd thr}^oug^h^{out s}^u^rv^e^illa^nc^e^,^w^a^s
^g^a^the^r^ing^of^f^o^re^ig^{n inte}^llig^eⁿ^c^e^inf^o^rm^a^{tion; a}^l^so^he^ld^tha^t^aⁿ^o^t^he^rw^ise^v^a^{lid FISA}^surv^e^illa^nc^e^w^a^{s not}^inv^a^lida^t^e^d
^b^ecau^{se later u}^s^{e o}^f^th^{e f}^r^u^{its o}^f^th^{e su}^rv^eillan^{ce in}^crimⁱⁿ^{al p}^r^o^s^ecu^tioⁿ^co^u^l^d^b^e^an^tⁱ^cip^a^ted^.^In^a^d^d^itioⁿ^,^t^h^{e co}^u^r^t
^re^je^c^t^e^d^P^e^lt^{on’s c}^h^a^lle^ng^e^{to FI}^S^A^{on the}^g^r^ou^nd^tha^t^a^l^lowⁱ^ng^aⁿ^y^e^l^e^c^t^ronic^surv^e^illa^nc^e^on^le^{ss tha}ⁿ^t^h^e^tra^d^iti^ona^l
^pro^b^a^b^le^c^a^u^se^sta^nda^rd—ⁱ^.e^.^pro^b^a^b^le^c^a^u^se^to^be^lie^v^e^the^suspe^c^t^ha^{s c}^o^m^m^itte^{d, is c}^o^m^m^itting^,^or^{is a}^b^o^u^{t t}^o
^c^o^m^m^{it a}^c^rⁱ^m^e^f^o^r^w^h^ic^{h e}^l^e^c^t^ronic^surv^e^illa^nc^e^{is pe}^rm^itte^{d, a}ⁿ^d^tha^t^the^inte^rc^e^p^ti^{on w}^{ill o}^b^taⁱⁿ^c^o^m^m^unic^a^tions^th
^coⁿ^cernⁱⁿ^g^t^h^at^o^f^f^eⁿ^s^e—^f^o^{r i}^ssu^an^{ce o}^f^{a search}^w^a^rran^t^w^a^{s vi}^o^l^atⁱ^v^{e o}^f^t^h^{e 4}^A^m^e^ndm^eⁿ^{t, f}ⁱ^ndi^ng^FI^SA^’^s
^prov^isio^{ns to}^be^re^a^s^ona^ble^b^o^thⁱⁿ^re^la^tio^{n t}^o^the^le^g^itim^a^t^e^ne^e^d^of^G^o^v^e^rn^m^e^{nt f}^o^r^f^o^re^ig^{n inte}^llig^eⁿ^c^e^inf^o^rm^a^tion
^a^{nd t}^h^e^pr^ote^c^t^e^d^rⁱ^g^h^ts^of^U^.^{S. c}ⁱ^tiz^eⁿ^s⁾^;^Uⁿ^ite^{d Sta}^t^e^s^v^.^R^a^hm^aⁿ^{, 86}^{1 F}^.^S^u^p^p^.²⁴^7,²⁵^{1 (}^S^.D^.^N^.^Y^.¹⁹⁹⁴⁾^.^Cf.^,
^Uⁿ^ite^{d S}^t^a^t^e^s^v^.^Bⁱ^{n L}^a^de^n,²⁰⁰¹^U^.^{S. D}ⁱ^s^t^{. L}^E^X^I^S¹⁵⁴⁸^{4 (}^S^.D^.^N^.^Y^{., O}^c^tobe^r^2,²⁰⁰¹⁾^;^Uⁿ^ite^{d Sta}^t^e^s^v^.^Bⁱ^{n L}^a^de^n,
¹²⁶^F.^Su^pp^{. 2}⁶⁴^,²^77-⁷⁸⁽^S^.D^{. N}^.^Y^.²⁰⁰⁰⁾⁽^a^d^optiⁿ^g^f^o^r^e^ig^{n inte}^lli^g^e^nc^e^e^x^c^e^p^{tion t}^o^t^h^e^w^a^r^r^a^{nt r}^e^quir^e^m^e^{nt f}^o^r
^search^{es t}^a^rg^etⁱⁿ^{g f}^o^rei^gⁿ^p^o^w^ers^o^r^agen^t^s^o^f^f^o^rei^gⁿ^p^o^w^{ers ab}^ro^ad^;^no^tⁱⁿ^{g t}^h^at^t^hⁱ^s^“excep^tⁱ^oⁿ^t^o^t^h^{e w}^a^rran^t
^re^quire^m^e^{nt a}^pplie^{s u}ⁿ^{til a}^nd^un^l^e^{ss the}^prim^a^r^y^purpose^of^the^se^a^r^c^h^e^s^stops^be^ing^f^o^re^ig^{n inte}^llig^eⁿ^c^e^c^o^lle^c^tion^....^If
^f^o^re^ig^{n inte}^llig^eⁿ^c^e^c^o^lle^c^tion^is^m^e^re^l^y^a^pur^p^o^s^e^a^nd^no^{t t}^h^e^prⁱ^m^ar^y^p^u^r^p^o^s^{e o}^f^{a search}^,^t^h^{e excep}^tⁱ^oⁿ^do^{es no}^t^th
^a^pply^.^”⁾^Cf.^{, U}ⁿ^ite^d^Sta^t^e^s^v^.^Sa^r^k^is^sⁱ^aⁿ^{, 8}⁴¹^F.2^d⁹⁵^9,⁹⁶^4-⁶⁵⁽⁹^Cⁱ^r^.¹⁹⁸⁸⁾⁽^F^I^S^A^c^our^{t or}^de^r^a^u^t^h^or^iz^ing^e^l^e^c^t^r^onic
^surv^e^illa^nc^e^,^w^h^ic^{h re}^sulte^{d i}ⁿ^th^e^disc^ov^e^r^y^of^plaⁿ^to^bom^{b the}^H^ono^ra^ry^T^u^rk^{ish Consul}^a^t^eⁱⁿ^Phil^a^d^e^l^phia^,^a^nd^of
^the^f^a^c^t^tha^t^bom^{b c}^o^m^pone^nts^w^e^r^e^be^ing^tr^aⁿ^s^p^o^r^te^d^by^plaⁿ^e^f^r^om^L^o^s^Aⁿ^g^e^le^s^.^T^h^e^FB^I^ideⁿ^tif^ie^{d the}^lik^e^l^y
^ai^rlⁱⁿ^es,^f^lⁱ^g^h^t^p^l^an^s,^an^tⁱ^cⁱ^p^at^ed^tⁱ^m^e^o^f^arri^val^,^an^d^su^sp^ect^ed^cou^rⁱ^e^r.^S^h^o^r^t^l^y^b^e^f^o^{re t}^h^{e arri}^val^o^f^oⁿ^e^o^f^t^h^o^s^{e f}^lⁱ^g^h^t^s,
^the^inv^e^stig^a^{tion f}^o^c^u^se^d^up^on^aⁿ^indⁱ^vⁱ^dua^{l a}ⁿ^tic^ipa^t^e^d^to^be^a^pa^s^s^eⁿ^g^e^{r on a}^pa^rtic^u^l^a^r^f^lig^{ht m}^e^e^ting^a^{ll of}^the
^pr^e^v^ious^ly^ideⁿ^tif^ie^{d c}^r^ite^rⁱ^a^.^Aⁿ^unde^r^c^ov^e^r^p^o^lic^e^of^fⁱ^c^e^r^s^potte^d^a^m^a^{n m}^a^tc^hing^the^s^u^s^p^e^c^t^e^d^c^o^ur^ie^r^’^s^de^s^c^rⁱ^pti^on
^{on t}^h^a^t^f^lig^{ht. T}^h^e^lug^g^a^g^e^f^r^om^t^h^a^t^f^lig^{ht w}^a^s^sⁿⁱ^f^f^e^{d by}^a^tr^aⁱ^ne^{d dog}^aⁿ^{d x}^-^r^a^y^e^{d. A}^w^a^r^r^a^ntle^s^s^se^a^r^c^h^w^a^s
^c^ond^uc^te^d^of^a^s^u^itc^a^s^e^tha^t^ha^d^b^e^eⁿ^s^how^{n by}^x^-^r^a^y^{to c}^ontaⁱ^{n a}ⁿ^una^s^s^e^m^b^le^{d bom}^{b. D}^e^f^e^nda^nts^uⁿ^s^u^c^c^e^s^s^f^ull^y
^m^o^v^e^d^t^o^sup^p^r^{ess t}^h^{e evi}^d^en^{ce f}^r^o^m^t^h^{e F}^I^S^A^wⁱ^r^e^t^a^p^an^d^t^h^{e w}^a^r^r^an^t^l^e^{ss search}^.^On^ap^p^eal^t^h^{e court}^u^p^h^e^l^d^t^h^e
^w^a^rr^an^t^l^e^{ss su}ⁱ^t^{case sear}^ch^{as su}^pp^o^r^t^e^{d b}^y^exi^g^en^t^ci^rcu^m^st^an^ces.^Defen^d^aⁿ^t^{s co}^nt^en^d^e^{d t}^h^at^t^h^{e F}^B^{I’s p}^rⁱ^m^ar^y
^pur^pose^f^o^{r the}^su^rv^e^illa^nc^e^ha^{d s}^h^if^te^{d a}^t^the^tim^e^of^the^wⁱ^re^ta^{p f}^r^om^aⁿ^inte^llig^eⁿ^c^e^inv^e^stig^a^{tion t}^o^a^c^r^im^ina^l
^inv^e^s^tig^a^{tion a}ⁿ^d^tha^t^c^ourt^a^ppr^o^v^a^{l f}^o^{r the}^wⁱ^re^ta^{p the}^r^e^f^ore^s^houl^{d ha}^v^e^be^eⁿ^s^o^ug^ht^un^de^{r T}^itle^{III of}^the^O^m^nibus
^C^r^im^e^C^ontr^o^{l a}ⁿ^{d Sa}^f^e^Str^e^e^t^s^A^c^{t, 18}^U^.^S.C^.^§²⁵¹⁰^et^seq^.^,^ra^the^r^thaⁿ^FISA^{. T}^h^e^c^{ourt, w}^h^ileⁿ^o^ti^ng^tha^tⁱⁿ^o^t^he^r
^{cases it h}^a^d^stated^th^at^“th^e^p^u^rp^o^s^{e o}^f^[^e^lectroⁿⁱ^c^]^su^rv^eillan^{ce” u}ⁿ^d^{er FISA}^“m^u^s^{t b}^e^to^secu^{re f}^o^reigⁿⁱⁿ^tellig^en^ce
ⁱⁿ^f^o^rm^atⁱ^oⁿ^”^,^“n^o^t^t^o^f^e^rret^o^u^t^crⁱ^mⁱⁿ^al^actⁱ^vⁱ^t^y^,^{” d}^eclⁱⁿ^ed^t^o^d^eci^{de t}^h^{e i}^ssu^{e o}^f^w^h^et^h^e^{r t}^h^{e st}^and^a^rd^un^d^e^r^F^I^S^A
^re^quire^{d “}^t^he^p^u^rp^ose^”^{or “}^t^he^pri^m^a^r^y^purpose^”^of^the^surv^e^illa^nc^e^to^be^g^a^the^r^ing^of^f^o^re^ig^{n inte}^llig^eⁿ^c^e^inf^o^rm^a^tion.
^T^h^e^c^our^{t s}^t^a^t^e^d^{, “}^R^e^g^a^r^dle^s^s^of^w^h^e^t^he^r^the^te^s^t^is^oⁿ^e^of^pur^pos^e^or^pr^im^a^r^y^pur^pos^e^,^o^u^r^r^e^vⁱ^e^w^of^the^g^o^v^e^rⁿ^m^e^nt’^s
^FISA^m^a^te^ria^l^s^c^onv^inc^e^s^us^tha^t^{it is}^m^e^{t in this}^c^a^s^e^....^W^e^re^f^u^s^e^{to dra}^w^too^fⁱ^ne^a^dis^tⁱⁿ^c^tio^{n be}^t^w^e^e^{n c}^r^im^ina^l^a^nd
^inte^llig^eⁿ^c^e^inv^e^stig^a^{tions. “}^Iⁿ^t^e^r^na^tio^na^{l te}^rrorism^,”^by^de^fⁱ^nition^,^re^quire^{s t}^h^e^inv^e^stig^a^tion^of^a^c^tiv^itie^{s tha}^t
^c^ons^titu^te^c^r^im^e^s^{. 50 U}^.^S.C.^§¹⁸^06(f⁾^{. T}^h^a^t^the^g^o^v^e^rnm^e^{nt m}^a^y^l^a^te^{r c}^hoos^e^to^pr^os^e^c^u^te^is^irre^le^v^a^{nt. FISA}
^c^onte^m^pla^t^e^s^prose^c^u^tio^{n ba}^se^d^oⁿ^e^v^ideⁿ^c^e^g^a^the^r^e^d^thr^oug^{h s}^u^rv^e^illa^nc^e^.^{... “}^S^urv^e^illa^nc^e^s^...^ne^e^d^not^sto^p^oⁿ^c^e
^coⁿ^c^l^u^si^{ve evi}^d^en^{ce o}^f^{a cri}^m^{e i}^s^o^b^t^aiⁿ^e^d^,^b^u^tⁱⁿ^st^ead^m^a^y^b^e^ext^eⁿ^d^e^d^l^oⁿ^g^{er w}^h^{ere p}^r^o^t^ectⁱ^v^e^m^e^a^s^u^r^{es o}^t^h^e^{r t}^h^an^th^st
^a^r^r^e^s^t^a^{nd pr}^os^e^c^u^tio^{n a}^r^e^m^o^r^e^appr^opr^ia^te^.”^S^.^R^e^{p. N}^o^.⁷⁰^1,⁹⁵^Cong^.,¹^Se^s^s^.¹¹^.^...^[⁽¹⁹⁷⁸⁾^]....^FISA^is^m^e^aⁿ^{t to}
^t^a^{ke i}ⁿ^t^o^acco^un^t^“t^h^e^dⁱ^f^f^e^r^eⁿ^ces^b^e^t^w^een^o^r^dⁱⁿ^a^ry^cri^mⁱⁿ^alⁱⁿ^vestⁱ^g^atⁱ^oⁿ^s^t^o^gat^h^{er evi}^d^en^{ce o}^f^sp^eci^fⁱ^{c cri}^m^{es an}^d
^f^o^re^ig^{n c}^ounte^rⁱⁿ^te^llig^eⁿ^c^e^inv^e^s^tig^a^tions^to^uⁿ^c^o^v^e^{r a}^{nd m}^onit^o^{r c}^l^a^nde^s^tine^a^c^tiv^itie^s^...”^Id^.^....^A^t^no^poi^{nt w}^a^s^this
^{case an}^o^r^dⁱⁿ^a^ry^cri^mⁱⁿ^alⁱⁿ^vestⁱ^g^atⁱ^oⁿ^.^”).^Cf.,^Uⁿ^ite^d^Sta^t^e^s^v^.^Fa^lv^ey^{, 540}^F.^Su^pp.¹³⁰⁶⁽^E^.D^.N^.Y^.¹⁹⁸²⁾^th
⁽^d^is^ting^u^is^hing^Uⁿ^ite^d^Sta^t^e^s^v^.^T^r^uo^ng^Dⁱ^{nh H}^ung^,⁶²^{9 F}^.²^d⁹⁰⁸^,⁹¹²^-¹^{3 (}⁴^Cⁱ^r^.¹⁹⁸⁰⁾^;^aⁿ^d^Uⁿ^ite^{d Sta}^t^e^s^v^.
^B^u^t^eⁿ^k^o^,⁴⁹⁴^F.^2d⁵⁹^3,⁶⁰^{6 (}³^d^Cⁱ^r^.⁾⁽^eⁿ^ba^nc^),^cert^.^d^eⁿⁱ^ed^sub^no^m^{, I}^v^a^nov^v^.^Uⁿ^ite^{d Sta}^t^e^s^,⁴¹⁹^U^.^{S. 8}⁸¹⁽¹⁹⁷⁴⁾^,
^w^h^ic^{h he}^{ld t}^h^a^t^{, w}^h^ile^w^a^rra^ntle^s^s^e^l^e^c^t^ronic^surv^e^illa^nc^e^f^o^{r f}^o^re^ig^{n in}^te^llig^eⁿ^c^e^p^u^rp^ose^s^w^a^{s pe}^r^m^is^sible^,^w^h^eⁿ^the
^pur^pose^or^prim^a^r^y^pur^pose^of^the^surv^e^illa^nc^e^{is to}^obtaⁱ^{n e}^v^ideⁿ^c^e^of^c^r^im^ina^l^a^c^tiv^it^y^,^e^v^ideⁿ^c^e^obt^aⁱ^ne^{d by}
^w^a^rr^aⁿ^tle^{ss e}^l^e^c^t^ronic^surv^e^illa^nc^e^{is ina}^d^mⁱ^ssible^a^t^tria^l,⁵⁴⁰^F.^S^upp^{. a}^t¹³^13;^on^the^the^o^ry^tha^t^th^e^e^v^ideⁿ^c^e^{in the}
^c^a^s^e^bef^o^r^e^{it w}^a^s^obtaⁱ^ne^d^pur^s^u^aⁿ^{t to}^a^w^a^r^r^a^nt—^a^law^f^ull^y^obtaⁱ^ne^{d c}^o^ur^t^or^de^r^un^de^r^FI^SA^,^id.^a^t¹³^14.^T^h^e^c^our^t
⁽^c^onti^nue^d.^..)

^(C^{) th}^at^s^u^c^hⁱⁿ^f^o^r^m^{ation ca}ⁿⁿ^{ot reas}^on^abl^y^{be obtai}ⁿ^e^{d b}^yⁿ^o^r^m^alⁱⁿ^v^e^s^tⁱ^g^ati^v^e
^tech^niqu^es^;
⁽^D⁾^th^{at d}^e^sigⁿ^{ates t}^h^{e t}^y^p^e^o^f^f^o^r^e^igⁿⁱⁿ^telli^g^eⁿ^{ce i}ⁿ^f^o^r^m^atioⁿ^b^eⁱⁿ^g^so^u^g^h^t
^accordin^g^{to th}^{e categ}^ories^de^s^c^{ribed in}^1801(e⁾^of^th^is^title;^an^d
^{(E) in}^clu^d^ing^{a s}^t^ate^m^eⁿ^{t of}^t^h^{e bas}ⁱ^s^f^o^{r th}^{e certi}^fⁱ^catioⁿ^th^a^t^—
⁽ⁱ⁾^th^{e in}^f^o^r^m^a^tioⁿ^so^u^g^h^t^is^th^{e t}^y^p^e^o^f^f^o^r^e^igⁿⁱⁿ^telli^g^eⁿ^{ce i}ⁿ^f^o^r^m^atioⁿ
^desⁱ^gn^{ated; an}^d
^{(ii) s}^u^c^hⁱⁿ^f^o^r^m^ation^caⁿⁿ^{ot reas}^on^abl^y^{be obt}^aiⁿ^e^{d b}^yⁿ^o^r^m^alⁱⁿ^v^e^s^tⁱ^g^atⁱ^v^e
^tech^niqu^es^;
^{(8) a s}^t^atem^eⁿ^{t o}^f^th^e^m^e^aⁿ^s^by^w^h^ich^t^h^{e s}^u^rv^ei^llan^ce^wⁱ^{ll be ef}^f^{ected a}ⁿ^{d a s}^t^ate^m^ent
^w^h^et^h^e^r^p^h^y^{sical en}^tr^y^{is r}^e^q^uⁱ^r^e^d^to^ef^f^{ect th}^e^su^r^v^eillaⁿ^ce;
^{(9) a s}^t^ate^m^eⁿ^{t of th}^e^f^act^s^concernⁱ^ng^{all pre}^v^io^u^s^ap^p^licatioⁿ^s^t^h^at^h^a^v^e^b^een^m^a^d^e^to
^aⁿ^y^j^u^d^g^e^uⁿ^d^e^r^t^hⁱ^s^s^u^b^c^h^a^p^t^e^rⁱⁿ^v^o^l^vⁱⁿ^g^aⁿ^y^o^f^t^h^e^p^e^r^s^oⁿ^s^,^facilit^ies,^o^r^p^l^aces^sp^ecifⁱ^edⁱⁿ
^th^{e application}^,^an^{d t}^h^{e action}^tak^eⁿ^oⁿ^each^prev^io^u^s^application^;
⁽¹⁰⁾^{a state}^m^en^{t o}^f^t^h^{e p}^e^rⁱ^o^d^o^f^ti^m^e^f^o^r^w^h^ic^h^th^{e electr}^oⁿⁱ^c^su^r^v^eillaⁿ^{ce i}^s^r^e^q^uⁱ^r^e^d^t^o
^b^e^m^aⁱⁿ^t^aⁱⁿ^e^d^,^aⁿ^d^if^th^eⁿ^a^tu^r^e^o^f^th^eⁱⁿ^t^e^l^lⁱ^g^en^c^e^g^a^th^e^rⁱⁿ^g^is^su^c^h^th^a^t^th^e^a^p^p^r^o^v^a^l^o^f^th^e
^u^s^{e o}^f^electr^oⁿⁱ^{c s}^u^r^v^e^illaⁿ^{ce u}ⁿ^d^e^r^th^{is s}^u^b^c^h^a^p^t^er^sh^o^u^ldⁿ^o^t^a^u^t^o^m^a^tⁱ^c^a^lly^t^e^r^mⁱⁿ^at^e^w^h^en
^t^h^{e des}^c^ri^{bed t}^y^{pe of}ⁱⁿ^f^o^r^m^a^tⁱ^oⁿ^h^a^s^fⁱ^rst^been^obt^aiⁿ^e^{d, a des}^c^ri^ptⁱ^oⁿ^of^f^act^s^s^u^pportⁱⁿ^g
^th^{e b}^e^lief^t^h^{at ad}^d^itioⁿ^a^{l i}ⁿ^f^o^r^m^atioⁿ^o^f^th^e^sa^m^e^t^y^p^e^w^{ill b}^e^o^b^t^ain^e^d^th^er^eaf^ter^;^an^d

^(...c^on^tin^ue^d)
ⁿ^o^t^{ed t}^h^at^t^h^{e “bo}^t^t^o^m^lⁱⁿ^{e o}^f^Tr^u^ongⁱ^s^t^h^at^evi^d^en^{ce d}^e^ri^ved^f^r^o^m^wa^rraⁿ^t^less^f^o^re^ig^{n inte}^llig^eⁿ^c^e^se^a^r^c^h^e^s^w^{ill be}
^ad^mⁱ^ssib^l^{e in}^{a crim}ⁱⁿ^{al p}^r^o^ceedⁱⁿ^g^oⁿ^l^y^so^loⁿ^g^{as th}^{e p}^r^im^ar^y^p^u^r^p^o^s^{e o}^f^th^{e su}^rv^eillan^{ce is t}^o^o^b^t^ain^f^o^reigⁿ
^inte^llig^eⁿ^c^e^inf^o^rm^a^tion.”^Id^.^at¹³¹³^-14^.^A^f^t^e^{r n}^o^tⁱⁿ^{g t}^h^at^C^oⁿ^g^ress,ⁱⁿ^en^actⁱⁿ^{g F}^I^S^A^,^“exp^ect^ed^t^h^at^evi^d^en^{ce d}^e^ri^ved
^f^r^o^m^FISA^su^rv^eillan^{ces co}^u^l^d^th^en^b^e^u^s^edⁱⁿ^{a crim}ⁱⁿ^{al p}^r^o^ceedⁱⁿ^g^,^{” th}^{e co}^u^r^{t co}ⁿ^c^lu^d^e^d^t^h^{at “it}^w^a^{s p}^r^o^p^e^{r f}^o^{r t}^h^e
^FISA^ju^d^g^{e to}^issu^e^th^e^o^r^d^e^{r i}ⁿ^t^h^{is case b}^ecau^{se o}^f^th^{e o}ⁿ^-^g^oⁱⁿ^gⁿ^a^tu^{re o}^f^th^{e f}^o^reigⁿⁱⁿ^tellig^en^{ce in}^v^e^stig^atioⁿ^....^T^h^e
^f^a^ct^t^h^at^evi^d^en^{ce o}^f^cri^mⁱⁿ^al^actⁱ^vⁱ^t^y^w^a^{s t}^h^erea^f^t^{er u}ⁿ^c^o^v^ered^d^u^rⁱⁿ^{g t}^h^{e i}ⁿ^vestⁱ^g^atⁱ^oⁿ^do^{es no}^t^rend^{er t}^h^{e evi}^d^en^ce
^ina^d^mⁱ^ssible^.^T^h^e^r^e^{is no}^que^stio^{n in}^[^t^he^c^o^urt’s^]^mⁱ^nd^tha^t^t^h^e^p^u^r^pose^of^the^surv^e^illa^nc^e^,^purs^u^aⁿ^{t to t}^h^e^or^de^{r, w}^a^s
^the^a^c^quisiti^on^of^f^o^re^ig^{n inte}^llig^eⁿ^c^e^inf^o^rm^a^{tion. A}^c^c^o^rding^l^y^,^[^t^h^e^c^{ourt f}^o^uⁿ^d^]^tha^t^t^h^e^FISA^proc^e^dure^s^on^theⁱ^r
^f^a^c^e^s^a^tisf^y^the^Four^th^A^m^eⁿ^d^m^{ent w}^a^r^r^a^{nt r}^e^quir^e^m^e^{nt, a}^{nd t}^h^a^t^FI^SA^w^a^s^pr^ope^r^l^yⁱ^m^plem^eⁿ^te^{d in th}^is^c^a^s^e^.^”^Id^.^at
¹³¹^4.)^.
^{It is w}^o^rthy^of^note^tha^t^no^ne^of^the^s^e^de^cⁱ^{sions w}^e^re^ha^nde^d^dowⁿ^by^the^{U.S. F}^o^re^ig^{n In}^te^llig^eⁿ^c^e^Surv^e^illa^nc^e^Cour^t
^o^r^th^{e U.}^S.^Fo^reigⁿ^Iⁿ^tellig^en^{ce S}^u^rv^eillan^{ce Co}^u^r^t^o^f^Revⁱ^e^w^{. Fo}^r^{a d}ⁱ^scu^ssioⁿ^o^f^th^{e recen}^t^d^ecisioⁿ^{s o}^f^th^o^s^{e tw}^o
^c^our^ts^r^e^g^a^r^d^ing^the^A^ttorⁿ^e^y^G^e^ne^r^a^l’^s²⁰^{02 m}ⁱ^nimⁱ^z^a^{tion pr}^oc^e^d^ur^e^s^{, ple}^a^s^e^s^e^e^the^dis^c^us^sⁱ^oⁿⁱⁿ^t^h^e^por^tioⁿ^of^this
^rep^o^r^{t reg}^a^rdⁱⁿ^g^“Recen^{t Decisio}ⁿ^{s o}^f^th^{e FI}^{SC an}^d^th^{e U.}^{S. F}^o^rei^gⁿ^In^tellig^en^{ce Su}^rv^e^illan^{ce Co}^u^r^{t o}^f^Revⁱ^e^w^,”^infra^.
^No^{r do}^t^h^{ese d}^eci^si^oⁿ^s^o^f^t^h^{e U.}^S^.^dⁱ^st^ri^ct^c^o^u^r^t^s^aⁿ^d^U.^S^.^cou^r^t^s^o^f^ap^p^eal^ref^l^ect^recen^t^l^e^gi^sl^atⁱ^v^{e a}^m^en^d^m^en^t^s^t^o^t^h^e
^FI^SA^s^t^a^t^ute^.^H^o^w^e^ve^r^,^the^FI^SC^,^{in its}^de^cⁱ^sⁱ^oⁿ^,^did^no^{t a}^d^dr^e^s^s^po^te^ntia^{l F}^our^t^h^A^m^e^ndm^eⁿ^{t i}^m^plic^a^tions^{, a}^{nd t}^h^e
^{U.S. F}^o^re^ig^{n Inte}^ll^ig^eⁿ^c^e^Court^o^f^Re^vⁱ^e^w^{, in its de}^cⁱ^sioⁿ^{, a}^ppe^a^r^s^{to im}^ply^tha^t^s^o^m^e^Four^{th A}^m^e^ndm^eⁿ^{t issue}^s^{in t}^h^e
^FI^SA^c^onte^x^{t m}^a^y^be^non-^j^u^s^tic^ia^ble^.^A^lte^rⁿ^a^tiv^e^l^y^,^the^la^ng^ua^g^e^{in the}^C^o^ur^t^of^R^e^vⁱ^ew^opinioⁿ^mⁱ^g^h^{t m}^e^aⁿ^tha^t^the
^is^s^u^e^ha^s^no^{t y}^e^{t be}^eⁿ^c^ons^ide^r^e^d^by^the^c^our^ts^{. U}^s^ing^a^ba^la^nc^ing^t^e^s^t^{it de}^rⁱ^v^e^{d f}^r^om^Ke^ith^be^tw^e^eⁿ^f^o^re^igⁿ
^inte^llig^eⁿ^c^e^c^r^im^es^a^{nd or}^dina^ry^c^r^im^es^{, the}^Cour^{t of}^Re^vⁱ^e^w^f^ound^s^u^rv^e^illa^nc^e^s^unde^r^FISA^{, a}^s^am^e^nde^d^by^the^U^S^A
^P^A^T^R^IO^T^A^c^{t, to be}^re^a^s^ona^ble^a^{nd t}^h^e^r^e^f^ore^c^onstitutⁱ^oⁿ^a^l^{, w}^h^ile^a^t^the^sa^m^e^ti^m^e^a^c^k^now^l^e^dg^ing^tha^t^the
^c^onstitu^tio^na^{l q}^u^e^s^tioⁿ^pre^s^eⁿ^te^d^by^the^c^a^s^e^be^f^o^re^it—“^w^he^th^e^r^C^ong^re^{ss’ disa}^ppr^ov^a^l^of^the^prim^a^r^y^purpose^te^{st is}
^c^onsiste^{nt w}^{ith t}^h^e^F^ourt^h^Am^e^ndm^eⁿ^t—ha^{s no}^de^fⁱ^nitiv^e^jurisp^ru^d^e^ntia^{l a}ⁿ^sw^e^r^.”^C^our^{t of}^Re^vⁱ^e^w^o^p^.^,³⁰^{1 F}^.³^d^a^t
⁷⁴⁶^.

⁽¹¹⁾^w^h^eⁿ^e^v^er^m^o^{re th}^{at on}^{e el}^ectronⁱ^c,^m^ech^aⁿⁱ^c^a^l^o^r^o^t^he^r^s^u^r^v^eⁱ^l^l^an^{ce dev}ⁱ^{ce is}^{to be}
^u^s^ed^wⁱ^t^h^res^p^ect^t^o^{a pa}^rtⁱ^c^u^l^{ar pr}^opos^{ed el}^ect^r^oⁿⁱ^c^s^u^r^v^eⁱ^l^l^an^c^e^,^t^h^e^c^o^v^e^r^a^g^e^o^f^t^h^e^d^e^vⁱ^c^e^s
ⁱⁿ^v^o^l^v^{ed a}ⁿ^d^w^h^at^mⁱⁿⁱ^mⁱ^za^ti^on^procedu^r^es^appl^y^{to i}ⁿ^f^o^r^m^ation^acquⁱ^{red b}^y^each^de^vⁱ^ce.
The application for a court order need not contain the information required in Subsections
1804(6), (7)(E), (8), and (11) above if the target of the electronic surveillance is a foreign power
and each of the facilities or places at which surveillance is directed is owned, leased, or
exclusively used by that foreign power. However, in those circumstances, the application must
indicate whether physical entry is needed to effect the surveillance, and must also contain such
information about the surveillance techniques and communications or other information regarding
United States persons likely to be obtained as may be necessary to assess the proposed
minimization procedures. 50 U.S.C. § 1804(b).
Where an application for electronic surveillance under 50 U.S.C. § 1804(a) involves a target ⁵⁰
described in 50 U.S.C. § 1801(b)(2), the Attorney General must personally review the
application if requested to do so, in writing, by the Director of the Federal Bureau of
Investigation, the Secretary of Defense, the Secretary of State, or the Director of National ⁵¹
Intelligence. The authority to make such a request may not be delegated unless the official ⁵²
involved is disabled or otherwise unavailable. Each such official must make appropriate
arrangements, in advance, to ensure that such a delegation of authority is clearly established in ⁵³
case of disability or other unavailability. If the Attorney General determines that an application
should not be approved, he must give the official requesting the Attorney General’s personal
review of the application written notice of the determination. Except in cases where the Attorney
General is disabled or otherwise unavailable, the responsibility for such a determination may not
be delegated. The Attorney General must make advance plans to ensure that the delegation of
such responsibility where the Attorney General is disabled or otherwise unavailable is clearly ⁵⁴
established. Notice of the Attorney General’s determination that an application should not be
approved must indicate what modifications, if any, should be made in the application needed to ⁵⁵
make it meet with the Attorney General’s approval. The official receiving the Attorney
General’s notice of modifications which would make the application acceptable must modify the
application if the official deems such modifications warranted. Except in cases of disability or
other unavailability, the responsibility to supervise any such modifications is also a non-delegable ⁵⁶
responsibility.
If a judge makes the findings required under 50 U.S.C. § 1805(a), then he or she must enter an ex
parte order as requested or as modified approving the electronic surveillance. The necessary
findings must include that:

⁵⁰^For^a^lⁱ^s^t^of^th^os^e^c^o^v^e^r^e^{d in}⁵⁰^U^.^S.C^.^{§ 1}⁸⁰¹⁽^b⁾⁽²⁾^{, s}^e^e^f^oot^note^44,^s^upr^a.
⁵¹^{50 U}^.^S.C^.^§¹⁸⁰⁴⁽^e⁾⁽¹⁾⁽^A⁾^.
⁵²^{50 U}^.^S.C^.^§¹⁸⁰⁴⁽^e⁾⁽¹⁾⁽^B⁾^.
⁵³^{50 U}^.^S.C^.^§¹⁸⁰⁴⁽^e⁾⁽¹⁾⁽^C⁾^.
⁵⁴^{50 U}^.^S.C^.^§¹⁸⁰⁴⁽^e⁾⁽²⁾⁽^A⁾^.
⁵⁵^{50 U}^.^S.C^.^§¹⁸⁰⁴⁽^e⁾⁽²⁾⁽^B⁾^.
⁵⁶^{50 U}^.^S.C^.^§¹⁸⁰⁴⁽^e⁾⁽²⁾⁽^C⁾^.

⁽¹⁾^th^{e P}^r^esid^en^{t h}^a^{s au}^t^h^o^rⁱ^zed^th^{e Atto}^rⁿ^e^y^Geⁿ^e^r^a^{l to}^ap^p^r^o^v^{e ap}^p^licatioⁿ^s^f^o^r
^electr^oⁿⁱ^{c su}^r^v^eillaⁿ^ce^f^o^r^f^o^r^e^igⁿⁱⁿ^tel^lig^eⁿ^{ce i}ⁿ^f^o^r^m^atioⁿ^;
^{(2) t}^h^{e appl}ⁱ^catⁱ^{on h}^a^s^been^{made by}^a^F^e^deral^offⁱ^{cer a}ⁿ^{d a}^pprov^{ed by}^t^h^e^A^t^t^o^rn^e^y
^Gen^e^r^a^l;
⁽³⁾^oⁿ^th^{e b}^a^{sis o}^f^th^e^f^{acts s}^u^b^m^itted^b^y^th^{e ap}^p^lican^{t t}^h^er^{e is p}^r^o^b^a^b^l^{e cau}^{se to}^b^e^liev^e
^th^at—
^(A^{) th}^{e targ}^{et of}^t^h^{e electron}ⁱ^{c s}^u^rv^eil^l^an^{ce is}^{a f}^o^rei^gⁿ^pow^{er or an}^ag^en^{t of}^a
^f^o^rei^gⁿ^po^w^e^r:^Pr^ovided^,^T^h^{at n}^o^Un^{ited States}^pers^on^m^a^y^{be con}^s^{idered a f}^o^reigⁿ
^p^o^w^e^r^o^r^an^ag^eⁿ^{t o}^f^a^f^o^r^e^igⁿ^p^o^w^e^r^so^lel^y^u^p^oⁿ^th^{e b}^a^{sis o}^f^activ^itie^{s p}^r^o^t^ected^b^y^th^e
^fⁱ^r^s^{t a}^m^eⁿ^d^m^eⁿ^{t to}^th^e^Coⁿ^s^tit^u^tioⁿ^o^f^th^{e U}ⁿ^ited^State^s^{; an}^d
^(B^{) each}^o^f^th^e^f^acilit^{ies o}^r^p^l^{aces at}^w^h^ich^t^h^{e electro}ⁿⁱ^{c s}^u^r^v^eillaⁿ^{ce is d}ⁱ^rected^is
^beiⁿ^g^u^s^{ed, or i}^s^abou^t^t^o^{be u}^s^{ed, by}^a^f^o^rei^gⁿ^po^w^e^{r or an}^ag^en^t^o^f^{a f}^o^rei^gⁿ^po^w^e^r;
^{(4) th}^{e propos}^{ed m}ⁱⁿⁱ^mⁱ^zati^oⁿ^procedu^r^es^m^eet^th^e^defin^itioⁿ^of^mⁱⁿⁱ^mⁱ^zat^ion
^procedu^r^es^uⁿ^d^{er s}^ection^1801(h⁾^of^thⁱ^s^{title; a}ⁿ^d
⁽⁵⁾^th^{e ap}^p^licatioⁿ^w^h^ic^h^h^a^{s b}^een^f^iled^coⁿ^t^aiⁿ^s^al^{l s}^t^a^t^e^m^ents^aⁿ^{d certi}^fⁱ^catioⁿ^s
^requⁱ^r^{ed by}^s^ectⁱ^oⁿ^{1804 of}^t^hⁱ^s^tⁱ^t^l^e^an^{d, i}^f^t^h^{e t}^a^r^g^etⁱ^s^{a U}ⁿⁱ^t^e^{d S}^t^at^es^pers^on^{, t}^h^e
^certif^icatioⁿ^{or certif}^ication^s^a^r^{e n}^o^{t clearly}^er^ron^e^ou^s^on^t^h^{e bas}ⁱ^s^of^t^h^{e s}^t^at^e^m^eⁿ^t^m^a^de
^uⁿ^d^{er s}^ection^1804(a)(⁷^)(E)^of^th^is^{title an}^{d any}^ot^h^e^{r inf}^o^r^m^ation^fu^rnⁱ^s^h^e^{d un}^{der s}^ection
¹⁸⁰⁴^(d)^of^th^is^t^itle.
In making a probable cause determination under 50 U.S.C. § 1805(a)(3), the judge may consider
past activities of the target as well as facts and circumstances relating to the target’s current or ⁵⁷
future activities.
Section 1805(c) sets out particular specifications and directions which must be included in an
order approving a FISA electronic surveillance:
^{(1) Specif}ⁱ^cation^s^.—^An^order^approvⁱⁿ^g^an^elect^{ronic s}^u^rv^ei^llan^{ce un}^{der th}ⁱ^s^s^ection^s^h^a^l^l
^s^p^ecify
^(A^{) t}^h^{e iden}^tit^y^,ⁱ^f^kⁿ^o^wⁿ^{, or a des}^c^ription^of^th^e^s^p^ecifⁱ^{c targ}^{et of}^t^h^{e electron}ⁱ^c
^su^r^v^eillaⁿ^{ce id}^en^ti^fⁱ^ed^o^r^d^e^scrⁱ^b^e^dⁱⁿ^th^{e ap}^p^licatioⁿ^p^u^r^s^u^aⁿ^t^to^[⁵⁰^{U.S.C. §}¹⁸⁰⁴⁽^a)⁽³⁾^]^;
^(B^{) th}^{e n}^a^tu^{re an}^d^lo^catioⁿ^o^f^each^o^f^t^h^{e f}^acil^{ities o}^r^p^l^{aces at}^w^h^ic^h^t^h^{e electro}ⁿⁱ^c⁵⁸
^su^r^v^eillaⁿ^ce^w^{ill b}^e^dⁱ^r^ected^{, if kn}^o^wⁿ^;
^(C^{) t}^h^{e t}^y^{pe of}ⁱⁿ^f^o^r^m^atⁱ^oⁿ^s^o^u^g^h^t^t^o^{be acqu}ⁱ^{red an}^{d t}^h^{e t}^{ype of}^co^m^m^uⁿⁱ^catⁱ^oⁿ^s^or
^activ^itie^{s to}^b^e^su^b^j^ected^to^th^{e su}^r^v^ei^llan^c^e^;
⁽^D⁾^t^h^e^m^e^aⁿ^s^b^y^whⁱ^c^h^t^h^e^e^l^e^c^t^r^oⁿⁱ^c^s^u^r^v^e^illaⁿ^{ce w}^ill^b^e^ef^f^ected^an^d^w^h^et^h^e^r^p^h^y^sical
^en^tr^y^wⁱ^{ll b}^e^u^s^ed^to^ef^f^{ect t}^h^e^su^r^v^e^illan^c^e^;

⁵⁷^{50 U}^.^S.C^.^§¹⁸⁰⁵⁽^b)^.
⁵⁸^Se^c^tion³^14(a^)(2)(A^{) of}^H.Re^pt.¹⁰⁷^-3^28,^the^c^o^nf^e^r^eⁿ^c^e^re^{port o}ⁿ^the^In^te^llig^eⁿ^c^e^A^u^thoriz^a^tio^{n A}^c^{t f}^o^{r Fisc}^a^l^Ye^a^r
²⁰⁰²^,^t^o^acco^m^p^an^y^H.^R.²⁸⁸³^,^a^d^d^e^d^“i^f^kn^o^wⁿ^”^t^o^t^h^{e end}^o^f^S^ectⁱ^o^{n 18}⁰⁵^(c)(1^)(B)^b^e^f^o^{re t}^h^{e semi}^-co^l^on^.^T^h^e
^c^onf^e^r^eⁿ^c^e^v^e^r^s^{ion of}^the^bill^pa^sse^{d bot}^{h t}^h^e^Ho^use^a^{nd t}^h^e^Se^na^t^e^{, a}^{nd w}^a^{s sig}ⁿ^e^d^by^the^P^r^e^sⁱ^d^eⁿ^{t on}^De^c^e^m^b^e^r^28,
²⁰⁰^{1, a}^s^P.L^.¹⁰^7-¹⁰⁸^.

⁽^E⁾^th^{e p}^e^rⁱ^o^d^o^f^ti^m^e^d^u^rⁱⁿ^g^w^h^ic^h^th^{e electr}^oⁿⁱ^{c s}^u^r^v^eillaⁿ^{ce is ap}^p^r^o^v^ed^{; an}^d
⁽^F⁾^w^h^eⁿ^e^v^e^r^m^o^r^e^t^h^aⁿ^oⁿ^e^e^l^e^c^t^r^oⁿⁱ^c^,^m^e^c^h^aⁿⁱ^c^a^l^,^o^r^o^t^h^e^r^s^u^r^v^eillaⁿ^ce^d^e^vⁱ^ce^is^to^b^e
^u^s^{ed un}^{der th}^{e order, th}^{e au}^th^{orized cov}^e^rag^e^of^th^{e dev}ⁱ^{ce inv}^o^lv^{ed an}^d^w^h^at^mⁱⁿⁱ^mⁱ^zatⁱ^oⁿ
^p^r^o^ced^u^r^{es sh}^{all ap}^p^l^y^toⁱⁿ^f^o^rm^atioⁿ^su^b^j^{ect to}^acq^uⁱ^sitioⁿ^b^y^each^d^e^vⁱ^ce.
⁽²⁾^Dⁱ^r^e^c^tⁱ^oⁿ^s^.^—^Aⁿ^o^r^d^e^r^a^p^p^r^o^vⁱⁿ^g^aⁿ^e^l^e^c^t^r^oⁿⁱ^c^s^u^r^v^e^illaⁿ^c^e^uⁿ^d^er^th^is^sec^tioⁿ^s^h^all^dⁱ^r^ect
^(A^{) th}^{at t}^h^e^mⁱⁿⁱ^mⁱ^zation^procedu^r^es^{be f}^o^llo^w^e^d;
^(B^{) th}^{at, u}^pon^th^{e requ}^es^{t o}^f^{the applican}^{t a s}^p^ecifⁱ^{ed co}^m^m^uⁿⁱ^cation^{or oth}^e^{r co}^m^m^on
^{carrier, lan}^d^lord^{, cu}^s^t^odian^{, or}^oth^e^{r s}^p^ecifⁱ^{ed pers}^on^,^or^{in ci}^r^c^ums^t^ances^w^h^er^{e the C}^our^t
^fⁱ^nds^{, bas}^e^{d u}^pon^s^p^eci^fⁱ^c^f^act^s^prov^{ided in}^t^h^{e application}^,^t^hat^t^h^{e act}ⁱ^ons^of^t^h^{e t}^a^r^g^et^of
^th^{e a}^p^p^lica^tioⁿ^ma^y^h^a^{ve th}^{e ef}^{fect o}^f^th^wa^rtin^g^th^{e i}^d^en^tifica^tioⁿ^o^f^a^sp^ec^ified^p^e^rsoⁿ^,^su^ch
^ot^her^per^s^ons^,^f^u^rⁿⁱ^s^h^t^h^{e ap}^p^lican^{t f}^o^r^t^h^w^it^h^{all in}^f^o^r^m^atioⁿ^,^f^acilitie^{s, o}^r^techⁿⁱ^cal
^as^sⁱ^s^t^an^ceⁿ^eces^s^a^r^y^{to accom}^p^lis^h^t^h^{e electronic s}^u^rv^ei^ll^an^{ce i}ⁿ^s^u^c^h^a^m^aⁿⁿ^{er as}^wⁱ^l^l
^{protect its}^s^ecrecy^an^{d produ}^{ce a m}ⁱⁿⁱ^m^u^m^ofⁱⁿ^ter^f^eren^ce^wⁱ^t^h^th^e^s^e^rvⁱ^c^e^s^th^a^t^s^u^ch^c^a^r^rⁱ^e^r^,
^lan^d^lo^r^d^{, cu}^sto^dⁱ^an^{, o}^r^o^t^h^e^r^p^e^r^s^oⁿ^{is p}^r^o^v^idⁱⁿ^g^t^h^{at tar}^g^{et o}^f^electr^oⁿⁱ^{c s}^u^r^v^e^illaⁿ^ce;
^(C^{) th}^at^s^u^ch^{carrier, la}ⁿ^d^{lord, cu}^s^t^odian^,^{or ot}^h^e^{r pers}^on^m^aⁱⁿ^t^aⁱⁿ^uⁿ^d^{er s}^e^c^u^ri^t^y
^procedu^r^es^approv^{ed by}^th^e^A^t^torn^e^y^Gen^e^ral^an^d^th^e^Directo^r^of^Natⁱ^on^al^In^tell^ig^eⁿ^{ce a}ⁿ^y
^records^con^cernⁱ^ng^t^h^{e s}^u^rv^ei^l^l^an^{ce or th}^{e a}ⁱ^{d fu}^rnⁱ^s^h^e^{d th}^at^s^u^c^h^pers^on^wⁱ^s^h^es^{to retai}ⁿ^;
^an^d
^{(D) th}^{at t}^h^{e applican}^t^co^m^p^en^s^a^{te, at}^th^e^prev^ailiⁿ^g^rate^{, s}^u^c^h^{carrier, lan}^d^lord,⁵⁹
^cu^s^t^odi^an^{, or ot}^h^e^{r pers}^on^f^o^{r f}^u^rⁿⁱ^s^hⁱ^ng^su^ch^ai^d.
^{(3) Special direction}^s^f^o^{r certain}^orders
^An^o^r^d^e^r^ap^p^r^o^vⁱⁿ^g^an^electr^oⁿⁱ^{c s}^u^r^v^eillaⁿ^{ce u}ⁿ^d^e^r^th^is^sect^ioⁿⁱⁿ^cir^c^u^m^s^t^an^ce^s^w^h^er^{e th}^e
ⁿ^a^tu^{re a}ⁿ^d^lo^catioⁿ^o^f^eac^h^o^f^t^h^e^f^acilit^{ies o}^r^p^l^{aces a}^t^wh^ich^t^h^{e s}^u^rv^ei^llan^c^e^w^ill^b^e
^dⁱ^r^ected^{is u}ⁿ^kⁿ^o^wⁿ^s^h^{all d}ⁱ^r^e^{ct th}^{e ap}^p^lican^{t to}^p^r^o^v^id^{e n}^o^ti^{ce to}^th^{e co}^u^r^t^wⁱ^t^hⁱⁿ^teⁿ^d^a^y^s
^af^{ter t}^h^{e d}^a^{te o}ⁿ^w^h^ic^h^s^u^rv^e^ill^an^{ce b}^e^gⁱⁿ^s^to^b^e^dⁱ^rected^{at an}^yⁿ^e^w^f^acilit^y^o^r^p^l^{ace, u}ⁿ^les^s
^t^h^{e cou}^r^t^fiⁿ^d^s^g^{ood cau}^s^e^t^o^j^u^s^tⁱ^f^y^{a l}^ong^{er peri}^{od of}^u^p^t^o^{60 day}^s^{, of}^—
^(A^{) th}^eⁿ^a^tu^{re an}^d^lo^catioⁿ^o^f^eachⁿ^e^w^f^acilit^y^o^r^p^l^{ace at}^w^h^ic^h^t^h^{e electro}ⁿⁱ^c
^su^r^v^eillaⁿ^{ce is d}ⁱ^r^ected^;
^(B^{) th}^{e f}^acts^an^{d circum}^s^t^aⁿ^ce^s^{relied u}^pon^by^t^h^{e applican}^t^{to j}^u^s^tify^t^h^{e applican}^t^’^s
^b^e^lief^th^{at eac}^hⁿ^e^w^f^a^c^ilit^y^o^r^p^l^{ace at w}^h^ic^h^th^{e electro}ⁿⁱ^c^su^rv^eillaⁿ^ceⁱ^s^dⁱ^r^e^c^t^e^dⁱ^s^o^r
^w^a^{s b}^eⁱⁿ^g^u^s^ed^{, o}^r^{is ab}^o^u^{t to}^b^e^u^s^ed^{, b}^y^t^h^{e tar}^g^{et o}^f^th^e^su^r^v^eillaⁿ^ce;
^(C^{) a s}^t^at^e^m^ent^of^aⁿ^y^propos^ed^mⁱⁿⁱ^mⁱ^zatⁱ^oⁿ^procedu^r^es^t^h^at^di^ff^{er f}^r^o^m^t^h^o^s^e
^con^t^aiⁿ^e^{d i}ⁿ^t^h^{e ori}^gⁱⁿ^a^l^applⁱ^catⁱ^oⁿ^{or orde}^{r, th}^{at m}^a^y^{be n}^e^ces^s^{itated b}^y^{a c}^h^ang^eⁱⁿ
^th^{e f}^a^c^ilit^y^o^r^p^l^{ace at}^w^h^ic^h^t^h^{e electro}ⁿⁱ^{c s}^u^rv^e^illan^{ce i}^s^dⁱ^rected^{; an}^d

⁵⁹^{50 U}^.^S.C^.^§¹⁸⁰⁵⁽^c⁾^.^T^h^e^ita^lic^s^{in 5}⁰^U^.^S^.^C^.^{§ 1}⁸⁰⁵⁽^c⁾⁽²⁾⁽^B⁾^,^a^b^o^v^e^{, indic}^a^t^e^ne^w^la^ng^ua^g^e^a^dde^d^by^Se^c^{tion 2}⁰⁶^of
^P^.^L^.¹⁰⁷^-⁵⁶^.^W^h^{ere ci}^rcu^m^st^an^ce^{s su}^ggest^t^h^at^{a t}^a^rget^{’s act}ⁱ^oⁿ^s^ma^y^p^r^even^tⁱ^d^en^tⁱ^fⁱ^catⁱ^oⁿ^o^f^{a sp}^eci^fⁱ^ed^p^e^rsoⁿ^,^t^hⁱ^s
^ne^w^la^ng^ua^g^e^a^ppe^a^r^{s to pe}^rm^{it the}^Fore^ig^{n I}ⁿ^te^llig^eⁿ^c^e^Su^rv^e^illaⁿ^c^e^{Court t}^o^re^q^u^ire^a^se^rv^ic^e^prov^ide^r^{, o}^t^he^r
^c^o^m^m^{on c}^a^r^rⁱ^e^r^{, la}^ndlor^{d, c}^u^s^t^odi^aⁿ^or^othe^r^pe^r^s^ons^to^pr^ovⁱ^d^e^ne^c^e^s^s^a^r^y^as^sⁱ^s^t^aⁿ^c^e^{to the}^a^p^p^lic^aⁿ^t^f^o^r^a^FI^SA^or^de^r
^f^o^{r e}^l^e^c^t^ronic^surv^e^illa^nc^e^.^T^h^e^h^e^a^d^ing^to^Se^c^tion⁶^of^P.L^.¹⁰^7-5⁶^re^f^e^{rs to this a}^s^“^r^ov^ing^surv^e^ill^aⁿ^c^e^a^u^thori^t^y^.^”^th^st
^H^.^R^e^{pt. 1}^07-³²^{8 c}^a^lls^t^h^is^a^“^m^ultipoi^nt”^wⁱ^r^e^ta^p.^Iⁿ^te^ll^igeⁿ^c^e^A^u^t^hor^iz^at^io^{n Ac}^{t f}^o^r^Fis^c^al^Ye^ar²⁰⁰²^{, 10}⁷^Cong^.,¹
^Se^s^s^{., H}^.^R^e^pt.¹⁰^7-³²⁸^,^C^o^nf^e^r^eⁿ^c^e^R^e^por^{t, a}^t^{24 (}^D^e^c^.^6,²⁰⁰¹⁾^.

^{(D) th}^{e total num}^{ber of}^electroⁿⁱ^{c s}^u^rv^ei^llan^c^e^s^th^a^t^h^a^v^e^been^{or are bein}^g^con^d^u^c^ted
^uⁿ^d^{er t}^h^{e a}^u^t^h^ori^t^y^of^t^h^{e order.}
The italicized portions of Section 1805(c)(1)(B) and Section 1805(c)(2)(B) reflect changes, added
by P.L. 107-108 and P.L. 107-56 respectively, intended to provide authority for “multipoint” or
“roving” electronic surveillance where the actions of the target of the surveillance, such as
switching phones and locations repeatedly, may thwart that surveillance. The Conference Report
on H.R. 2338, the Intelligence Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2002 (which became P.L. 107-

108), H.Rept. 107-328, at page 24, provided the following explanation of these changes:

^T^h^{e m}^u^l^tⁱ^poiⁿ^t^wⁱ^ret^a^{p a}^m^eⁿ^d^m^ent^t^o^F^I^S^Aⁱⁿ^t^h^{e U}^S^A^P^A^T^R^IO^T^A^c^t^(s^ectⁱ^oⁿ^{206) al}^l^o^w^s
^th^{e FIS}^A^cou^r^{t to is}^s^u^e^g^eⁿ^e^rⁱ^{c orders}^of^as^sⁱ^s^t^aⁿ^{ce to any}^com^m^uⁿⁱ^cat^ion^s^prov^{ider or}
^sⁱ^mⁱ^l^a^{r pers}^on^,ⁱⁿ^s^t^{ead of t}^o^a^partⁱ^c^u^l^{ar co}^m^m^uni^catⁱ^ons^provⁱ^d^{er. T}^hⁱ^s^c^h^ang^e^per^mⁱ^t^s^t^h^e
^Go^v^e^rⁿ^m^eⁿ^t^toⁱ^m^p^l^e^m^en^tⁿ^e^w^s^u^r^v^eillaⁿ^ceⁱ^m^m^e^dⁱ^atel^y^if^th^e^FI^S^A^tar^g^et^ch^aⁿ^g^e^s
^p^r^o^v^id^er^{s in}^an^e^f^f^o^r^t^to^th^w^a^r^t^su^r^v^eillaⁿ^{ce. T}^h^{e a}^m^eⁿ^d^m^eⁿ^t^w^a^{s d}ⁱ^r^ected^{at p}^e^r^s^oⁿ^s^w^h^o^,
^f^o^r^ex^a^m^p^l^{e, atte}^m^p^t^to^d^e^f^e^a^t^su^r^v^eillaⁿ^{ce b}^y^c^h^aⁿ^gⁱⁿ^g^wⁱ^r^e^{less telep}^h^oⁿ^{e p}^r^o^v^id^er^{s o}^r
^u^sⁱⁿ^g^pa^y^ph^on^e^s^.
^C^u^rrentl^y^{, FIS}^A^requ^ire^s^th^e^cou^r^{t to “}^s^peci^fy^{” t}^h^{e “n}^at^u^r^{e an}^{d location}^of^each^of^th^e
^f^acilit^{ies o}^r^p^l^{aces at}^w^h^ich^th^{e electro}ⁿⁱ^c^su^r^v^eillaⁿ^ce^wⁱ^{ll b}^e^dⁱ^rected^{.” 5}⁰^{U.S.C. §}
^105(c)⁽¹⁾⁽^B).^O^b^vⁱ^ou^s^l^y^,ⁱⁿ^cert^aⁱⁿ^sⁱ^t^u^atⁱ^ons^un^{der cu}^rrent^l^a^w^,^su^ch^{a s}^p^eci^fi^catⁱ^oⁿⁱ^s
^li^m^{ited. For ex}^a^m^{ple, a}^wⁱ^rele^s^s^ph^on^{e h}^a^sⁿ^o^fⁱ^x^e^{d location}^an^{d electron}ⁱ^c^m^a^il^m^a^y^be
^acces^s^e^{d f}^r^o^m^aⁿ^y^num^{ber of}^location^s^.
^T^o^av^oi^{d any}^a^m^bi^g^uⁱ^t^y^aⁿ^{d c}^l^ari^f^y^C^ong^res^s^’ⁱⁿ^t^eⁿ^t^,^t^h^e^con^f^eree^s^a^g^{reed t}^o^{a prov}ⁱ^sⁱ^on
^w^hⁱ^c^h^adds^t^h^{e ph}^ra^s^e^{, “i}^f^kn^ow^{n,” t}^o^t^h^{e e}ⁿ^{d of}^{50 U}^.^S^.^C^.^{§ 1805}^(c)(1^)(B^).^T^h^{e “}ⁱ^f^kn^o^wⁿ^”
^l^aⁿ^g^u^a^g^e^,^w^hⁱ^c^h^f^o^l^l^o^w^s^t^h^e^model^of^{50 U}^.^S^.^C^.^{§ 180}^5(c)(¹⁾⁽^A⁾^{, i}^s^desⁱ^gn^{ed t}^o^av^oi^{d any}
^uⁿ^certaiⁿ^t^y^abou^{t t}^h^e^kⁱⁿ^d^of^s^p^ecifⁱ^cation^req^u^{ired in}^a^m^u^lt^ipoin^t^wⁱ^{retap cas}^e,^w^h^{ere t}^h^e
^f^acilit^y^to^b^e^m^oⁿ^ito^r^e^d^{is t}^y^pⁱ^call^yⁿ^o^t^kⁿ^o^wⁿⁱⁿ^ad^v^aⁿ^ce.
The underlined portions of subsection 1805(c) reflect changes made by P.L. 109-177, Section

108.

If the target of the electronic surveillance is a foreign power and each of the facilities or places at
which the surveillance is directed is owned, leased, or exclusively used by that foreign power, the
order does not need to include the information covered by Section 1805(c)(1)(C), (D), and (F),
but must generally describe the information sought, the communications or activities subject to
surveillance, the type of electronic surveillance used, and whether physical entry is needed. 50
U.S.C. § 1805(d).
Such an order may approve an electronic surveillance for the period of time necessary to achieve
its purpose or for ninety days, whichever is less, unless the order is targeted against a foreign ⁶⁰
power as defined in 50 U.S.C. § 1801(a)(1), (2), or (3), or against an agent of a foreign power
who is not a United States person. In the case of an order targeted against a such a foreign power,
the order shall approve an electronic surveillance for the period specified in the order or for one
year, whichever is less. An order under FISA for surveillance targeted against an agent of a

⁶⁰^A^“f^or^eⁱ^gⁿ^pow^e^r^”^a^s^defⁱ^ne^{d in}^{50 U}^.^S.C^.^§¹⁸⁰¹⁽^a⁾⁽¹⁾^,⁽²⁾^,^or⁽³⁾^inc^l^u^d^e^s^“^a^f^o^r^e^ig^{n g}^o^v^e^rⁿ^m^e^{nt or}^aⁿ^y
^c^o^m^pone^{nt t}^h^e^r^e^o^f^,^w^h^e^t^he^r^orⁿ^o^t^r^e^c^o^gⁿ^iz^e^d^by^the^Uⁿ^ite^d^Sta^t^e^s^;^”^“^a^f^a^c^{tion of}^a^f^o^r^e^ig^{n na}^tio^{n or}^na^tio^ns^{, n}^o^t
^substa^ntia^lly^c^o^m^pose^d^of^Unite^d^Sta^t^e^s^pe^rsons;”^{or “}^aⁿ^eⁿ^tity^tha^t^{is o}^p^eⁿ^ly^a^c^k^no^w^l^e^d^g^e^{d by}^a^f^o^re^ig^{n g}^o^v^e^rn^m^e^nt
^or^g^o^v^e^rⁿ^m^e^nts^{to be}^dⁱ^r^e^c^t^e^d^aⁿ^d^c^ontr^o^lle^d^by^s^u^c^h^f^o^r^e^ig^{n g}^o^v^e^rⁿ^m^e^{nt or}^g^o^v^e^rⁿ^m^e^nts^.^”

foreign power who is not a U.S. person may be for the period specified in the order or 120 days, ⁶¹
whichever is less.
Generally, upon application for an extension, a court may grant an extension of an order on the
same basis as an original order. An extension must include new findings made in the same
manner as that required for the original order. However, an extension of an order for a
surveillance targeted against a foreign power as defined in 50 U.S.C. § 1801(a)(5) (a foreign-
based political organization, not substantially composed of United States persons) or (6) (an
entity that is directed and controlled by a foreign government or governments), or against a
foreign power as defined in 50 U.S.C. § 1801(a)(4) (a group engaged in international terrorism or
activities in preparation therefor) that is not a United States person, may be for a period of up to
one year if the judge finds probable cause to believe that no communication of any individual
United States person will be acquired during the period involved. In addition, an extension of an
order for surveillance targeted at an agent of a foreign power who is not a U.S. person may be ⁶²
extended to a period not exceeding one year.
Certifications made by the Attorney General pursuant to 50 U.S.C. § 1802(a) and applications
made and orders granted for electronic surveillance under title I of FISA, must be retained for a ⁶³
period of at least ten years from the date of the certification or application.
Emergency Authorization of Electronic Surveillance upon Attorney General Certification while
an FISC Order Is Pursued. Emergency situations are addressed in 50 U.S.C. § 1805(f).
Notwithstanding other provisions of this subchapter, if the Attorney General reasonably
determines that an emergency situation exists with respect to the employment of electronic
surveillance to obtain foreign intelligence information before an order authorizing such
surveillance can with due diligence be obtained and that the factual basis for issuance of an order
under this subchapter to approve such surveillance exists, he may authorize electronic
surveillance if specified steps are taken. At the time of the Attorney General’s emergency
authorization, he or his designee must inform an FISC judge that the decision to employ
emergency electronic surveillance has been made. An application for a court order under Section
1804 must be made to that judge as soon as practicable, but not more than 72 hours after the
Attorney General authorizes such surveillance. If the Attorney General authorizes emergency
electronic surveillance, he must require compliance with the minimization procedures required
for the issuance of a judicial order under this subchapter. Absent a judicial order approving the
emergency electronic surveillance, the surveillance must terminate when the information sought
is obtained, when the application for the order is denied, or after 72 hours from the time of the ⁶⁴
Attorney General’s authorization, whichever is earliest. If no judicial order approving the
surveillance is issued, the information garnered may not be received in evidence or otherwise
disclosed in any court proceeding, or proceeding in or before any grand jury, department, office,
agency, regulatory body, legislative committee, or other authority of the United States, a State, or
political subdivision thereof. No information concerning any United States person acquired

⁶¹^{50 U}^.^S.C^.^§¹⁸⁰⁵⁽^e⁾⁽¹⁾⁽^B⁾^,^a^s^a^d^de^{d by}^Se^c^tion²⁰⁷^of^P.L^.¹⁰^7-⁵⁶^{, a}ⁿ^{d a}^m^e^nde^{d by}^Se^c^{tion 1}⁰⁵^of^P^.^L^.¹⁰^9-¹⁷⁷^.
⁶²^{50 U}^.^S.C^.^§¹⁸⁰⁵⁽^e⁾⁽²⁾⁽^A⁾^a^{nd (}^B⁾^.^Se^c^tio^{n 2}⁰⁷^of^P^.^L^.¹⁰^7-⁵⁶^a^p^pe^a^r^s^{to ha}^v^e^inc^l^ude^d^a^mⁱ^s^t^ak^eⁿ^c^ita^tion^he^r^e^,
^referrin^g^to⁵⁰^U.S^.^C.^§¹⁸⁰⁵⁽^d⁾⁽²⁾^ins^t^e^a^d^of⁵⁰^U^.^S.C^.^§¹⁸⁰⁵⁽^e⁾⁽²⁾⁽^e^m^pha^sⁱ^s^a^dde^d)^.^Se^c^tion³¹⁴⁽^c⁾⁽¹⁾^of^P^.^L^.¹^07-
¹⁰⁸^c^o^r^r^e^c^t^e^d^t^h^e^a^ppa^r^e^nt^e^r^r^o^r^f^r^om^P^.^L^.¹^07-^56,^Se^c^tio^{n 2}⁰⁷^,^s^o^tha^t^the^r^e^f^e^r^e^nc^e^is^now^{to 5}⁰^U^.^S.C^.^§¹⁸⁰⁵⁽^e⁾⁽²⁾^.
^Subs^e^c^tioⁿ¹⁰⁵⁽^e⁾⁽²⁾⁽^B⁾^of^FI^SA^{, 50 U}^.^S.C^.^§¹⁸⁰⁵⁽^e⁾⁽²⁾⁽^B⁾^,^w^a^s^am^e^nde^{d by}^Se^c^tion¹⁰⁵^of^P^.^L^.¹^09-¹⁷^7.
⁶³^{50 U}^.^S.C^.^§¹⁸⁰⁵⁽^h)^.
⁶⁴^Se^c^tion³^14(a^)(2)(B)^of^P^.^L^.¹⁰⁷^-¹⁰^{8, t}^h^e^Inte^llig^eⁿ^c^e^A^u^thor^iz^a^{tion A}^c^{t f}^o^{r Fisc}^a^l^Y^e^a^r²⁰⁰^{2, H.R}^e^{pt. 1}^07-³²^8,
^rep^l^aced²⁴^h^o^u^r^{s w}ⁱ^t^h⁷²^h^o^u^r^{s i}ⁿ^each^p^l^{ace t}^h^atⁱ^t^app^{ears i}ⁿ⁵⁰^U.^S^.^C.^§¹⁸⁰⁵^(f^).

through such surveillance may be disclosed by any Federal officer or employee without the
consent of that person, unless the Attorney General approves of such disclosure or use where the ⁶⁵
information indicates a threat of death or serious bodily harm to any person.

⁶⁵^Som^e^of^the^pr^ov^is^io^ns^de^a^ling^w^{ith inte}^r^c^e^p^tio^{n of}^wⁱ^r^e^{, or}^a^l^{, or}^e^l^e^c^t^r^onic^c^o^m^m^unic^a^tionsⁱⁿ^t^h^e^c^onte^x^{t of}
^c^r^im^ina^l^la^w^inv^e^stiga^tions,^{18 U.}^{S.C. §}^§²⁵¹⁰^et^seq^.^,^m^a^y^al^so^b^e^w^o^rt^h^y^o^fⁿ^o^t^e.^Wⁱ^t^h^cert^aⁱⁿ^excep^tⁱ^oⁿ^s^,^t^h^ese
^pr^ov^is^io^ns^{, a}^m^ong^othe^r^t^hⁱⁿ^g^s^{, p}^r^ohi^{bit a}ⁿ^y^pe^r^s^{on f}^r^om^eⁿ^g^a^gⁱ^ng^{in i}ⁿ^te^nti^ona^l^inte^r^c^e^p^ti^on;^a^tte^m^p^te^{d inte}^r^c^e^p^ti^on^;
^or^pr^oc^urⁱⁿ^g^ot^he^r^s^{to i}ⁿ^te^r^c^e^p^t^or^e^nde^a^v^or^to^inte^r^c^e^p^{t w}ⁱ^r^e^{, or}^a^l^,^or^e^l^e^c^t^r^onic^c^o^m^m^unic^a^tion;^orⁱⁿ^te^nti^ona^l
^dis^c^los^u^r^e^{; a}^tte^m^p^ting^to^dis^c^los^e^;^us^ing^or^e^nde^a^v^orⁱⁿ^g^to^us^e^the^c^onteⁿ^ts^of^a^wⁱ^r^e^{, or}^a^l^or^e^l^e^c^t^r^oⁿⁱ^c^c^o^m^m^unic^a^tion,
^k^now^ing^or^ha^vⁱ^ng^r^e^a^s^{on t}^o^kⁿ^o^w^tha^t^the^inf^o^r^m^a^{tion w}^a^s^obtaⁱⁿ^e^{d by}^s^u^c^h^aⁿ^uⁿ^la^w^f^{ul inte}^r^c^e^p^tion.¹⁸^U^.^S.C^.^§
²⁵¹^{1. “}^P^e^r^s^on”^is^de^fⁱ^ne^{d in}¹⁸^U^.^S.C^.^{§ 2}⁵¹⁰⁽⁶⁾^to^inc^l^ude^“^aⁿ^y^e^m^plo^y^e^e^,^or^a^g^eⁿ^{t of}^the^Uⁿ^ite^d^S^t^a^t^e^s^or^aⁿ^y^Sta^t^e
^{or p}^o^litic^a^l^s^u^b^d^iv^ision^the^r^e^o^f^,^a^{nd a}ⁿ^y^indⁱ^vⁱ^dua^l,^pa^rtne^rshⁱ^p,^a^ssocⁱ^a^tion,^jo^{int st}^oc^k^c^o^m^p^aⁿ^y^,^{trust, or}^c^o^rp^ora^tⁱ^on.”
^A^m^ong^the^e^x^ce^ptions^to^Se^c^tion²⁵¹^{1 a}^r^e^tw^{o of}^pa^r^tic^ula^r^note^:
^(2)(e^{) Notw}^ithstaⁿ^dⁱ^ng^aⁿ^y^othe^r^prov^isio^{n of}^this^title^{or se}^c^tion⁷⁰⁵^or⁷⁰^{6 of}^the
^C^o^m^m^unic^a^tions^A^c^{t of}¹⁹³⁴^{, it}^s^h^a^{ll n}^o^t^be^uⁿ^la^w^f^{ul f}^o^r^aⁿ^of^fⁱ^c^e^r^{, e}^m^ploy^e^e^,^or^a^g^eⁿ^{t of}^the
^Unite^{d S}^t^a^t^e^s^{in t}^h^eⁿ^o^rm^a^l^c^ourse^of^{his of}^fⁱ^cⁱ^a^l^duty^{to c}^ond^uc^{t e}^l^e^c^t^ronic^surv^e^illa^nc^e^,^a^s^de^fⁱ^ne^d
^{in s}^e^c^tion¹⁰¹^of^the^F^o^re^ig^{n Inte}^l^lig^eⁿ^c^e^Surv^e^illa^nc^e^A^c^{t of}^1978,^a^s^a^u^thor^iz^e^d^by^tha^t^A^c^t.
⁽²⁾⁽^f⁾^N^o^thiⁿ^g^c^ontaⁱ^ne^{d i}ⁿ^th^is^c^h^a^p^te^r^or^c^h^a^p^te^r¹²^1,^or^s^e^c^tion⁷⁰⁵^of^the^C^o^m^m^unic^a^tions
^A^c^{t o}^f¹⁹³^{4, s}^h^a^{ll be}^de^e^m^e^d^{to a}^f^f^e^c^t^the^a^c^quis^iti^on^by^the^Uⁿ^ite^d^Sta^t^e^s^G^o^v^e^rⁿ^m^e^{nt of}^f^o^r^e^igⁿ
^inte^llig^eⁿ^c^e^inf^o^rm^a^{tion f}^r^om^inte^rna^tio^na^{l or f}^o^re^ig^{n c}^o^m^m^unic^a^tions,^{or f}^o^re^ig^{n in}^te^llig^eⁿ^c^e
^a^c^tiv^itie^s^c^onduc^te^dⁱⁿ^acco^r^d^an^{ce w}ⁱ^t^h^o^t^h^e^rwⁱ^s^{e ap}^p^lⁱ^cab^l^e^F^e^d^e^r^a^l^l^a^wⁱⁿ^vo^l^vⁱⁿ^{g a f}^o^rei^gⁿ
^e^l^e^c^t^ronic^c^o^m^m^unic^a^{tions sy}^ste^m^{, utiliz}^ing^a^m^e^aⁿ^{s othe}^{r t}^h^aⁿ^e^l^e^c^t^ronic^surv^e^illa^nc^e^a^s^de^fⁱ^ne^d
^{in s}^e^c^tion¹⁰¹^of^the^F^o^re^ig^{n Inte}^l^lig^eⁿ^c^e^Surv^e^illa^nc^e^A^c^{t of}^1978,^a^nd^proc^e^d^ure^s^{in t}^h^is^c^h^a^p^te^r
^a^{nd t}^h^e^Fore^igⁿ^Inte^llig^eⁿ^c^e^S^u^rv^e^illa^nc^e^A^c^{t of}^{1978 s}^h^a^l^l^be^t^h^e^e^x^c^l^us^iv^e^m^e^aⁿ^s^by^w^h^ic^h
^e^l^e^c^t^ronic^surv^e^illa^nc^e^,^a^s^de^fⁱ^ne^d^{in se}^c^tio^{n 1}⁰¹^of^suc^h^A^c^{t, a}^nd^t^h^e^inte^rc^e^p^ti^on^of^dom^e^s^tic^wⁱ^r^e
^a^{nd or}^a^l^c^o^m^m^unic^a^tions^m^a^y^be^c^ond^uc^te^d.
^A^m^ong^othe^r^thiⁿ^g^s^{, Se}^c^tio^{n 2}⁵¹²^pr^ohi^bits^aⁿ^y^pe^r^s^{on f}^r^om^inte^ntiona^lly^m^a^nuf^a^c^t^ur^ing^,^a^s^s^e^m^b^ling^,^pos^s^e^s^sⁱ^ng^{, or}
^se^lling^aⁿ^y^e^l^e^c^tronic^,^m^e^c^h^aⁿ^ic^a^l^{, or}^othe^r^de^vⁱ^c^e^,^k^now^ing^tha^t^its^de^sigⁿ^re^nde^{rs i}^t^prim^a^r^ily^use^f^{ul f}^o^{r the}^p^u^rp^ose^of
^the^s^u^r^r^e^pti^tio^usⁱⁿ^te^r^c^e^p^tio^{n of}^wⁱ^r^e^{, or}^a^l^,^or^e^l^e^c^t^r^o^nic^c^o^m^m^unic^a^tions^a^{nd t}^h^a^t^s^u^c^h^de^vⁱ^c^e^or^aⁿ^y^c^o^m^pone^{nt t}^h^e^r^e^o^f
^ha^{s be}^eⁿ^or^w^{ill be}^se^{nt t}^h^ro^ug^{h t}^h^e^m^a^{il or tra}ⁿ^spor^te^{d i}ⁿⁱⁿ^te^rsta^te^{or f}^o^re^ig^{n c}^o^m^m^e^r^c^e^.^{It a}^l^{so pro}^h^ibits^aⁿ^y^pe^rson
^f^r^o^m^inte^ntio^na^lly^se^nding^suc^h^a^de^vⁱ^c^e^throug^h^the^m^a^{il or}^se^ndiⁿ^g^{or c}^a^r^r^y^ing^suc^h^a^de^vⁱ^c^e^{in i}ⁿ^te^rsta^te^{or f}^o^re^igⁿ
^c^o^m^m^e^rc^e^,^kⁿ^o^w^ing^tha^t^suc^h^s^u^r^r^e^p^titio^{us i}ⁿ^te^rc^e^p^tio^{n is its}^prim^a^r^y^purpose^.^Sim^ila^rly^,ⁱⁿ^te^ntiona^ll^y^a^d^v^e^rtising^suc^h
^a^de^vⁱ^c^e^,^k^now^ing^{or ha}^vⁱ^ng^re^a^s^{on t}^o^kⁿ^o^w^tha^t^the^a^d^v^e^r^tise^m^eⁿ^t^w^{ill be}^se^{nt thr}^oug^h^the^m^a^{il or t}^r^aⁿ^sporte^dⁱⁿ
ⁱⁿ^t^e^rst^a^t^e^o^r^f^o^rei^gⁿ^co^mm^erc^eⁱ^s^f^o^recl^o^s^ed^.^Agaiⁿ^an^excep^{tion t}^o^the^s^e^g^e^ne^r^a^{l pr}^oh^ibit^io^nsⁱⁿ^Se^c^tion²⁵¹²^m^a^y^be
^of^pa^rtic^ula^r^inte^re^st:
^{(2) It s}^h^a^{ll n}^o^t^be^uⁿ^la^wf^{ul un}^de^r^{this se}^c^tion^f^o^r—
^(a^{) ...}
^(b^{) an}^o^f^fⁱ^c^e^r,^agen^t^,^o^r^em^p^l^o^y^ee^o^f^,^o^r^{a p}^e^rs^oⁿ^uⁿ^d^e^{r co}^nt^ract^wⁱ^t^h^,^t^h^{e Un}ⁱ^t^e^{d S}^t^at^{es .}^.^.
^{in t}^h^eⁿ^o^rm^a^l^c^ourse^of^the^a^c^tiv^itie^{s of}^the^Unite^d^Sta^t^e^s^...,
^{to se}^nd^thr^oug^h^the^m^a^{il, se}^nd^or^c^a^r^r^y^{in inte}^rsta^te^{or f}^o^re^ig^{n c}^o^m^m^e^r^c^e^,^{or m}^a^nuf^a^c^t^ure^,
^a^s^s^e^m^b^le^{, pos}^s^e^s^s^,^or^s^e^{ll a}ⁿ^y^e^l^ec^tr^onic^,^m^e^c^h^aⁿ^ic^a^l^{, or}^othe^r^de^vⁱ^c^e^k^now^ing^or^ha^vⁱ^ng^r^e^a^s^{on to}
^k^now^tha^t^the^de^sⁱ^gⁿ^of^s^u^c^h^de^vⁱ^c^e^r^e^nde^r^s^{it pr}^im^a^r^ily^us^ef^{ul f}^o^r^the^pur^pos^e^of^the^s^u^r^r^e^pti^tio^us
^inte^r^c^e^p^tioⁿ^of^wⁱ^r^e^{, or}^a^l^{, or}^e^l^e^c^t^r^onic^c^o^m^m^unic^a^tions^.
^{In a}^d^d^itio^n,^Se^c^tion¹⁰⁷^of^the^El^e^c^t^ronic^Com^m^unic^a^tions^Priv^a^c^y^A^c^{t of}^1986,^P.L^.⁹⁹^-5^08,¹⁰⁰^St^a^t^{. 18}⁵⁸^{, O}^c^to^be^r
^21,¹⁹⁸⁶^,^[^w^hic^h^eⁿ^a^c^t^e^d^{18 U}^.^S.^C^.^§§¹³⁶⁷^,²⁶^21,²⁷⁰¹^t^o²⁷¹¹^,³¹¹^{7, a}^nd³¹²¹^to³¹²⁶^{; a}ⁿ^{d a}^m^ende^d¹⁸^U^.^S.C^.^§^§
²²³^2,²⁵^11-²⁵¹³^{, a}ⁿ^{d 2}⁵¹⁶^-²⁵²⁰^]^,^pr^ov^ide^d^g^e^ne^r^a^lly^tha^t^{, “}^[ⁿ^]^ot^hⁱ^ng^{in t}^h^is^a^c^t^or^the^a^m^e^ndm^eⁿ^ts^m^a^de^by^this^a^c^t
^c^onstitu^te^{s a}^u^th^ority^f^o^{r the}^c^ond^uc^{t of}^aⁿ^y^inte^llig^eⁿ^c^e^a^c^tiv^it^y^.^”^I^t^a^l^{so sta}^t^e^d^:
^{(b) Ce}^rtaⁱ^{n A}^c^tiv^itie^{s Unde}^r^P^r^oc^e^dure^s^A^pprov^e^d^by^the^A^ttorne^y^G^e^ne^r^a^l.—Nothi^ngⁱⁿ
^c^h^a^p^te^r¹¹⁹^[ⁱ^nte^r^c^e^p^ti^on^of^wⁱ^r^e^,^or^a^l^or^e^l^e^c^t^r^onic^c^o^m^m^unic^a^tion^s^]^or^c^h^a^p^te^r¹²¹^[^s^t^o^r^e^{d w}ⁱ^r^e
^an^d^electroⁿⁱ^{c co}^mm^uⁿⁱ^catioⁿ^s^aⁿ^d^traⁿ^sactioⁿ^a^l^reco^r^d^{s access]}^o^f^{title 1}⁸^,^Uⁿ^ited^{States Co}^d^e^,
^s^h^a^{ll a}^f^f^e^c^t^the^c^onduc^t^,^by^of^fⁱ^cer^s^or^e^m^ploy^ee^s^of^the^Uⁿ^ite^{d Sta}^t^e^s^G^ove^rⁿ^m^e^{nt in}^acco^rd^aⁿ^ce
^w^{ith othe}^{r a}^p^plic^a^b^le^Fe^de^ra^{l la}^w^,^un^de^{r pr}^oc^e^dure^s^a^p^prov^e^d^by^the^A^ttorne^y^G^e^ne^ra^{l of}^a^c^tⁱ^v^itie^s
^inteⁿ^d^e^d^t^o^—
⁽¹^{) i}ⁿ^t^e^rcep^t^en^cry^p^t^e^d^o^r^ot^h^e^r^o^f^fⁱ^ci^al^co^mm^uⁿⁱ^catⁱ^oⁿ^s^o^f^Unⁱ^t^e^d^S^t^at^{es execu}^tⁱ^v^e
^braⁿ^c^h^eⁿ^titie^{s or}^Unite^d^Sta^t^e^s^G^o^v^e^rnm^e^{nt c}^ontra^c^t^{ors f}^o^{r c}^o^m^m^uⁿ^ic^a^{tions se}^c^u^ri^ty
^pur^pos^e^s^;
⁽^c^onti^nue^d.^..)

Notwithstanding any other provision of title I of FISA, under Section 1805(g), federal officers,
employees, or agents are authorized in the normal course of their official duties to conduct
electronic surveillance not targeted against the communications of any particular person or
persons, under procedures approved by the Attorney General, solely to:
⁽¹⁾^{test th}^{e cap}^ab^ilit^y^o^f^electr^oⁿⁱ^{c eq}^uⁱ^p^m^eⁿ^{t, i}^f^—
^(A^{) it i}^sⁿ^o^{t reas}^on^{able to obtai}ⁿ^th^{e co}ⁿ^s^eⁿ^{t of}^th^{e pers}^onsⁱⁿ^cⁱ^den^t^all^y^s^u^bj^{ected to th}^e
^su^r^v^eillaⁿ^ce;
^(B^{) th}^{e tes}^t^is^li^m^{ited in}^e^x^{tent an}^{d du}^ration^{to th}^{at n}^eces^s^a^r^y^t^o^determⁱⁿ^{e th}^e^c^a^p^a^b^ilit^y
^o^f^th^{e eq}^uⁱ^p^m^eⁿ^t;
^(C^{) th}^{e con}^t^eⁿ^ts^of^aⁿ^y^co^mm^un^icat^ion^acquⁱ^{red are retain}^{ed an}^{d u}^s^{ed on}^l^y^f^o^{r th}^e
^p^u^r^p^o^s^{e o}^f^d^e^ter^mⁱⁿⁱⁿ^g^t^h^{e c}^a^p^a^b^ilit^y^o^f^th^e^eq^uⁱ^p^m^en^t,^a^r^{e d}ⁱ^sclo^sed^oⁿ^l^y^to^te^st
^pers^onⁿ^e^l^,^an^{d are des}^t^ro^y^e^{d bef}^o^{re or i}^m^m^e^di^at^el^y^u^pon^co^m^p^l^e^tⁱ^oⁿ^o^f^t^h^{e t}^e^s^t^;^an^d:
^{(D) P}^r^ov^ided,^T^h^{at th}^{e tes}^t^m^a^y^ex^{ceed nin}^e^t^y^da^y^s^on^l^y^wⁱ^t^h^th^{e prior approv}^{al of}^th^e
^A^tto^rⁿ^e^y^Geⁿ^e^r^a^l;
⁽²⁾^d^e^ter^mⁱⁿ^{e th}^{e e}^x^isteⁿ^{ce an}^d^cap^ab^ility^o^f^e^l^e^c^t^r^oⁿⁱ^c^su^r^v^e^illan^{ce eq}^uⁱ^p^m^en^{t b}^eⁱⁿ^g^u^s^ed^b^y
^p^e^r^s^oⁿ^{s n}^o^{t au}^th^o^r^ized^to^coⁿ^d^u^c^{t electr}^oⁿⁱ^{c s}^u^r^v^eillaⁿ^{ce, if}^—
^(A^{) it}^isⁿ^o^t^reas^on^able^{to obtain}^t^h^{e co}ⁿ^s^eⁿ^{t o}^f^pers^onsⁱⁿ^cⁱ^den^t^all^y^s^u^bj^{ected to th}^e
^su^r^v^eillaⁿ^ce;
^(B^{) su}^ch^electroⁿⁱ^c^s^u^rv^e^illaⁿ^{ce is}^li^m^itedⁱⁿ^e^x^teⁿ^t^an^d^d^u^r^a^tioⁿ^to^th^atⁿ^ecessar^y^to
^d^e^ter^mⁱⁿ^{e t}^h^{e ex}ⁱ^s^teⁿ^{ce an}^d^ca^p^a^b^ilit^y^o^f^s^u^ch^eq^uⁱ^p^m^eⁿ^{t; a}ⁿ^d

^(...c^on^tin^ue^d)
^{(2) in}^te^rc^e^p^{t ra}^di^{o c}^o^m^m^unic^a^tio^{ns tra}ⁿ^sm^itte^{d be}^tw^e^eⁿ^{or a}^m^ong^f^o^re^ig^{n pow}^e^r^{s or}
^a^g^eⁿ^ts^of^a^f^o^re^ig^{n pow}^e^r^a^s^de^fⁱⁿ^e^{d by}^the^Fore^ig^{n I}ⁿ^te^llig^eⁿ^c^e^Sur^v^e^illa^nc^e^A^c^{t of}¹⁹⁷⁸^[⁵⁰
^U^.^S.C^.^{§ 1}⁸⁰¹^e^t^s^e^q.^]^;^or
⁽³^{) access an}^el^ect^roⁿⁱ^{c co}^mm^uⁿⁱ^catⁱ^oⁿ^sy^st^e^m^u^s^ed^excl^u^sⁱ^v^el^y^b^y^{a f}^o^rei^gⁿ^p^o^w^{er o}^r
^a^g^eⁿ^{t of}^a^f^o^reⁱ^g^{n pow}^e^r^a^s^de^fⁱ^ne^{d by}^the^Fore^ig^{n I}ⁿ^te^llig^eⁿ^c^e^Sur^v^e^illa^nc^e^A^c^{t of}¹⁹⁷⁸^[⁵⁰
^U.^S^.^C^.^§¹⁸⁰¹^et^seq^.^]^.
^{In a}^d^d^itio^{n, C}^h^a^p^te^r¹²^{1 of}^title¹⁸^of^the^Un^ite^d^Sta^t^e^s^C^ode^de^a^l^{s w}^{ith store}^d^wⁱ^re^a^{nd e}^l^e^c^t^ronic^c^o^m^m^unic^a^{tions a}^nd
^traⁿ^s^a^c^tiona^{l re}^c^o^r^d^s^.^Uⁿ^de^{r 1}⁸^U^.^S.C.^{§ 2}⁷⁰¹^,^inte^ntio^na^lly^a^c^c^e^s^sⁱ^ng^w^{ithout a}^u^th^oriz^a^tio^{n a}^f^a^c^ilit^y^thro^ug^{h w}^h^ic^{h a}ⁿ
^electroⁿⁱ^{c co}^mm^uⁿⁱ^catioⁿ^serv^{ice is p}^r^o^vⁱ^d^ed^,^o^rⁱⁿ^ten^tⁱ^oⁿ^a^lly^ex^ce^edⁱⁿ^g^an^au^t^h^o^r^izatioⁿ^to^{access su}^ch^{a f}^acilit^y^an^d
^t^h^ereb^y^o^b^t^aiⁿⁱⁿ^g^,^al^t^e^riⁿ^g^,^o^r^p^r^e^v^en^tⁱⁿ^{g au}^t^h^o^rⁱ^zed^{access t}^o^{a w}ⁱ^{re o}^r^el^ect^roⁿⁱ^{c c}^o^mm^uⁿⁱ^catⁱ^oⁿ^w^hⁱ^l^eⁱ^tⁱ^sⁱⁿ
^e^l^e^c^t^r^onic^s^t^or^a^g^e^{in s}^u^c^h^s^y^s^t^em^is^pr^o^h^ib^ite^{d. U}^p^oⁿ^c^o^m^p^lia^nc^e^w^{ith s}^t^a^t^u^t^or^y^r^e^quir^e^m^e^nts^{in 18}^U^.^S.C^.^{§ 2}⁷⁰⁹^,^the
^Dⁱ^r^e^c^t^or^of^the^FB^I^or^his^de^sⁱ^gⁿ^e^e^{in a}^p^o^s^iti^on^no^{t low}^e^r^t^h^an^Depu^t^y^A^ssi^st^an^t^Di^rect^o^r^ma^y^se^{ek a}^{ccess t}^o^t^e^l^e^p^h^oⁿ^e
^{toll a}ⁿ^{d tra}ⁿ^sa^c^tiona^{l re}^c^o^r^d^{s f}^o^{r f}^o^re^ig^{n c}^o^uⁿ^te^rin^t^e^llig^eⁿ^c^e^pur^pos^e^s^{. T}^h^e^{FBI m}^a^y^disse^mⁱ^na^te^inf^o^rm^a^{tion a}ⁿ^d
^re^c^o^{rds o}^b^ta^ine^d^un^de^{r t}^h^{is se}^c^tio^{n o}ⁿ^ly^a^s^prov^ide^dⁱⁿ^g^uⁱ^d^e^line^s^a^ppr^ov^e^d^by^the^A^ttorne^y^Ge^ne^ra^{l f}^o^{r f}^o^re^igⁿ
^inte^llig^eⁿ^c^e^c^o^lle^c^tio^{n a}ⁿ^{d f}^o^re^ig^{n c}^o^uⁿ^te^rin^t^e^llig^eⁿ^c^e^inv^e^stig^a^{tions c}^oⁿ^duc^te^d^by^the^{FBI, a}ⁿ^{d, “}^w^{ith re}^spe^c^t^t^o
^disse^mⁱ^na^{tion to a}ⁿ^a^g^eⁿ^c^y^o^f^the^Unite^d^Sta^t^e^s^{, o}ⁿ^ly^if^suc^h^inf^o^rm^a^{tion is c}^l^e^a^r^ly^re^le^v^a^{nt to t}^h^e^a^u^th^oriz^e^d
^re^s^ponsⁱ^b^ilitie^s^of^s^u^c^h^a^g^eⁿ^cy^.”^{18 U}^.^S.C.^§²⁷⁰⁹⁽^d).

⁽^C⁾^aⁿ^yⁱⁿ^fo^r^m^a^tⁱ^o^{n a}^c^q^ui^r^e^d^b^y^suc^h^s^u^r^v^eⁱ^l^l^a^nc^eⁱ^s^use^d^on^l^y^t^o^enf^o^rce^ch^apt^e^r¹¹⁹^of
^T^{itle 18, o}^r^s^ection^{605 of}^T^{itle 47, o}^r^{to protect in}^f^o^rm^{ation f}^r^o^m^uⁿ^a^u^t^h^o^rized
^su^r^v^eillaⁿ^{ce; o}^r
⁽³⁾^tr^ainⁱⁿ^telli^g^eⁿ^{ce p}^e^r^s^oⁿⁿ^e^lⁱⁿ^th^e^u^s^{e o}^f^electr^oⁿⁱ^{c s}^u^r^v^e^illan^{ce eq}^uⁱ^p^m^eⁿ^{t, if}^—
⁽^A⁾^{it is}ⁿ^o^{t r}^easoⁿ^ab^{le to}^—
⁽ⁱ⁾^o^b^t^ain^th^{e co}ⁿ^s^eⁿ^{t o}^f^t^h^{e p}^e^r^s^oⁿ^{s i}ⁿ^cid^eⁿ^t^al^l^y^s^u^b^j^ected^to^th^{e s}^u^r^v^eillaⁿ^ce;
⁽ⁱⁱ⁾^tr^ain^p^e^r^s^oⁿ^sⁱⁿ^t^h^{e co}^u^r^{se o}^f^s^u^r^v^ei^llan^c^e^s^o^t^h^e^r^w^ise^au^t^h^o^r^ized^b^y^thⁱ^s
^s^u^bch^a^pt^er;^or
⁽ⁱⁱⁱ⁾^tr^ain^p^e^r^s^oⁿ^sⁱⁿ^t^h^e^u^s^e^o^f^s^u^ch^eq^uⁱ^p^m^en^t^wⁱ^t^h^o^u^t^eⁿ^g^a^gⁱⁿ^gⁱⁿ^electr^oⁿⁱ^c
^su^r^v^eillaⁿ^ce;
^(B^{) su}^ch^electroⁿⁱ^c^s^u^rv^e^illaⁿ^{ce is}^li^m^itedⁱⁿ^e^x^teⁿ^t^an^d^d^u^r^a^tioⁿ^to^th^atⁿ^ecessar^y^to
^train^th^{e pers}^onn^{el i}ⁿ^t^h^{e u}^s^{e o}^f^th^{e eq}^uⁱ^p^m^eⁿ^{t; a}ⁿ^d
^(C^{) n}^o^con^t^eⁿ^t^s^{of any}^co^m^m^uⁿⁱ^ca^tion^acq^uⁱ^{red are retain}^e^d^{or dis}^s^e^mⁱⁿ^a^ted^f^o^{r any}
^pu^rpos^{e, bu}^t^{are des}^t^roy^e^{d as}^soon^as^reas^on^abl^y^pos^sⁱ^bl^e.
Section 1805(i) bars any cause of action in any court against any provider of a wire or electronic
communication service, landlord, custodian, or other person (including any officer, employee,
agent, or other specified person thereof) that furnishes any information, facilities, or technical
assistance in accordance with a court order or request for emergency assistance under FISA for ⁶⁶
electronic surveillance or a physical search.

⁶⁶^Se^c^tion²²⁵^of^P.L^.¹⁰^7-⁵⁶^a^p^pe^a^r^e^d^{to c}^r^e^a^t^e^a^s^e^c^{ond s}^ubs^e^c^tioⁿ¹⁸⁰⁵⁽^h)^{, w}^h^ic^h^pr^e^c^l^ude^{d a}ⁿ^y^c^a^us^e^of^a^c^{tion i}ⁿ
^aⁿ^y^c^our^{t “}^a^g^aⁱ^ns^{t a}ⁿ^y^pr^ov^ide^r^o^f^a^wⁱ^r^e^or^e^l^e^c^t^r^onic^c^o^m^m^unic^a^{tion s}^e^r^v^ic^e^,^la^nd^lor^d^{, c}^u^s^t^odiaⁿ^,^o^r^othe^r^pe^r^s^on
^(inc^lu^ding^aⁿ^y^offⁱ^c^e^r^{, e}^m^ploy^e^e^,^a^g^eⁿ^{t, or ot}^he^{r spe}^cⁱ^fⁱ^e^d^pe^rsoⁿ^th^e^r^e^o^f⁾^tha^t^f^u^rnishe^{s a}ⁿ^y^inf^o^r^m^a^t^ion,^f^a^c^ilitie^{s, or}
^t^echⁿⁱ^cal^assi^st^an^{ce i}ⁿ^acco^rd^an^ce^wⁱ^t^h^{a co}^u^r^t^o^r^d^e^r^o^r^requ^est^f^o^{r e}^m^erg^eⁿ^c^y^assi^st^an^ce”^unde^r^FI^S^A^{. T}^h^isⁱ^m^m^unity
^pr^ov^is^io^{n w}^a^s^inc^l^ude^dⁱⁿ⁵⁰^U^.^S.^C^.^§¹⁸^05,^aⁿ^d^w^a^s^de^nom^ina^t^e^d^“^I^m^m^unity^f^o^r^C^o^m^p^lia^nc^e^w^{ith FI}^SA^Wⁱ^r^e^ta^p”ⁱⁿ
^Se^c^tion²²⁵^of^the^U^S^A^P^A^T^R^I^O^T^A^c^{t, both}^f^a^c^t^s^w^h^ic^{h m}ⁱ^g^h^{t le}^a^d^oⁿ^e^to^c^onc^l^ude^t^h^a^t^{it a}^pplie^{d o}ⁿ^ly^{to e}^l^e^c^t^r^onic
^s^u^rv^e^illa^nc^e^unde^r^FISA^{, but}^th^is^doe^sⁿ^o^{t a}^p^pe^a^r^to^be^t^h^e^vⁱ^e^w^of^e^x^pre^s^s^e^{d in H}^.^Re^pt.¹⁰^7-3²⁸^,^the^c^onf^e^r^eⁿ^c^e^re^port
^acco^m^p^an^yⁱⁿ^g^H.^R.²⁸⁸³^,^w^hⁱ^c^h^b^eca^m^e^P^.^L^.¹⁰⁷^-¹⁰^8.^P^.^L^.¹⁰⁷^-¹⁰⁸^red^e^si^gn^at^ed⁵⁰^U.^S^.^C^.^{§ 18}^05(h⁾^{as 50}^U.^S^.^C^.^§
¹⁸⁰⁵⁽ⁱ⁾^.^Iⁿ^H^.^R^e^pt.¹⁰^7-³²⁸^,^t^h^e^c^onf^e^r^e^e^s^ex^pr^e^s^s^e^{d the}^vⁱ^e^w^tha^t^“^t^he^te^x^t^of^s^e^c^{tion 2}^{25 r}^e^f^e^r^s^{to c}^our^t^or^de^r^s^aⁿ^d
^req^u^e^st^{s f}^o^{r emergen}^c^y^assi^st^an^ce^‘u^nd^{er t}^hⁱ^s^act^,^’^w^hⁱ^c^h^m^a^k^e^{s cl}^e^a^{r t}^h^atⁱ^t^a^p^p^lⁱ^e^{s t}^o^p^h^y^si^cal^sear^c^h^{es (an}^d^p^eⁿ^-^t^r^ap
^r^e^que^s^t^s^—^f^o^r^w^h^ic^{h the}^r^e^a^l^r^e^a^d^y^e^x^is^ts^aⁿ^im^m^unit^y^pr^ov^is^ion^,⁵⁰^U^.^S.C^.^{§ 1}⁸⁴²⁽^f⁾^—^a^{nd s}^u^bp^oe^na^s⁾^a^s^w^e^{ll a}^s
^e^l^e^c^t^ronic^surv^e^illa^nc^e^.^”^Id^.^at²⁵^.
^Se^c^tion³¹⁴⁽^a⁾⁽²⁾⁽^C⁾^of^P.L^.¹⁰^7-¹⁰⁸^c^h^aⁿ^g^e^{d s}^u^bs^e^c^tion⁽^h⁾^,^w^h^ic^{h w}^a^s^a^dde^{d to}⁵⁰^U^.^S.C^.^§¹⁸⁰⁵^by^Se^c^{tion 2}²⁵^of
^P.L^.¹⁰^7-5⁶^{, t}^o^su^bse^c^tion^{(i). I}ⁿ^a^dditi^on,^Se^c^tio^{n 3}^14(a⁾⁽²^{)(D) of}^P.L^.¹⁰^7-1^{08 a}^dde^d^“^f^{or e}^l^e^c^t^roni^c^surv^e^illa^nc^e^or
^phy^sⁱ^c^a^l^s^e^a^r^c^h^”^{to the}^eⁿ^d^of^the^ne^w^l^y^de^sⁱ^gⁿ^a^t^e^d^{50 U}^.^S.C^.^§¹⁸⁰⁵⁽ⁱ⁾^be^f^o^r^e^the^fⁱ^na^{l pe}^rⁱ^o^d^.

The uses to which information gathered pursuant to electronic surveillance under FISA may be ⁶⁷
put are addressed under 50 U.S.C. § 1806.

⁶⁷^T^h^e^prov^isio^{ns of}^Se^c^tion¹⁸⁰⁶^a^r^e^a^s^f^o^llow^s^:
⁽^a⁾^C^o^m^p^lia^nc^e^w^ith^mⁱ^nimⁱ^za^{tion pr}^oc^e^dur^e^s^;^pr^iv^ile^g^e^{d c}^o^m^m^unic^a^tions^{; la}^w^f^{ul pur}^p^o^s^e^s
^Inf^o^rm^a^{tion a}^c^q^uⁱ^re^{d f}^r^om^aⁿ^e^l^e^c^t^ronic^surv^e^illa^nc^e^c^o^nd^uc^te^{d p}^u^r^suaⁿ^{t t}^o^t^h^{is su}^bc^ha^pte^r
^c^onc^e^r^ning^aⁿ^y^Uⁿ^ite^{d S}^t^a^t^e^s^pe^r^s^{on m}^a^y^be^us^e^d^a^nd^dis^c^los^e^d^by^Fe^de^r^a^{l of}^fⁱ^c^e^r^s^a^{nd em}^ploy^e^e^s
^w^{ithout t}^h^e^c^ons^eⁿ^{t of}^the^Uⁿ^ite^d^Sta^t^e^s^pe^r^s^on^on^lyⁱⁿ^acco^rd^an^{ce w}ⁱ^t^h^t^h^{e m}ⁱⁿⁱ^mⁱ^z^a^tⁱ^oⁿ
^pr^oc^e^dur^e^s^r^e^q^u^ir^e^d^by^this^s^u^bc^h^a^pte^r^{. N}^o^othe^r^w^is^e^pr^iv^ile^g^e^{d c}^o^m^m^unic^a^{tion ob}^ta^ine^dⁱⁿ
^acco^rd^an^{ce w}ⁱ^t^h^o^rⁱⁿ^vi^o^l^atⁱ^oⁿ^o^f^t^hⁱ^s^sub^c^h^a^pt^{er sh}^al^l^l^o^{se i}^t^s^p^rⁱ^vⁱ^l^e^ged^ch^aract^er.^Noⁱⁿ^f^o^rm^atⁱ^oⁿ
^a^c^quire^{d f}^r^om^aⁿ^e^l^e^c^t^ronic^surv^e^illa^nc^e^purs^u^aⁿ^{t t}^o^t^h^{is su}^bc^ha^pte^r^m^a^y^be^use^d^or^disc^lose^d^by
^Fe^de^r^a^{l of}^fⁱ^ce^r^s^or^e^m^plo^y^e^e^s^ex^ce^{pt f}^o^r^la^w^f^{ul pur}^pos^e^s^.
^(b^{) Statem}^en^{t f}^o^{r d}ⁱ^sclo^su^re
^N^o^inf^o^r^m^a^{tion a}^c^quir^e^{d p}^u^r^s^ua^nt^{to t}^h^is^s^u^bc^ha^pte^r^s^h^a^{ll be}^dis^c^lo^s^e^{d f}^o^r^la^w^eⁿ^f^o^r^c^em^eⁿ^t
^p^u^r^p^o^s^{es un}^l^e^{ss su}^ch^dⁱ^scl^o^su^{re i}^s^acco^m^p^anⁱ^e^d^b^y^{a st}^at^e^m^en^t^t^h^at^su^chⁱⁿ^f^o^rm^atⁱ^oⁿ^,^o^r^an^y
ⁱⁿ^f^o^rm^atⁱ^oⁿ^d^e^ri^ved^t^h^eref^ro^m^,^ma^y^oⁿ^l^y^b^e^u^s^edⁱⁿ^{a cri}^mⁱⁿ^al^p^r^o^ceedⁱⁿ^{g w}ⁱ^t^h^t^h^{e ad}^van^ce
^a^u^thor^iz^a^tion^of^the^A^ttorne^y^G^e^ne^ra^l.
^(c^{) Notif}^ic^a^{tion by}^Unite^{d S}^t^a^t^e^s
^W^h^en^{ever t}^h^{e G}^o^v^e^rn^m^eⁿ^tⁱⁿ^t^e^{nds t}^o^en^t^e^{r i}ⁿ^t^o^evi^d^en^{ce o}^r^o^t^h^e^rwi^s^{e u}^s^{e o}^r^di^scl^o^{se i}ⁿ^aⁿ^y
^t^rⁱ^a^l^,^h^eariⁿ^g,^o^r^o^t^h^e^r^p^r^o^ceedⁱⁿ^{g i}ⁿ^o^r^b^e^f^o^{re an}^y^co^u^r^t^,^d^e^p^a^rt^m^eⁿ^t^,^o^f^fⁱ^cer,^ag^en^c^y^,^regu^l^a^t^o^r^y
^body^{, or}^othe^r^a^u^th^or^ity^of^the^Uⁿ^ite^{d Sta}^t^e^s^{, a}^g^aⁱ^ns^{t a}ⁿ^a^g^g^r^ie^v^e^{d pe}^r^s^{on, a}ⁿ^y^inf^o^r^m^a^{tion obta}ⁱ^ne^d
^{or de}^riv^e^{d f}^r^om^aⁿ^e^l^e^c^t^ronic^surv^e^illa^nc^e^of^tha^t^a^g^g^r^ie^ve^{d pe}^rson^pursuaⁿ^{t t}^o^t^h^e^a^u^th^ority^of^this
^su^b^c^h^a^p^t^er,^t^h^{e G}^o^vern^m^eⁿ^t^sh^al^l^,^p^rⁱ^o^{r t}^o^t^h^{e t}^rⁱ^a^l^,^h^eariⁿ^g,^o^r^o^t^h^e^{r p}^r^o^ceedⁱⁿ^{g o}^r^at^{a reaso}ⁿ^a^b^l^e
^tim^e^{prior to a}ⁿ^e^f^f^o^{rt to so d}ⁱ^sc^lo^se^{or so}^use^tha^tⁱⁿ^f^o^rm^a^{tion or su}^bm^{it it in e}^v^ideⁿ^c^e^,^not^ify^the
^a^g^g^r^iev^e^{d pe}^r^s^{on a}ⁿ^{d the}^c^our^t^or^othe^r^a^u^th^or^ity^{in w}^h^ic^{h the}ⁱⁿ^f^o^r^m^a^{tion is}^t^o^be^dis^c^los^e^d^or
^us^e^d^tha^t^the^G^o^v^e^rⁿ^m^e^{nt inte}^nds^{to s}^o^dis^c^l^o^s^e^or^s^o^us^e^s^u^c^h^inf^o^r^m^a^tion.
^{(d) N}^o^tif^ic^a^tion^by^Sta^t^e^s^{or p}^o^liti^c^a^l^s^ubdivⁱ^sⁱ^oⁿ^s
^W^h^en^{ever an}^y^S^t^at^{e o}^r^p^o^lⁱ^tⁱ^cal^su^b^dⁱ^vⁱ^sⁱ^o^{n t}^h^ereo^fⁱⁿ^t^e^nd^{s t}^o^en^t^e^{r i}ⁿ^t^o^evi^d^en^{ce o}^r^o^t^h^e^rwⁱ^s^e
^u^s^{e o}^r^dⁱ^scl^o^{se i}ⁿ^an^y^t^rⁱ^a^l^,^h^eari^ng,^o^r^o^t^h^e^{r p}^r^o^ceedⁱⁿ^{g i}ⁿ^o^r^b^e^f^o^{re an}^y^co^u^r^t^,^d^e^p^a^rt^m^eⁿ^t^,^o^f^fⁱ^cer,
^a^g^eⁿ^cy^{, r}^e^g^u^la^tor^y^body^{, or}^ot^he^r^a^u^thor^ity^of^a^Sta^t^e^or^a^poli^tic^a^l^s^ubd^iv^is^ion^the^r^e^o^f^,^a^g^aⁱ^ns^{t a}ⁿ
^a^g^g^r^ie^v^e^{d pe}^{rson a}ⁿ^y^inf^o^rm^a^tion^obtaⁱ^ne^d^{or de}^ri^v^e^{d f}^r^om^aⁿ^e^l^e^c^t^ronic^surv^e^illa^nc^e^of^tha^t
^a^g^g^r^ie^v^e^{d pe}^{rson p}^u^rsuaⁿ^t^to^the^a^u^thor^ity^of^th^{is subc}^ha^pte^r^,^the^S^t^a^t^e^{or p}^o^litic^a^l^s^u^b^d^iv^ision
^the^r^e^o^f^sha^{ll no}^tify^the^a^g^g^r^ie^v^e^{d pe}^rson,^the^c^o^urt^or^othe^{r a}^u^th^orit^yⁱⁿ^w^h^ic^{h the}ⁱⁿ^f^o^rm^a^{tion is to}
^be^dis^c^los^e^d^or^us^e^d^{, a}^{nd t}^h^e^A^tto^rⁿ^e^y^G^e^ne^r^a^{l tha}^t^the^Sta^t^e^or^polⁱ^tic^a^l^subd^iv^ision^the^r^e^o^f^inteⁿ^d^s
^to^so^dⁱ^sclo^{se o}^r^so^u^s^e^su^chⁱⁿ^f^o^r^m^atioⁿ^.
^{(e) Mo}^ti^oⁿ^to^s^u^p^p^ress
^Aⁿ^y^pe^{rson a}^g^aⁱ^{nst w}^hom^e^v^ideⁿ^c^e^obtaⁱ^ne^d^or^de^riv^e^{d f}^r^om^aⁿ^e^l^e^c^t^ronic^surv^e^illa^nc^e^to
^w^h^ic^{h he}^is^aⁿ^a^g^g^r^ie^v^e^{d pe}^r^s^{on i}^s^{to be}^,^or^ha^s^be^eⁿ^,^intr^od^uc^e^d^or^othe^r^w^is^e^us^e^d^or^dis^c^los^e^dⁱⁿ
^an^y^t^rⁱ^a^l^,^h^eariⁿ^g,^o^r^o^t^h^e^r^p^r^o^ceedⁱⁿ^{g i}ⁿ^o^r^b^e^f^o^{re an}^y^co^u^r^t^,^d^e^p^a^r^t^m^eⁿ^t^,^o^f^fⁱ^cer,^ag^en^c^y^,
^r^e^g^u^la^tor^y^body^{, or}^othe^r^a^u^th^or^it^y^o^f^the^Uⁿ^ite^d^Sta^t^e^s^{, a}^Sta^t^e^,^or^a^polit^ic^a^l^s^u^b^d^iv^is^io^{n the}^r^e^o^f^,
^m^a^y^m^ove^{to sup}^p^re^{ss the}^e^v^ideⁿ^c^e^obtaⁱ^ne^d^or^de^riv^e^{d f}^r^om^suc^h^e^l^e^c^t^ronic^surv^e^illa^nc^e^on^the
^g^r^oun^ds^tha^t^—
⁽¹⁾^the^inf^o^r^m^a^{tion w}^a^s^unla^w^f^u^lly^a^c^quir^e^{d; or}
^{(2) the}^s^u^rv^e^illa^nc^e^w^a^{s not m}^a^de^{in c}^o^nf^ormⁱ^t^y^w^{ith a}ⁿ^orde^r^of^a^u^thoriz^a^tⁱ^on^or
^a^ppr^ov^a^l^.
^Suc^h^a^m^o^tio^{n s}^h^a^l^l^be^m^a^de^be^f^o^r^e^the^tr^ia^l,^he^a^r^ing^,^or^ot^he^r^pr^oc^e^e^d^ing^unle^s^s^t^h^e^r^e^w^a^s^no
^opp^or^t^unity^{to m}^a^k^e^s^u^c^h^a^m^o^tio^{n or}^the^pe^r^s^{on w}^a^s^{not a}^w^a^r^e^of^the^g^r^oun^ds^of^the^m^o^tion.
^(f^{) In}^ca^m^e^{ra an}^d^ex^p^a^{rte rev}ⁱ^e^w^b^y^dⁱ^{strict co}^u^r^t
^W^h^eⁿ^e^v^e^r^a^c^our^{t or}^o^t^he^r^a^u^t^horⁱ^t^y^is^notif^ie^{d pur}^s^u^aⁿ^{t t}^o^s^u^bs^e^c^{tion (}^c⁾^or⁽^d⁾^of^this^s^e^c^tio^n,
^or^w^h^eⁿ^e^v^e^r^a^m^o^{tion is}^m^a^de^pu^r^s^ua^{nt t}^o^s^u^bs^e^c^{tion (}^e⁾^of^this^s^e^c^tion^,^or^w^h^eⁿ^e^v^e^r^aⁿ^y^m^o^{tion or}
⁽^c^onti^nue^d.^..)

^(...c^on^tin^ue^d)
^r^e^que^s^t^is^m^a^de^by^aⁿ^a^g^g^r^iev^e^{d pe}^r^s^{on p}^u^r^s^ua^nt^to^aⁿ^y^othe^r^s^t^a^t^ut^e^or^r^u^le^of^the^Uⁿ^ite^{d Sta}^t^e^s^or
^aⁿ^y^Sta^t^e^bef^o^r^e^aⁿ^y^c^our^{t or}^ot^he^r^a^u^th^or^ity^of^the^Uⁿ^ite^{d S}^t^a^t^e^s^or^aⁿ^y^Sta^t^e^{to dis}^c^ov^e^r^or^obtaⁱⁿ
^a^pplic^a^tio^{ns or}^or^de^{rs or}^othe^{r m}^a^te^ria^l^{s re}^la^ting^to^e^l^e^c^t^ro^nic^surv^e^illa^nc^e^{or t}^o^disc^ov^e^r^{, ob}^ta^in,^or
^s^uppre^s^s^e^v^ideⁿ^c^e^or^inf^o^rm^a^tion^obtaⁱ^ne^{d or}^de^riv^e^{d f}^r^om^e^l^e^c^t^ronic^s^u^rv^e^illa^nc^e^un^de^{r this}
^ch^ap^t^e^r,^t^h^{e U}ⁿⁱ^t^e^{d S}^t^at^{es d}ⁱ^st^ri^ct^co^u^r^t^o^r^,^w^h^{ere t}^h^{e m}^o^tⁱ^o^{n i}^s^m^a^d^e^b^e^f^o^{re an}^o^t^h^e^{r au}^t^h^o^rⁱ^t^y^,^t^h^e
^Unⁱ^t^e^d^S^t^at^{es d}ⁱ^st^ri^ct^cou^r^tⁱⁿ^t^h^e^sa^m^e^dⁱ^st^ri^ct^{as t}^h^{e au}^t^h^o^rⁱ^t^y^,^sh^al^l^,^no^t^wⁱ^t^h^st^an^dⁱⁿ^g^an^y^o^t^h^e^r
^la^w^,ⁱ^f^the^A^ttorⁿ^e^y^G^e^ne^r^a^{l f}^ile^s^aⁿ^a^f^fⁱ^da^v^{it unde}^r^oa^{th t}^h^a^t^dⁱ^s^c^lo^s^u^r^e^or^aⁿ^a^d^v^e^r^s^a^r^y^he^a^r^ing
^w^o^u^l^d^h^a^rm^t^h^{e n}^a^tⁱ^oⁿ^a^l^secu^ri^t^y^o^f^t^h^{e Un}ⁱ^t^e^d^S^t^at^es,^revi^ewⁱⁿ^ca^{mera an}^d^{ex p}^a^rt^{e t}^h^e
^ap^p^licatioⁿ^,^o^r^d^e^r,^an^d^s^u^ch^o^t^h^e^{r materials}^rela^tin^g^to^th^{e su}^rv^eillaⁿ^{ce as ma}^y^b^eⁿ^ecess^a^r^y^to
^de^te^rm^ine^w^h^e^t^he^{r the}^surv^e^illa^nc^e^of^the^a^g^g^r^ie^v^e^{d pe}^{rson w}^a^{s la}^wf^ull^y^a^u^thoriz^e^d^a^{nd c}^o^nd^uc^te^d.
^Iⁿ^m^a^kⁱ^ng^this^de^te^r^m^ina^{tion, t}^h^e^c^our^{t m}^a^y^dis^c^los^e^{to the}^a^g^g^r^ie^ve^{d pe}^r^s^on^{, u}^nde^r^a^ppr^opr^ia^te
^s^e^c^u^r^ity^pr^oc^e^dur^e^s^a^{nd p}^r^ote^c^tiv^e^or^de^r^s^,^por^ti^ons^of^the^a^p^p^lic^a^tⁱ^on,^or^de^r^,^or^ot^he^r^m^a^te^rⁱ^a^l^s
^relatin^g^to^t^h^{e su}^rv^eillan^{ce o}ⁿ^ly^wh^{ere su}^ch^dⁱ^sclo^su^{re is}ⁿ^ecessar^y^to^m^a^k^e^an^accu^rate
^de^te^rm^ina^{tion of}^the^le^g^a^lity^of^the^surv^e^illa^nc^e^.
⁽^g⁾^Sup^p^r^e^s^sⁱ^on^of^e^v^ideⁿ^c^e^;^deⁿⁱ^a^l^of^m^o^tion
^If^t^h^{e Un}ⁱ^t^e^d^S^t^at^es^dⁱ^st^ri^ct^cou^r^t^p^u^r^su^aⁿ^t^t^o^su^bse^c^{tion (f}^{) of}^{this s}^e^c^{tion de}^te^rm^ine^s^tha^t^t^h^e
^su^rv^eillan^{ce was n}^o^t^law^f^u^l^l^y^au^th^o^r^ized^o^r^coⁿ^d^u^c^ted^,^{it sh}^all^,ⁱⁿ^acco^rd^an^{ce w}^ith^th^{e req}^u^irem^en^ts
^of^law^,^s^uppr^e^s^s^t^h^e^e^v^ideⁿ^c^e^w^h^ic^{h w}^a^s^unla^w^f^u^ll^y^obtaⁱ^ne^d^or^de^rⁱ^v^e^{d f}^r^o^m^e^l^e^c^t^r^onic
^surv^e^illa^nc^e^of^the^a^g^g^r^ie^v^e^{d pe}^rson^or^othe^rw^ise^g^r^aⁿ^{t the}^m^o^tion^of^the^a^g^g^r^ie^v^e^{d pe}^{rson. If}^the
^c^ourt^de^te^rm^ine^s^tha^t^the^surv^e^illa^nc^e^w^a^{s la}^wf^ul^l^y^a^u^thoriz^e^d^aⁿ^d^c^ond^uc^te^d,^{it sha}^l^l^de^ny^the
^m^o^{tion of}^the^a^g^g^r^ie^v^e^{d pe}^r^s^{on e}^x^c^e^p^{t to the}^e^x^te^{nt t}^h^a^t^due^pr^oc^e^s^s^r^e^quir^e^s^dis^c^ov^e^r^y^or
^dⁱ^sclo^su^re.
^{(h) Fi}^na^lity^of^orde^rs
^O^r^de^r^s^g^r^aⁿ^ting^m^o^tions^or^r^e^que^s^t^s^un^de^r^s^ubs^e^c^tio^{n (}^g⁾^of^this^s^e^c^tion,^de^cⁱ^sⁱ^oⁿ^s^u^nde^r^t^h^is
^se^c^{tion tha}^t^e^l^e^c^t^ronic^surv^e^illa^nc^e^wa^{s not la}^w^f^ull^y^a^u^thoriz^e^d^or^c^ond^uc^te^d,^aⁿ^d^or^de^{rs of}^the
^Uⁿ^ite^{d S}^t^a^t^e^s^dis^t^rⁱ^c^t^c^o^ur^{t r}^e^q^u^irⁱⁿ^g^r^e^vⁱ^ew^or^g^r^aⁿ^ting^dis^c^los^u^r^e^of^a^pplic^a^tio^ns^{, or}^de^r^s^{, or}^ot^he^r
^m^a^te^ria^l^{s re}^la^ting^{to a}^surv^e^illa^nc^e^sha^{ll be}^fⁱ^na^{l or}^de^{rs a}ⁿ^d^bi^ndi^ng^up^{on a}^l^{l c}^our^{ts of}^the^Un^ite^d
^S^t^at^{es an}^d^t^h^{e several}^S^t^at^{es exc}^e^p^t^{a Un}ⁱ^t^ed^S^t^at^{es cou}^r^t^o^f^ap^p^eal^{s an}^d^t^h^{e S}^u^p^r^em^{e Co}^u^r^t^.
^{(i) De}^struc^tio^{n of}^uⁿ^inte^ntio^na^lly^a^c^quire^{d i}ⁿ^f^o^rm^a^tion
^In^ci^rcu^m^st^an^{ces i}ⁿ^vo^l^vⁱⁿ^{g t}^h^{e uni}ⁿ^t^en^tⁱ^oⁿ^a^l^acquⁱ^si^tⁱ^oⁿ^b^y^an^el^ect^roⁿⁱ^c,^m^ech^anⁱ^cal^,^o^r^o^t^h^e^r
^surv^e^illa^nc^e^de^vⁱ^c^e^of^the^c^onteⁿ^t^s^of^aⁿ^y^ra^{dio c}^o^m^m^unic^a^{tion, u}ⁿ^d^e^r^cⁱ^rc^um^staⁿ^c^e^s^{in w}^h^ic^{h a}
^pe^r^s^on^ha^s^a^r^e^a^s^ona^ble^e^x^pe^c^t^a^tion^of^pr^iv^a^c^y^a^{nd a}^w^a^r^r^a^nt^w^{ould be}^r^e^q^u^ir^e^d^f^o^r^la^w
^en^f^o^rce^m^en^t^p^u^r^p^o^s^es,^andⁱ^f^bo^t^h^t^h^{e sen}^d^e^{r a}ⁿ^d^al^lⁱⁿ^t^eⁿ^d^e^{d reci}^pⁱ^en^t^s^{are l}^o^cat^ed^wⁱ^t^hⁱⁿ^t^h^e
^Unⁱ^t^e^d^S^t^at^es,^uⁿ^l^e^{ss t}^h^{e A}^t^t^o^rn^{ey G}^eⁿ^e^ral^d^e^t^e^r^mⁱⁿ^{es t}^h^at^t^h^{e co}^nt^en^t^sⁱⁿ^dⁱ^cat^{e a t}^h^reat^o^f^d^eat^h^o^r
^s^e^rⁱ^ous^b^odi^ly^ha^r^m^{to a}ⁿ^y^pe^r^s^on.
^{(j) Notif}^ic^a^tion^of^e^m^e^r^ge^nc^y^e^m^ploy^m^e^{nt of}^e^l^e^c^t^ronic^surv^e^illaⁿ^c^e^;^c^onteⁿ^ts;^post^p^oⁿ^e^m^eⁿ^t,
^suspeⁿ^sioⁿ^or^e^lim^ina^tion
^If^aⁿ^e^m^e^r^g^e^nc^y^e^m^plo^y^m^e^{nt of}^e^l^e^c^t^ronic^surv^e^illa^nc^e^{is a}^u^t^hor^iz^e^d^u^nde^{r se}^c^tioⁿ¹⁸^05(e⁾^of
^{this tit}^le^a^{nd a}^s^ubse^q^ue^nt^orde^{r a}^ppr^ov^ing^the^surv^e^illa^nc^e^is^not^o^b^ta^ine^d^,^the^judg^e^sha^l^l^c^a^u^se^to
^be^s^e^r^v^e^d^{on a}ⁿ^y^Uⁿ^ite^d^Sta^t^e^s^pe^r^s^on^na^m^e^{d in the}^a^p^plic^a^tio^{n or}^{on s}^u^c^h^othe^r^Uⁿ^ite^d^Sta^t^e^s
^pe^{rsons su}^bje^c^t^t^o^e^l^e^c^t^ronic^s^u^rv^e^illa^nc^e^a^s^the^ju^dg^e^m^a^y^de^te^r^mⁱⁿ^eⁱⁿ^his^disc^re^tion^{it is}^{in t}^h^e
^inte^re^{st of}^justic^e^to^se^rv^e^,^notic^e^of^—
⁽¹^{) t}^h^{e f}^act^o^f^t^h^{e ap}^plⁱ^catⁱ^o^n;
^{(2) the}^pe^rio^d^of^the^surv^e^illa^nc^e^;^a^nd
⁽³⁾^the^f^a^c^t^tha^t^durⁱⁿ^g^the^pe^rⁱ^od^inf^o^r^m^a^{tion w}^a^s^or^w^a^s^{not ob}^taⁱⁿ^e^d^.
^Oⁿ^aⁿ^e^x^pa^r^t^e^s^h^ow^ing^of^g^{ood c}^a^us^e^{to t}^h^e^ju^dg^e^the^s^e^r^v^ing^of^th^e^notic^e^r^e^q^u^ir^e^d^by^this
^s^ubs^e^c^tion^m^a^y^be^pos^tpoⁿ^e^d^or^s^u^s^p^eⁿ^de^{d f}^o^r^a^pe^rⁱ^od^not^to^e^x^c^e^e^dⁿⁱ^ne^ty^day^s^.^T^h^e^r^e^a^f^t^e^r^{, on a}
^f^u^r^t^he^r^e^x^pa^r^t^e^s^how^ing^of^g^ood^c^a^u^s^e^{, the}^c^our^t^s^h^a^{ll f}^o^r^g^o^or^de^rⁱ^ng^the^s^e^r^v^ing^of^theⁿ^o^tic^e
^r^e^quir^e^d^un^de^r^th^is^s^u^bs^e^c^tion.
^(k^{) Consulta}^ti^on^w^{ith Fe}^de^ra^{l la}^w^eⁿ^f^o^rc^e^m^eⁿ^{t off}ⁱ^c^e^r
^{(1) Fe}^de^ra^l^of^fⁱ^c^e^rs^w^{ho c}^oⁿ^duc^t^e^l^e^c^t^ronic^surv^e^illa^nc^e^{to a}^c^q^uire^f^o^re^ig^{n inte}^llig^eⁿ^c^e
^inf^o^rm^a^{tion un}^de^{r this}^title^m^a^y^c^onsul^{t w}^{ith Fe}^de^ra^{l la}^w^eⁿ^f^o^rc^e^m^eⁿ^{t of}^fⁱ^c^e^r^s^o^r^l^a^{w en}^f^o^rcemen^t
^pe^r^s^onne^l^of^a^State^or^p^o^lit^ic^{al s}^ubd^iv^is^ion^of^a^St^ate⁽ⁱ^nc^ludi^ng^th^e^c^h^ie^f^execu^{tive o}^{fficer o}^f^t^h^a^t
⁽^c^onti^nue^d.^..)

Under this section, disclosure, without the consent of the person involved, of information lawfully
acquired under FISA electronic surveillance which concerns a United States person must be in
compliance with the statutorily mandated minimization procedures. Communications which were
privileged when intercepted remain privileged. Where information acquired under FISA
electronic surveillance is disclosed for law enforcement purposes, neither that information nor
any information derived therefrom may be used in a criminal proceeding without prior
authorization of the Attorney General. If the United States Government intends to disclose
information acquired under FISA electronic surveillance or derived therefrom in any proceeding
before a court, department, officer regulatory body or other authority of the United States against ⁶⁸
an aggrieved person, then the Government must give prior notice of its intent to disclose to the
aggrieved person and to the court or other authority involved. Similarly, a State or political
subdivision of a State that intends to disclose such information against an aggrieved person in a
proceeding before a State or local authority must give prior notice of its intent to the aggrieved ⁶⁹
person, the court or other authority, and the Attorney General.

^(...c^on^tin^ue^d)
^State^{or p}^o^litic^{al su}^bd^iv^ision^wh^o^{has t}^h^e^a^u^t^hority^t^o^ap^poi^nt^{or di}^re^c^t^the^c^h^ie^{f law}^eⁿ^forc^e^m^eⁿ^t
^offic^e^r^of^th^{at S}^t^ate^{or p}^o^litic^{al su}^bdivⁱ^sioⁿ⁾^t^o^coo^r^diⁿ^a^t^e^ef^f^o^rt^{s t}^oⁱⁿ^vestⁱ^g^at^{e o}^r^p^r^o^t^ect^agaiⁿ^s^t^—
^(A^{) a}^c^t^ua^{l or pote}ⁿ^tia^{l a}^tta^c^k^{or o}^t^he^{r g}^r^a^v^e^hostile^a^c^t^{s of}^a^f^o^re^igⁿ^pow^e^r^{or a}ⁿ^a^g^eⁿ^{t of}^a
^f^o^r^e^ig^{n pow}^e^r^;
⁽^B⁾^s^a^bota^g^e^orⁱⁿ^te^rⁿ^a^tio^na^{l te}^r^r^o^rⁱ^s^m^b^y^a^f^o^r^e^ig^{n pow}^e^r^or^aⁿ^a^g^eⁿ^{t of}^a^f^o^r^e^ig^{n pow}^e^r^{; or}
^{(C) c}^l^a^nde^stineⁱⁿ^te^llig^eⁿ^c^e^a^c^tiv^itie^{s by}^aⁿ^inte^llig^eⁿ^c^e^se^rv^ic^e^{or ne}^tw^ork^of^a^f^o^re^ig^{n pow}^e^r
^or^by^aⁿ^a^g^eⁿ^{t of}^a^f^o^r^e^ig^{n pow}^e^r^.
⁽²⁾^C^o^or^di^na^tio^{n a}^u^th^or^iz^e^d^u^nde^r^pa^r^a^g^r^a^{ph (}¹⁾^s^h^a^ll^not^pr^e^c^l^u^d^e^the^c^e^r^tif^ic^a^{tion r}^e^quir^e^{d by}
^s^e^c^{tion 1}⁰⁴⁽^a⁾⁽⁷⁾⁽^B⁾^[⁵^{0 U}^.^S^.^C^.^§¹⁸⁰⁴⁽^a⁾⁽⁷⁾⁽^B⁾⁽^r^e^f^e^r^rⁱ^ng^{to a}^c^e^r^tif^ic^a^{tion by}^the^A^s^sⁱ^s^t^aⁿ^{t to t}^h^e
^P^r^e^s^ideⁿ^{t f}^o^{r Na}^tio^na^{l Se}^c^u^rity^Aff^a^{irs or othe}^{r de}^sigⁿ^a^t^e^d^c^e^r^tif^yⁱ^ng^a^u^th^ority^“^t^ha^{t a}^sigⁿ^if^ic^aⁿ^t
^pur^pose^of^the^surv^e^illa^nc^e^{is t}^o^o^b^ta^{in f}^o^re^ig^{n i}ⁿ^te^llig^eⁿ^c^e^inf^o^rm^a^tion”⁾^]^{or t}^h^e^eⁿ^try^of^aⁿ^orde^r
^unde^r^s^e^c^tⁱ^{on 10}^{5 [}⁵⁰^U^.^S.C^.^{§ 18}⁰⁵^]^.
⁽^E^m^pha^sⁱ^s^a^dde^d.)^S^ubs^e^c^tioⁿ¹⁸⁰⁶⁽^k⁾^w^a^s^a^dde^{d by}^Se^c^tion⁵⁰^{4 o}^f^P^.^L^.¹⁰^7-⁵⁶^{. T}^h^e^ita^lic^iz^e^d^p^o^r^tⁱ^on^of^s^ubs^e^c^tion
¹⁸⁰⁶⁽^k⁾⁽¹⁾^,^a^bov^e^,^w^a^s^a^dde^{d by}^Se^c^tion⁸⁹⁸^of^the^H^o^m^e^la^{nd Se}^c^u^r^ity^A^c^{t of}²⁰⁰²^,^P^.^L^.¹⁰⁷^-²^96.^T^h^e^te^r^m
^“^a^g^g^r^ie^v^e^{d pe}^rson,”^a^s^use^dⁱⁿ^c^o^nne^c^tio^{n w}^{ith e}^l^e^c^t^ronⁱ^c^surv^e^illa^nc^e^un^de^{r FISA}^{, is de}^fⁱ^ne^d^un^de^r^{50 U.}^S.C.^§
¹⁸⁰^1(k⁾^to^m^e^aⁿ^“^a^pe^{rson w}^{ho is}^the^ta^rg^e^t^of^aⁿ^e^l^e^c^t^roni^c^su^rv^e^illa^nc^e^{or a}ⁿ^y^othe^{r pe}^rsoⁿ^w^hose^c^o^m^m^unic^a^{tions or}
^a^c^tiv^itie^s^w^e^re^subje^c^t^{to e}^l^e^c^t^ronⁱ^c^surv^e^illa^nc^e^.^”
⁶⁸^{For t}^h^e^de^fⁱ^niti^on^of^“^a^g^g^r^iev^e^{d pe}^rs^on”^a^s^tha^t^te^rm^is^us^e^d^w^{ith re}^s^p^e^c^t^{to ta}^rg^e^t^s^of^e^l^e^c^t^ronic^s^u^r^v^e^illa^nc^e^unde^r
^FISA^{, s}^e^e^f^ootn^o^te⁴²^,^sup^r^a^.
⁶⁹^I^t^is^w^o^r^t^hy^of^note^tha^t^Se^c^tion⁸⁹²^of^the^H^o^m^e^la^{nd Se}^c^u^r^ity^A^c^{t of}²⁰^02,^P^.^L^.¹^07-²⁹^{6, w}^h^ileⁿ^o^t^e^x^pr^e^s^s^l^y
^a^m^en^dⁱⁿ^g^F^I^S^A^,^ad^d^r^essed^p^r^o^ced^u^r^{es f}^o^{r t}^h^{e sh}^ariⁿ^{g o}^f^h^o^m^el^an^{d secu}^ri^t^yⁱⁿ^f^o^r^m^atⁱ^oⁿ^.^It^requⁱ^r^ed^t^h^e^P^r^esi^d^en^t^t^o
^pre^s^c^r^ibe^a^{nd im}^ple^m^eⁿ^{t proc}^e^d^u^r^e^s^unde^{r w}^h^ic^{h re}^le^v^a^{nt f}^e^de^ra^{l a}^g^eⁿ^cⁱ^e^s^{, inc}^l^udi^ng^th^os^eⁱⁿ^theⁱⁿ^t^e^llig^eⁿ^c^e
^c^o^m^m^unit^y^{, w}^{ould s}^h^a^r^e^r^e^le^v^a^{nt a}^{nd a}^p^pr^o^p^rⁱ^a^t^e^h^o^m^e^la^{nd s}^e^c^u^r^ityⁱⁿ^f^o^r^m^a^{tion w}^{ith ot}^he^r^f^e^de^r^a^{l a}^g^eⁿ^cⁱ^e^s^a^nd,
^w^h^e^r^e^a^ppr^opr^ia^te^{, w}^{ith Sta}^t^e^aⁿ^d^loc^a^l^pe^r^s^o^nne^l.^Se^c^tio^{n 8}⁹²^pr^o^vⁱ^de^{d, i}ⁿ^pa^r^t:
^Se^c^.⁸⁹^{2. Fa}^c^ili^ta^ting^Hom^e^la^nd^Se^c^u^rity^Inf^o^r^m^a^{tion Sha}^r^ing^Pro^c^e^dure^s^.
^{(a) P}^r^o^ced^u^r^{es f}^o^{r Determ}ⁱⁿⁱⁿ^g^Ex^te^{nt of}^Sha^r^ing^of^H^o^m^e^la^{nd Se}^c^u^r^ity^Iⁿ^f^o^r^m^a^tion.—
⁽¹^{) T}^h^e^P^r^esi^d^en^t^sh^al^l^p^r^escri^b^e^an^dⁱ^m^p^l^em^en^t^p^r^o^ced^u^r^{es un}^d^e^r^w^hⁱ^c^h^rel^e^van^t^F^e^d^e^ral
^agen^ci^es—
⁽^A⁾^s^h^a^r^e^r^e^lev^a^{nt a}^{nd a}^p^p^r^o^p^rⁱ^a^t^e^hom^e^l^a^{nd s}^e^c^u^r^ity^inf^o^r^m^a^{tion w}^{ith othe}^r^Fe^de^r^a^l
^agen^ci^es,ⁱⁿ^cl^u^dⁱⁿ^g^t^h^{e Dep}^a^rt^m^eⁿ^t^,^and^app^r^op^ri^at^{e S}^t^at^{e and}^l^o^cal^p^e^rsoⁿⁿ^e^l^;
^{(B) ide}ⁿ^tif^y^a^{nd sa}^fe^g^u^a^r^{d hom}^e^l^a^{nd se}^c^u^r^ity^inf^o^rm^a^{tion t}^h^a^t^{is se}^nsitiv^e^but
^unc^la^s^sⁱ^fⁱ^e^d^{; a}^nd
^{(C) t}^o^t^h^{e ext}^eⁿ^t^t^h^at^su^chⁱⁿ^f^o^rmatⁱ^oⁿⁱ^sⁱⁿ^cl^assi^fⁱ^ed^f^o^rm^,^d^e^t^e^r^mⁱⁿ^{e w}^h^et^h^e^r,^ho^w^,
^a^{nd t}^o^w^h^a^t^e^x^te^{nt to r}^e^m^o^v^e^c^l^a^s^sⁱ^fⁱ^e^d^inf^o^r^m^a^{tion, a}^s^a^ppr^opr^ia^te^{, a}^{nd w}^{ith w}^h^ic^{h s}^u^c^h
^pe^r^s^on^ne^{l it m}^a^y^be^s^h^a^r^e^d^a^f^te^r^suc^hⁱⁿ^f^o^r^m^a^{tion is}^r^e^m^ove^d.
⁽^c^onti^nue^d.^..)

^(...c^on^tin^ue^d)
⁽²^{) T}^h^e^P^r^esi^d^en^t^sh^al^l^en^s^u^{re t}^h^a^t^su^ch^p^r^o^cedu^r^{es ap}^p^l^y^t^o^al^l^agen^ci^{es o}^f^t^h^{e F}^e^d^e^ral
^Go^v^e^rⁿ^m^eⁿ^t^.
⁽³^{) S}^u^ch^p^r^o^ced^u^r^{es s}^h^al^l^no^t^ch^aⁿ^{ge t}^h^{e su}^b^s^t^aⁿ^tⁱ^v^{e req}^uⁱ^rem^eⁿ^t^{s f}^o^{r t}^h^{e cl}^assi^fⁱ^c^a^tⁱ^oⁿ
^a^{nd s}^a^f^e^g^u^a^r^ding^of^c^l^a^s^sⁱ^fⁱ^e^d^inf^o^r^m^a^tion.
⁽⁴⁾^S^u^c^h^pr^oc^e^dur^e^s^s^h^a^{ll n}^o^{t c}^h^aⁿ^g^e^the^r^e^quir^e^m^e^nts^a^{nd a}^u^th^or^it^ie^s^{to pr}^ote^c^t^s^o^ur^c^e^s
^a^{nd m}^e^thods^.
⁽^b⁾^P^r^oc^e^dur^e^s^f^o^r^Sha^rⁱⁿ^g^of^H^o^m^e^la^{nd Se}^c^u^r^ity^Iⁿ^f^o^r^m^a^tion.—
⁽¹^{) Und}^e^{r p}^r^o^ced^u^r^{es p}^r^escri^b^ed^b^y^t^h^{e P}^r^esi^d^eⁿ^t^,^al^l^a^p^p^r^o^p^rⁱ^a^t^e^a^g^en^ci^es,ⁱⁿ^cl^u^dⁱⁿ^g^t^h^e
^inte^llig^eⁿ^c^e^c^o^m^m^unity^{, sha}^{ll, thr}^oug^{h i}ⁿ^f^o^rm^a^ti^{on sha}^r^ing^sy^ste^m^s^,^sha^r^e^hom^e^l^a^{nd se}^c^u^rity
ⁱⁿ^f^o^rm^atⁱ^oⁿ^wⁱ^t^h^F^e^d^e^ral^agen^ci^e^s^an^d^app^r^op^ri^at^{e S}^t^at^{e and}^l^o^cal^p^e^rsoⁿⁿ^e^l^t^o^t^h^{e ext}^eⁿ^t^su^c^h
ⁱⁿ^f^o^rm^atⁱ^oⁿ^ma^y^b^e^sh^ared^,^{as d}^e^t^e^r^mⁱⁿ^edⁱⁿ^acco^r^d^an^{ce w}ⁱ^t^h^su^b^s^e^c^tⁱ^oⁿ^(a),^t^o^get^h^{er w}ⁱ^t^h^assess^m^eⁿ^t^s
^of^the^c^r^e^d^ibili^ty^of^suc^h^inf^o^rm^a^tion.
⁽²^{) Each}ⁱⁿ^f^o^rm^atioⁿ^sh^arin^g^sy^st^e^m^th^r^oug^h^w^h^ic^{h inf}^o^r^m^a^{tion is}^s^h^a^r^e^d^un^de^r
^p^a^rag^r^ap^h⁽¹^{) s}^h^all—
^(A^{) ha}^v^e^the^c^a^p^a^b^ility^{to tra}ⁿ^smⁱ^t^unc^la^ssifⁱ^e^d^{or c}^l^a^ssifⁱ^e^d^inf^o^rm^a^tion,^th^oug^h^the
^p^r^o^ced^u^r^{es and}^reci^pⁱ^eⁿ^t^s^f^o^{r each}^cap^abⁱ^lⁱ^t^y^m^a^{y d}ⁱ^ff^er;
^{(B) ha}^v^e^the^c^a^p^a^b^ility^{to re}^stric^t^de^liv^e^r^y^of^inf^o^r^m^a^{tion to s}^p^e^cⁱ^fⁱ^e^d^subg^ro^ups^by
^g^e^og^r^a^phic^loc^a^tion^,^ty^pe^of^or^g^a^niz^a^tion^,^p^o^s^iti^on^of^a^r^e^cⁱ^pieⁿ^{t w}^ithin^aⁿ^or^g^a^niz^a^tion^,
^o^r^{a reci}^pⁱ^en^t^’^sⁿ^eed^t^o^kn^o^w^su^c^hⁱⁿ^f^o^rm^atⁱ^oⁿ^;
^{(C) b}^e^coⁿ^fⁱ^g^u^r^ed^t^o^al^l^o^w^t^h^{e effi}^ci^en^t^an^{d eff}^ectⁱ^v^{e sh}^ariⁿ^{g o}^fⁱⁿ^fo^rm^atⁱ^oⁿ^;^an^d
^{(D) b}^e^accessi^b^l^{e t}^o^ap^p^r^o^p^rⁱ^a^t^e^S^t^at^{e an}^d^l^o^cal^p^e^rsoⁿⁿ^e^l^.
⁽³^{) T}^h^{e p}^r^o^cedu^r^{es p}^r^escri^b^{ed i}ⁿ^p^a^ragrap^h⁽¹^{) s}^h^al^l^est^a^b^lⁱ^s^{h co}^ndi^tⁱ^oⁿ^s^on^t^h^e^u^s^{e o}^f
^inf^o^r^m^a^{tion s}^h^a^r^e^d^u^nde^r^pa^r^a^g^r^{aph (}¹⁾^—
^(A^{) to lim}^{it the}^re^disse^mⁱ^na^{tion o}^f^suc^h^inf^o^rm^a^{tion to e}ⁿ^s^u^re^tha^t^suc^h^inf^o^rm^a^tion
^is^not^us^e^d^f^o^r^aⁿ^uⁿ^a^u^th^or^iz^e^d^pu^r^pos^e^;
^{(B) to e}ⁿ^s^u^re^the^se^c^u^rity^a^{nd c}^oⁿ^f^ideⁿ^tia^lity^of^suc^h^inf^o^rm^a^tion;
⁽^C⁾^to^pr^ote^c^t^t^h^e^c^ons^t^itutⁱ^oⁿ^a^l^a^{nd s}^t^a^t^utor^y^rⁱ^g^h^ts^of^aⁿ^y^indivⁱ^du^a^l^s^w^{ho a}^r^e
^s^ubje^c^t^s^of^s^u^c^hⁱⁿ^f^o^r^m^a^{tion; a}ⁿ^d
^(D)^{to prov}^ide^da^ta^inte^g^r^ity^throu^g^h^the^tim^e^l^y^re^m^o^v^a^{l a}^{nd de}^struc^tion^of^obs^ole^t^e
^or^e^r^r^o^ne^ous^na^m^e^s^a^{nd inf}^o^r^m^a^tion.
^{(4) ..}^..
⁽⁵^{) E}^ach^app^r^op^ri^at^{e F}^e^d^e^ral^agenc^y^,^{as d}^e^t^e^r^mⁱⁿ^ed^b^y^t^h^{e P}^r^esi^d^ent^,^sh^al^l^h^a^{ve acces}^{s t}^o
^eachⁱⁿ^f^o^rmatⁱ^oⁿ^sh^ariⁿ^{g sy}^st^e^m^t^h^rou^g^h^w^hⁱ^c^hⁱⁿ^f^o^rm^atⁱ^oⁿⁱ^s^sh^ar^ed^uⁿ^d^e^{r p}^a^ragrap^h⁽¹^),^aⁿ^d
^sh^al^l^t^h^eref^o^r^{e h}^a^{ve acce}^{ss t}^o^al^lⁱⁿ^f^o^rmatⁱ^oⁿ^,^{as app}^r^op^ri^at^e,^sh^are^d^un^d^e^{r s}^u^ch^p^a^ragrap^h^.
⁽⁶^{) T}^h^{e p}^r^o^cedu^r^{es p}^r^escri^b^{ed und}^{er p}^a^ragrap^h⁽¹⁾^sh^al^l^en^s^u^{re t}^h^a^t^ap^p^r^o^p^rⁱ^a^t^e^S^t^at^{e an}^d
^l^o^cal^p^e^rsonⁿ^e^l^{are au}^t^h^o^rⁱ^{zed t}^o^u^s^{e su}^chⁱⁿ^f^o^rm^atⁱ^oⁿ^s^y^st^e^m^s—
^(A^{) t}^o^acces^{s i}ⁿ^f^o^rmatⁱ^oⁿ^sh^ared^wⁱ^t^h^su^ch^p^e^rsonⁿ^e^l^;^aⁿ^d
^{(B) t}^o^sh^are,^wⁱ^t^h^o^t^h^e^{rs w}^h^o^h^a^{ve acces}^{s t}^o^su^chⁱⁿ^f^o^rm^atⁱ^oⁿ^sh^ariⁿ^{g syst}^e^m^s,^t^h^e
^hom^e^l^a^{nd s}^e^c^u^r^ity^inf^o^r^m^a^{tion of}^theⁱ^r^ow^{n jur}ⁱ^s^d^ic^ti^ons^{, w}^h^ic^{h s}^h^a^{ll be}^m^a^r^k^e^d
^a^ppro^p^ria^t^e^l^y^a^s^pe^rtaⁱ^ning^to^pot^eⁿ^tia^{l te}^{rrorist a}^c^tiv^ity^.
^{(7) Un}^de^{r pr}^oc^e^dure^s^pre^s^c^r^ibe^d^j^o^intly^by^the^Dire^c^t^{or of}^Na^tiona^l^Inte^llig^eⁿ^c^e^a^nd^the
^A^t^t^o^rn^e^y^G^eⁿ^e^ral^,^each^ap^p^r^o^p^rⁱ^a^t^e^F^e^d^e^ral^agen^c^y^,^{as d}^e^t^e^r^mⁱⁿ^ed^b^y^t^h^{e P}^r^esi^d^eⁿ^t^,^s^h^al^l
^revi^e^w^an^d^{assess t}^h^{e i}ⁿ^f^o^rmatⁱ^o^{n sh}^ared^un^d^e^r^p^a^ragrap^h⁽⁶^{) a}ⁿ^dⁱⁿ^t^e^grat^{e su}^chⁱⁿ^f^o^rm^atⁱ^oⁿ
^w^{ith e}^x^isting^inte^llig^eⁿ^c^e^.
^....
^Subs^e^c^tio^{n (}^f⁾⁽¹⁾^of^Se^c^tio^{n 8}⁹²^o^f^P^.^L^.¹⁰^7-²⁹⁶^,^de^fⁱ^ne^{d “}^hom^e^l^a^{nd s}^e^c^u^r^ity^inf^o^r^m^a^tion”^{to m}^e^aⁿ^“ⁱ^nf^or^m^a^tion
^posse^sse^{d by}^a^Fe^de^ra^{l, Sta}^t^e^,^or^l^o^c^a^l^a^g^eⁿ^c^y^”^tha^t^“^r^e^l^a^t^e^s^to^the^t^h^re^a^t^of^te^{rrorist a}^c^tiv^ity^;”^“^r^e^l^a^t^e^s^{to t}^h^e^a^b^ility^to
^pre^v^eⁿ^{t, inte}^r^d^ic^t,^{or d}ⁱ^srup^{t te}^rro^{rist a}^c^tiv^it^y^;^”^“^w^ould^im^prov^e^the^ideⁿ^tif^ic^a^tion^or^inv^e^stig^a^tion^of^a^suspe^c^t^e^d
^te^r^r^o^rⁱ^s^t^or^te^r^r^o^rⁱ^s^t^or^g^a^niz^a^tio^n;”^“^o^r^w^ould^im^pr^ov^e^the^r^e^s^pons^e^t^o^a^te^r^r^o^rⁱ^s^t^a^c^t^.”^“^S^ta^te^a^{nd l}^o^c^a^l^pe^r^s^on^ne^l”^is
^de^fⁱ^ne^{d to m}^e^aⁿ^pe^r^s^onsⁱⁿ^v^o^lv^e^dⁱⁿ^pr^e^v^eⁿ^tion^,^pr^e^p^a^r^a^tion^,^or^r^e^s^pons^e^f^o^r^te^r^r^o^rⁱ^s^t^a^tta^c^k^w^{ho f}^a^ll^w^{ithin the}
^f^o^l^l^o^wⁱⁿ^g^cat^e^g^o^rⁱ^e^s:^“S^t^a^t^e^G^o^v^e^rn^o^r^s,^m^a^y^o^rs,^an^d^ot^h^e^{r l}^o^cal^l^y^e^l^ect^ed^o^f^fⁱ^ci^al^s;^{” “S}^t^a^t^e^an^d^l^o^cal^l^a^w^en^f^o^rce^m^en^t
⁽^c^onti^nue^d.^..)

50 U.S.C. § 1806(c)-(f)—U.S. District Court Consideration of Notices, Motions to Suppress or
Discovery Motions. Section 1806 also sets out in camera and ex parte U.S. district court review
procedures to be followed where such notification is received, or where the aggrieved person
seeks to discover or obtain orders or applications relating to FISA electronic surveillance, or to
discover, obtain, or suppress evidence or information obtained or derived from the electronic
surveillance, and the Attorney General files an affidavit under oath that such disclosure would
harm U.S. national security. The focus of this review would be to determine whether the
surveillance was lawfully conducted and authorized. Only where it is needed to make an accurate
determination of these issues does the section permit the court to disclose to the aggrieved person,
under appropriate security measures and protective orders, parts of the application, order, or other
materials related to the surveillance. If, as a result of its review, the district court determines that ⁷⁰
the surveillance was unlawful, the resulting evidence must be suppressed. If the surveillance
was lawfully authorized and conducted, the motion of the aggrieved person must be denied
except to the extent that due process requires discovery or disclosure. Resultant court orders
granting motions or requests of the aggrieved person for a determination that the surveillance was
not lawfully conducted or authorized and court orders requiring review or granting disclosure are
final orders binding on all Federal and State courts except a U.S. Court of Appeals and the U.S.
Supreme Court.
If the contents of any radio communication are unintentionally acquired by an electronic,
mechanical, or other surveillance device in circumstances where there is a reasonable expectation
of privacy and where a warrant would be required if the surveillance were to be pursued for law

^(...c^on^tin^ue^d)
^pe^r^s^on^ne^{l a}ⁿ^d^fⁱ^r^e^fⁱ^g^h^te^r^s^;”^“^publ^ic^he^a^{lth a}ⁿ^{d m}^e^dic^a^l^pr^of^e^s^sⁱ^ona^ls^;”^“^r^e^g^iona^{l, Sta}^t^e^,^aⁿ^{d l}^o^c^a^l^e^m^e^r^g^e^ncy
^m^a^na^g^e^m^e^{nt a}^g^eⁿ^cy^pe^r^s^onne^{l, in}^c^l^udi^ng^Sta^t^e^a^d^ju^ta^{nt g}^e^ne^r^a^ls^;”^“^o^the^r^a^p^pr^o^p^rⁱ^a^t^e^e^m^e^r^g^e^ncy^r^e^spons^e^a^g^eⁿ^c^y
^pe^rs^on^ne^l;”^a^{nd “}^e^m^ploy^e^e^s^of^priv^a^t^e^-^s^e^c^t^{or e}ⁿ^titie^s^t^h^a^t^a^f^fe^c^t^c^rⁱ^tic^a^l^inf^r^a^s^truc^ture^{, c}^y^be^{r, e}^c^onom^ic^{, or publ}^ic
^he^a^{lth s}^e^c^u^r^ity^{, a}^s^de^sⁱ^gⁿ^a^t^e^d^by^the^Fe^de^r^a^{l G}^o^v^e^rⁿ^m^e^{nt in}^pr^oc^e^d^ur^e^s^de^v^e^lope^d^pur^s^u^aⁿ^{t t}^o^t^h^is^s^e^c^tion.”
⁷⁰^{But se}^e^{, U}ⁿ^ite^{d S}^t^a^t^e^s^v^.^T^hom^s^o^{n, 7}⁵²^F.^Su^pp^{. 7}⁵^,⁷⁷^(W^.D^{. N}^.^Y^.¹⁹⁹⁰^{), s}^t^a^tⁱⁿ^g^tha^t^,
^If^the^Court^de^te^rm^ine^s^tha^t^the^s^u^rv^e^illa^nc^e^w^a^{s unla}^w^f^u^lly^a^u^thoriz^e^d^{or c}^o^nd^uc^te^d,^{it m}^u^{st orde}^r
^dis^c^los^u^re^of^the^FISA^m^a^t^e^ria^l^{. 50 U}^.^S.C^.^§¹⁸⁰⁶^(g^{) ....}^In^Uⁿ^ite^d^State^s^v^.^Be^l^fie^ld^,⁶^{92 F.2}^d¹⁴¹
⁽^D^.C^{. C}ⁱ^r^.¹⁹⁸²⁾^,^the^c^our^{t s}^t^a^t^e^d^tha^t^“^e^v^eⁿ^w^h^eⁿ^the^g^o^v^e^rⁿ^m^e^{nt ha}^s^pur^por^te^{d n}^o^{t t}^o^be^of^f^e^rⁱ^ng
^aⁿ^y^e^v^ideⁿ^c^e^obtaⁱ^ne^d^or^de^riv^e^d^f^r^o^m^the^e^l^e^c^t^ronic^surv^e^illa^nc^e^,^a^c^r^im^ina^l^de^f^e^nda^{nt m}^a^y^c^l^aⁱ^m
^tha^t^he^ha^{s be}^eⁿ^t^h^e^vⁱ^c^tim^of^aⁿ^ille^g^a^{l surv}^e^illa^nc^e^a^{nd se}^e^k^disc^ov^e^r^y^o^f^the^FISA^surv^e^illa^nc^e
^mat^e^ri^al^t^o^en^su^{re t}^h^at^no^f^r^uⁱ^t^s^t^h^ereo^f^{are b}^eⁱⁿ^{g u}^s^ed^agaiⁿ^s^t^hⁱ^m^.^{” Id}^.^at¹⁴⁶^.
^I^t^m^a^y^be^note^d^tha^t^the^Se^c^tⁱ^on¹⁸⁰⁶⁽^g⁾^doe^s^{not s}^t^a^t^e^t^h^a^t^a^c^o^ur^t^m^u^s^t^or^de^r^dis^c^los^u^r^e^of^the^FI^SA^m^a^t^e^rⁱ^a^l^if
^the^c^our^{t f}ⁱ^{nds t}^h^a^t^the^FISA^e^l^e^c^t^ronic^surv^e^illa^nc^e^w^a^{s unla}^w^f^u^lly^a^u^th^oriz^e^d^or^c^oⁿ^duc^te^d^.^Ra^the^r^,^the^pr^ov^isionⁱⁿ
^que^s^tio^{n s}^t^a^t^e^sⁱⁿ^pe^r^tⁱⁿ^eⁿ^t^pa^r^t^t^h^a^t^{, “}^I^f^the^Uⁿ^ite^{d S}^t^a^t^e^s^dis^t^rⁱ^c^t^c^o^ur^{t p}^u^r^s^uaⁿ^t^t^o^s^u^bs^e^c^{tion (}^f⁾^of^t^h^is^s^e^c^tion
^de^te^rm^ine^s^tha^t^the^s^u^rv^e^illa^nc^e^w^a^s^{not la}^w^f^ull^y^a^u^thoriz^e^d^o^r^c^o^nduc^te^{d, it}^s^h^a^ll,ⁱⁿ^acco^r^d^an^{ce w}ⁱ^t^h^t^h^{e req}^uⁱ^rem^eⁿ^t^s
^of^law^,^s^uppre^s^s^t^h^e^e^v^ideⁿ^c^e^w^h^ic^{h w}^a^s^unla^w^f^u^ll^y^obtaⁱ^ne^d^or^de^riv^e^{d f}^r^o^m^e^l^e^c^t^ronic^s^u^rv^e^illa^nc^e^of^the^a^g^g^r^iev^e^d
^pe^{rson or othe}^rw^ise^g^r^aⁿ^t^the^m^o^tion^of^the^a^g^g^r^ie^v^e^{d pe}^rson....”^W^h^ile^a^distrⁱ^c^t^c^our^{t w}^{ill norm}^a^lly^c^onside^rⁱⁿ
^c^a^m^e^r^a^a^{nd e}^x^pa^r^t^e^a^m^o^{tion t}^o^s^upp^r^e^s^s^un^de^r^Su^bs^e^c^tion¹⁸⁰⁶⁽^e⁾^or^othe^r^s^t^a^t^u^t^e^or^r^u^le^t^o^dⁱ^s^c^ov^e^r^{, dis}^c^los^e^,^or
^s^uppre^s^sⁱⁿ^f^o^rm^a^{tion re}^la^ting^t^o^a^FISA^e^l^e^c^t^ronic^s^u^rv^e^illaⁿ^c^e^,^Su^bs^e^c^tion¹⁸^06(f⁾^d^o^e^s^pe^rm^{it a}^dis^t^ric^t^c^ourt^,ⁱⁿ
^de^te^rm^ining^the^le^g^a^lit^y^of^a^FISA^e^l^e^c^tronic^surv^e^illa^nc^e^,^to^disc^l^o^se^{to t}^h^e^a^g^g^r^ie^v^e^{d pe}^{rson, u}^nde^{r a}^ppro^p^ria^t^e
^s^e^c^u^r^ity^pr^oc^e^dur^e^s^a^{nd p}^r^ote^c^tiv^e^or^de^r^s^,^por^ti^ons^of^the^a^p^p^lic^a^tⁱ^on,^or^de^r^or^othe^r^m^a^te^rⁱ^a^l^s^r^e^la^ting^{to t}^h^e
^su^rv^eillan^{ce o}ⁿ^l^y^to^th^{e ex}^ten^tⁿ^e^cessar^y^to^m^a^k^e^an^accu^{rate d}^e^ter^mⁱⁿ^atioⁿ^o^f^th^{e le}^g^a^lity^o^f^th^{e su}^rv^eillan^ce.^Be^lfie^ld
^indic^a^t^e^d^tha^t^a^c^r^im^ina^l^de^f^e^ndaⁿ^t^m^a^y^se^e^k^{to disc}^ov^e^r^FISA^surv^e^illa^nc^e^m^a^te^ria^l^{to e}ⁿ^sure^t^h^a^tⁿ^o^f^r^{uits of}^aⁿ^ille^g^a^l
^surv^e^illa^nc^e^a^r^e^be^ing^use^d^a^g^aⁱⁿ^s^{t him}^,^but^{it a}^p^pe^a^r^{s to st}^{op s}^hort^of^sa^yⁱ^ng^tha^t^{in e}^v^e^r^y^instaⁿ^c^e^w^h^e^r^e^the^c^ourt
^fⁱ^{nds a}ⁿ^ille^g^a^{l surv}^e^illa^nc^e^disc^l^o^sure^m^u^{st be}^f^o^rthc^om^ing^.^“^T^he^la^ng^ua^g^e^of^se^c^{tion 18}^06(f⁾^c^l^e^a^r^ly^aⁿ^tic^ipa^t^e^s^tha^t
^an^{ex p}^a^rt^e,ⁱⁿ^cam^{era d}^e^t^e^r^mⁱⁿ^atⁱ^oⁿⁱ^s^t^o^b^e^t^h^{e r}^u^l^e^.^Di^scl^o^s^u^{re and}^an^ad^versary^h^eariⁿ^{g are t}^h^{e ex}^cep^tⁱ^oⁿ^,^o^ccu^rriⁿ^g
^oⁿ^l^y^w^h^enⁿ^ecessar^y^.^”^Be^lfie^ld^,^s^upr^a^{, 6}⁹²^F.^{2d a}^t¹⁴^7.^S^{ee a}^l^s^o^,^Uⁿ^ite^{d S}^t^a^t^e^s^v^.^Squ^illa^c^o^te^,²²¹^F.3^d⁵⁴²^,⁵^52-⁵⁵⁴^th
⁽⁴^Cⁱ^r^.²⁰⁰⁰⁾^,^cert^.^d^eⁿⁱ^ed^{, 53}^{2 U}^.^S.⁹⁷¹⁽²⁰⁰¹⁾^.

enforcement purposes, then the contents must be destroyed when recognized, unless the Attorney
General finds that the contents indicate a threat of death or serious bodily harm to any person.
As noted above, Section 1805 provides for emergency electronic surveillance in limited
circumstances, and requires the subsequent prompt filing of an application for court authorization
to the FISC in such a situation. Under Section 1806, if the application is unsuccessful in obtaining
court approval for the surveillance, notice must be served upon any United States person named
in the application and such other U.S. persons subject to electronic surveillance as the judge
determines, in the exercise of his discretion, is in the interests of justice. This notice includes the
fact of the application, the period of surveillance, and the fact that information was or was not
obtained during this period. Section 1806 permits postponement or suspension of service of
notice for up to ninety days upon ex parte good cause shown. Upon a further ex parte showing of
good cause thereafter, the court will forego ordering such service of notice.
50 U.S.C. § 1806(k)—Consultation by Federal Officers Conducting FISA Electronic Surveillance
with Federal Law Enforcement Officers. P.L. 107-56, Section 504, added a new subsection
1806(k)(1). Under this subsection, federal officers who conduct electronic surveillance to acquire
foreign intelligence under FISA are permitted to consult with Federal law enforcement officers to
coordinate investigative efforts or to protect against—
⁽^A⁾^actu^a^{l o}^r^p^o^t^en^{tial attack}^o^r^o^t^h^e^r^g^r^av^{e h}^o^{stile act}^{s o}^f^{a f}^o^r^e^igⁿ^p^o^w^e^r^o^r^aⁿ^a^g^eⁿ^t^o^f
^a^fo^r^eⁱ^{gn p}^o^w^e^r^;
⁽^B⁾^sab^o^t^ag^{e o}^rⁱⁿ^terⁿ^atioⁿ^a^l^ter^r^o^r^ism^b^y^a^f^o^r^e^igⁿ^p^o^w^e^r^o^r^an^ag^en^{t o}^f^a^f^o^r^e^igⁿ
^po^w^e^r;^or
⁽^C⁾^clan^d^e^stiⁿ^{e in}^telli^g^eⁿ^{ce activ}^itie^{s b}^y^anⁱⁿ^tel^lig^eⁿ^{ce ser}^v^ic^{e o}^rⁿ^e^t^w^o^r^k^o^f^{a f}^o^r^e^igⁿ
^po^w^e^{r or by}^an^a^g^ent^of^{a f}^o^reⁱ^gⁿ^po^w^e^r.
This subsection indicates further that such coordination would not preclude certification as
required by 50 U.S.C. § 1804(a)(7)(B) or entry of a court order under 50 U.S.C. § 1805.
Reporting requirements are included in Sections 1807 and 1808. Under Section 1807, each year
in April, the Attorney General is directed to transmit to the Administrative Office of the United
States Courts and to the Congress a report covering the total number of applications made for
orders and extensions of orders approving electronic surveillance under FISA during the previous
year, and the total number of orders and extensions granted, modified, or denied during that time
period.
Section 1808(a) requires the Attorney General to fully inform the House Permanent Select
Committee on Intelligence, the Senate Select Committee on Intelligence, and the Senate Judiciary ⁷¹
Committee semiannually about all electronic surveillance under FISA. Each such report must

⁷¹^{50 U}^.^S.C^.^§¹⁸⁰⁸⁽^a⁾⁽¹⁾^,^a^s^a^m^eⁿ^de^{d by}^P.L^.¹⁰^9-¹⁷⁷^,^Se^c^tioⁿ¹⁰⁸⁽^c⁾⁽¹⁾^.^S^ubs^e^c^tio^{n 1}⁸⁰⁸⁽^b⁾^dir^e^c^t^e^d^the^H^ous^e
^P^e^rm^aⁿ^eⁿ^{t Se}^le^c^t^Com^m^itte^e^{on I}ⁿ^te^llig^eⁿ^c^e^a^{nd t}^h^e^Se^na^te^Se^le^c^t^Com^m^itte^e^{on Inte}^llig^eⁿ^c^e^{to re}^p^o^{rt a}ⁿ^nua^lly^f^o^r
^fⁱ^v^e^y^ear^{s a}^f^t^e^{r t}^h^{e d}^a^t^e^o^f^en^act^men^t^t^o^t^h^{e Hou}^s^{e an}^{d t}^h^e^S^eⁿ^a^t^e^resp^ectⁱ^v^el^y^coⁿ^cernⁱⁿ^gⁱ^m^p^l^e^m^en^t^a^tⁱ^oⁿ^o^f^F^I^S^A^,
^inc^l^u^d^ing^aⁿ^y^re^c^o^m^m^e^nda^{tions f}^o^{r a}^m^eⁿ^d^m^eⁿ^{t, re}^pe^a^l^{, or}^c^ontiⁿ^u^a^{tion w}^itho^u^{t a}^m^e^ndm^eⁿ^{t. P}^.^L^.¹⁰^6-5^67,^T^itle^V^I^,
^Se^c^.⁶⁰^4(b)^(De^c^.^27,²⁰⁰⁰^),¹¹⁴^Sta^t^{. 2}⁸⁵³^{, re}^quire^d^the^A^ttorne^y^G^e^ne^r^a^{l to su}^bm^{it to the}^Se^na^te^S^e^le^c^t^Com^m^itte^e
⁽^c^onti^nue^d.^..)

contain a description of the total number of applications made for orders and extensions of orders
approving electronic surveillance under this subchapter where the nature and location of each
facility or place at which the electronic surveillance will be directed is unknown; each criminal
case in which information acquired by electronic surveillance under FISA has been authorized for
use at trial during the period covered by the report; and the total number of emergency
employments of electronic surveillance under section 1805(f) of this title and the total number of ⁷²
subsequent orders approving or denying such electronic surveillance.
Section 1809 provides criminal sanctions for intentionally engaging in electronic surveillance
under color of law except as authorized by statute; or for disclosing or using information obtained
under color of law by electronic surveillance, knowing or having reason to know that surveillance
was not authorized by statute. The provision makes it a defense to prosecution under this
subsection if the defendant is a law enforcement officer or investigative officer in the course of
his official duties and the electronic surveillance was authorized by and conducted under a search
warrant or court order of a court of competent jurisdiction. Section 1809 provides for Federal
jurisdiction over such an offense if the defendant is a Federal officer or employee at the time of
the offense.
Civil liability is also provided for under Section 1810, where an aggrieved person, who is neither
a foreign power nor an agent of a foreign power, has been subjected to electronic surveillance, or
where information gathered by electronic surveillance about an aggrieved person has been
disclosed or used in violation of Section 1809.
Finally, Section 1811 provides that, notwithstanding any other law, the President, through the
Attorney General, may authorize electronic surveillance without a court order to acquire foreign
intelligence information for up to 15 calendar days following a declaration of war by Congress.
Physical searches for foreign intelligence purposes are addressed in 50 U.S.C. § 1821 et seq.⁷³
While tailored for physical searches, the provisions in many respects follow a pattern similar to

^(...c^on^tin^ue^d)
^{on I}ⁿ^te^llig^eⁿ^c^e^,^the^Se^na^te^Judⁱ^cⁱ^a^r^y^Com^m^itte^e^,^the^House^P^e^rm^aⁿ^eⁿ^{t Se}^le^c^t^C^o^m^m^itte^e^{on Inte}^llig^eⁿ^c^e^,^a^{nd t}^h^e
^House^Judⁱ^cⁱ^a^r^y^Co^m^m^itte^e^a^re^p^o^{rt o}ⁿ^t^h^e^a^u^t^horit^ie^{s a}^nd^proc^e^d^u^r^e^s^utiliz^e^d^by^the^De^pa^rtm^e^{nt of}^Justic^e^to
^de^te^r^m^ine^w^h^e^t^he^r^orⁿ^o^{t t}^o^dis^c^los^e^inf^o^r^m^a^{tion a}^c^quir^e^d^un^de^r^F^I^SA^f^o^r^la^w^eⁿ^f^o^r^c^em^eⁿ^{t pur}^p^o^s^e^s^.⁵⁰^U^.^S.C^.^§¹⁸⁰⁶
^note^.
⁷²^{50 U}^.^S.C^.^§¹⁸⁰⁸⁽^a⁾⁽²⁾^,^a^s^a^m^eⁿ^de^{d by}^P.L^.¹⁰^9-¹⁷⁷^,^Se^c^tioⁿ¹⁰⁸⁽^c⁾⁽²⁾^.
⁷³^T^h^e^p^h^y^sic^a^l^se^a^r^c^h^p^r^o^v^isioⁿ^s^o^f^FISA^we^re^a^d^d^e^d^a^s^T^itle^{III o}^f^th^a^t^A^c^{t b}^y^P^.^L^.¹⁰³^-³⁵⁹^,^T^itle^V^I^{II, o}ⁿ^Oc^to^b^e^r
^14,¹⁹⁹⁴^{, 1}⁰⁸^Sta^t^.³⁴⁴³^{. S}^o^m^e^of^the^s^e^prov^{isions w}^e^re^subse^que^ntly^a^m^e^nde^{d by}^P^.^L^.¹^06-⁵⁶^{7, T}^itle^V^I^,^oⁿ
^D^e^c^e^m^b^e^r^{27, 2}⁰⁰⁰^,¹¹^{4 Sta}^t^.²⁸^52-^{53; a}^nd^by^P^.^L^.¹^07-⁵⁶^.

that created for electronic surveillance. The definitions from 50 U.S.C. § 1801 for the terms
“foreign power,” “agent of a foreign power,” “international terrorism,” “sabotage,” “foreign
intelligence information,” “Attorney General,” “United States person,” “United States,” “person,”
and “State” also apply to foreign intelligence physical searches except where specifically
provided otherwise.
Minimization procedures also apply to physical searches for foreign intelligence purposes. Those
defined under 50 U.S.C. § 1821(4) are tailored to such physical searches and, like those
applicable to electronic surveillance under 50 U.S.C. § 1801(h), these procedures are designed to
minimize acquisition and retention, and to prohibit dissemination, of nonpublicly available
information concerning unconsenting U.S. persons, consistent with the needs of the United States ⁷⁴
to obtain, produce and disseminate foreign intelligence.
Under 50 U.S.C. § 1822, the President, acting through the Attorney General, may authorize
physical searches to acquire foreign intelligence information without a court order for up to one
year if the Attorney General certifies under oath that the search is solely directed at premises,
property, information or materials owned by or under the open and exclusive control of certain ⁷⁵
foreign power or powers. For these purposes, “foreign power or powers” means a foreign
government or component of a foreign government, whether or not recognized by the United
States, a faction of a foreign nation or nations, not substantially composed of U.S. persons; or an
entity that is openly acknowledged by a foreign government or governments to be directed and ⁷⁶
controlled by such foreign government or governments. In addition, the Attorney General must

⁷⁴^S^p^eci^fⁱ^cal^l^y^,⁵⁰^U.^S^.^C^.^{§ 18}²¹⁽⁴⁾^d^e^fⁱⁿ^e^{s “}^mⁱⁿⁱ^mⁱ^z^atⁱ^oⁿ^p^r^o^ced^u^r^e^s^{” w}ⁱ^t^h^resp^ect^t^o^p^h^y^si^cal^search^t^o^m^ean^:
^(A^{) sp}^eci^fⁱ^{c p}^r^o^ced^u^r^es,^w^hⁱ^c^h^shal^l^b^e^ad^op^t^e^{d b}^y^t^h^{e A}^t^t^o^rn^ey^G^eⁿ^e^ral^,^t^h^at^{are reaso}ⁿ^a^b^l^y
^d^e^si^gn^edⁱⁿ^lⁱ^g^h^t^o^f^t^h^{e pu}^r^p^o^s^{es an}^d^t^echnⁱ^qu^{e o}^f^t^h^e^p^a^r^tⁱ^c^u^l^ar^physi^cal^sear^ch^,^t^o^mⁱⁿⁱ^mⁱ^{ze t}^h^e
^a^c^quisitio^{n a}ⁿ^{d re}^te^nti^oⁿ^,^aⁿ^{d pr}^o^h^ibit^the^disse^mⁱ^na^tion,^of^non^pu^blic^ly^a^v^a^ila^ble^inf^o^rm^a^tion
^c^onc^e^r^ning^unc^oⁿ^s^e^ntiⁿ^g^Uⁿ^ite^d^Sta^t^e^s^pe^r^s^ons^c^o^ns^is^te^{nt w}^ith^the^ne^e^d^of^the^Uⁿ^ite^d^Sta^t^e^s^to
^obtaⁱ^n,^pro^duc^e^,^aⁿ^{d d}ⁱ^sse^mⁱ^na^te^f^o^re^ig^{n inte}^llig^eⁿ^c^e^inf^o^rm^a^tion;
^{(B) p}^r^o^cedu^r^{es t}^h^at^requⁱ^r^{e t}^h^at^noⁿ^p^u^b^lⁱ^c^l^y^a^v^a^ila^ble^inf^o^rm^a^{tion, w}^h^ic^{h is not}^f^o^re^igⁿ
^inte^llig^eⁿ^c^e^inf^o^rm^a^{tion, a}^s^de^fⁱ^ne^{d in se}^c^tioⁿ¹⁸^01(e⁾⁽¹⁾^of^{this t}ⁱ^t^l^e^,^sha^{ll n}^o^t^be^disse^mⁱ^na^te^{d in a}
^m^a^nne^r^tha^tⁱ^d^eⁿ^tif^ie^s^aⁿ^y^Uⁿ^ite^{d Sta}^t^e^s^pe^r^s^on,^w^ithout^s^u^c^h^pe^r^s^oⁿ^’^s^c^ons^eⁿ^t^,^uⁿ^le^s^s^s^u^c^h
^p^e^rsoⁿ^’^{s i}^d^en^tity^{is n}^ecessar^y^to^uⁿ^d^e^rstan^d^su^ch^f^o^reigⁿⁱⁿ^tellig^en^{ce in}^f^o^rm^atioⁿ^o^r^{assess its}
^im^porta^nc^e^;
⁽^C⁾^notw^iths^t^aⁿ^ding^s^u^bpa^r^a^g^r^a^p^hs⁽^A⁾^a^{nd (}^B⁾^,^pr^oc^e^d^ur^e^s^tha^t^a^l^low^f^o^r^the^r^e^te^ntio^{n a}ⁿ^d
^dis^s^e^mⁱ^na^{tion of}^inf^o^r^m^a^{tion tha}^t^is^e^v^ideⁿ^c^e^of^a^c^rⁱ^m^e^w^h^ic^{h ha}^s^be^eⁿ^{, is}^be^ing^,^o^r^is^a^b^out^to^be
^c^o^m^m^itte^{d a}^{nd tha}^t^is^to^be^re^taⁱⁿ^e^d^or^disse^mⁱ^na^te^{d f}^o^{r la}^w^eⁿ^f^o^rc^e^m^eⁿ^{t purp}^o^se^{s; a}^nd
⁽^D⁾^notw^iths^t^aⁿ^ding^s^u^bpa^r^a^g^r^a^phs⁽^A⁾^,⁽^B⁾^,^a^{nd (}^C⁾^,^w^{ith r}^e^s^p^e^c^t^{to a}ⁿ^y^phy^sⁱ^c^a^l^s^e^a^r^c^h
^a^ppr^ov^e^d^pur^s^u^aⁿ^{t t}^o^s^e^c^tio^{n 1}⁸²²⁽^a⁾^of^this^ti^tle^{, p}^r^oc^e^dur^e^s^t^h^a^t^r^e^quir^e^t^h^a^tⁿ^oⁱⁿ^f^o^r^m^a^tion,
^m^a^te^rⁱ^a^l^{, or}^pr^ope^r^t^y^of^a^Uⁿ^ite^d^Sta^t^e^s^pe^r^s^{on s}^h^a^{ll be}^dis^c^los^e^d^,^dⁱ^s^s^e^mⁱ^na^te^{d, or}^us^e^d^f^o^r^aⁿ^y
^pur^pose^or^re^ta^ine^d^f^o^{r l}^ong^e^r^thaⁿ⁷²^h^o^u^r^{s, u}ⁿ^le^{ss a}^c^ourt^or^de^{r u}^nde^{r se}^c^tio^{n 1}⁸²⁴^of^{this title}^is
^o^b^t^aiⁿ^e^d^o^r^un^l^e^{ss t}^h^{e A}^t^t^o^rn^ey^Gen^e^ral^d^e^t^e^rmⁱⁿ^{es t}^h^at^t^h^{e i}ⁿ^f^o^rmatⁱ^oⁿⁱⁿ^di^cat^{es a t}^h^reat^o^f^d^eat^h
^or^s^e^rⁱ^ous^b^odily^ha^r^m^{to a}ⁿ^y^pe^r^s^on.
^Se^c^tion³¹^4(a⁾⁽³⁾^of^P.L^.¹⁰^7-1⁰⁸^,^the^Iⁿ^te^llig^eⁿ^c^e^A^u^thoriz^a^tio^{n A}^c^{t of}²⁰⁰^{2, c}^h^aⁿ^g^e^{d the}^pre^v^{ious 24 ho}^{ur pe}^riodⁱⁿ
^the^mⁱ^nimⁱ^za^{tion pr}^oc^e^dur^e^s^un^de^r⁵⁰^U^.^S.C^.^§¹⁸²¹⁽⁴⁾⁽^D⁾^t^o^a⁷²^hou^r^pe^rⁱ^od.
⁷⁵^T^h^e^P^r^e^s^ideⁿ^{t p}^r^ov^ide^d^suc^h^a^u^th^ority^{to the}^A^tto^rⁿ^e^y^G^e^ne^r^a^{l by}^Ex^e^c^u^tiv^e^O^r^de^r¹²⁹^49,^Se^c^tio^{n 1}^,⁶⁰^Fe^d.^Re^g.
⁸¹⁶^{9 (}^F^e^b^r^u^a^r^y^{9, 1}⁹⁹⁵⁾^,^if^the^A^ttorⁿ^e^y^G^e^ne^r^a^l^m^a^k^e^s^the^c^e^r^tifⁱ^c^a^tions^ne^c^e^s^s^a^r^y^unde^r⁵⁰^U^.^S.C^.^{§ 1}⁸²²⁽^a⁾⁽¹⁾^.
⁷⁶^Se^e⁵⁰^U^.^S.C^.^§¹⁸⁰¹⁽^a⁾⁽¹⁾^,⁽²⁾^,^or⁽³⁾^.

certify that there is no substantial likelihood that the physical search will involve the premises,
information, material or property of a U.S. person, and that the proposed minimization procedures ⁷⁷
with respect to the physical search are consistent with 50 U.S.C. § 1821(4)(1)-(4). Under normal
circumstances, these minimization procedures and any changes to them are reported to the House
Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence and the Senate Select Committee on Intelligence by
the Attorney General at least 30 days before their effective date. However, if the Attorney General
determines that immediate action is required, the statute mandates that he advise these
committees immediately of the minimization procedures and the need for them to become
effective immediately. In addition, the Attorney General must assess compliance with these
minimization procedures and report such assessments to these congressional committees.
The certification of the Attorney General for a search under 50 U.S.C. § 1822 is immediately
transmitted under seal to the Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Court, and maintained there under
security measures established by the Chief Justice of the United States with the Attorney
General’s concurrence, in consultation with the Director of National Intelligence. Such a
certification remains under seal unless one of two circumstances arise: (1) either an application
for a court order with respect to the physical search is made to the Foreign Intelligence
Surveillance Court under 50 U.S.C. § 1821(4) (dealing with minimization procedures) and § 1823
(dealing with the process by which a federal officer, with the approval of the Attorney General,
may apply for an order from the FISC approving a physical search for foreign intelligence
gathering purposes); or (2) the certification is needed to determine the legality of a physical
search under 50 U.S.C. § 1825 (dealing with use of the information so gathered).
In connection with physical searches under 50 U.S.C. § 1822, the Attorney General may direct a
landlord, custodian or other specified person to furnish all necessary assistance needed to
accomplish the physical search in a way that would both protect its secrecy and minimize
interference with the services such person provides the target of the search. Such person may also
be directed to maintain any records regarding the search or the aid provided under security
procedures approved by the Attorney General and the Director of National Intelligence. The ⁷⁸
provision of any such aid must be compensated by the Government.
As in the case of applications for electronic surveillance under FISA, the Foreign Intelligence
Surveillance Court (FISC) has jurisdiction to hear applications and grant applications with respect
to physical searches under 50 U.S.C. § 1821 et seq. No FISC judge may hear an application
already denied by another FISC judge. If an application for an order authorizing a physical search
under FISA is denied, the judge denying the application must immediately provide a written
statement of reasons for the denial. If the United States so moves, the record is then transmitted
under seal to the court of review established under 50 U.S.C. § 1803(b). If the court of review
determines that the application was properly denied, it, in turn, must provide a written statement
of the reasons for its decision, which must be transmitted under seal to the Supreme Court upon ⁷⁹
petition for certiorari by the United States. Any of the proceedings with respect to an application
for a physical search under FISA must be conducted expeditiously, and the record of such
proceedings must be kept under appropriate security measures.

⁷⁷^W^h^ile^this^is^t^h^e^c^ita^ti^{on c}^r^os^s^-^r^e^f^e^r^e^nc^e^d^{in Se}^c^tⁱ^on¹⁸²²^{, it a}^ppe^a^r^s^tha^t^t^h^e^c^r^os^s^-^r^e^f^e^r^e^nce^s^houl^d^r^e^a^d^{50 U}^.^S.C^.^§
¹⁸²¹⁽⁴^)(A^)-(D).
⁷⁸^{50 U}^.^S.C^.^§¹⁸²²⁽^a⁾⁽⁴⁾^.
⁷⁹^{50 U}^.^S.C^.^§¹⁸²²⁽^c⁾^,⁽^d⁾^.

The requirements for application for an order for a physical search under FISA are included in 50
U.S.C. § 1823. While tailored to a physical search, the requirements strongly parallel those ⁸⁰
applicable to electronic surveillance under 50 U.S.C. § 1804(a)(1)-(9). Like Section
1804(a)(7)(B) with respect to required certifications for an application for electronic surveillance
under FISA, Section 1823(a)(7)(B) was amended by P.L. 107-56, Section 218, to require that the

⁸⁰^Ea^c^h^a^ppl^ic^a^tion^f^o^r^aⁿ^or^de^r^a^p^p^r^ov^ing^s^u^c^h^a^phy^sⁱ^c^a^l^s^e^a^r^c^h^{, ha}^vⁱ^ng^be^eⁿ^a^ppr^ov^e^d^by^the^A^ttorⁿ^ey^G^e^ne^r^a^{l ba}^s^e^d
^upoⁿ^his^u^nde^r^s^taⁿ^dⁱⁿ^g^tha^t^t^h^e^a^pplic^a^tⁱ^{on s}^a^tis^fⁱ^e^s^the^c^r^ite^rⁱ^a^aⁿ^{d r}^e^qu^ir^e^m^eⁿ^ts^of^{50 U}^.^S.C^.^§¹⁸²¹^et^seq.^{, m}^u^s^t^be
^m^a^de^by^a^Fe^de^ra^{l off}ⁱ^c^e^{r in w}^r^iting^up^on^oa^th^{or a}^f^fⁱ^r^m^a^ti^{on to a}ⁿ^{FISC ju}^dg^e^.^Unde^{r s}^ubse^c^tio^{n (a}⁾^of^Se^c^tion¹⁸²³^,
^t^h^{e ap}^p^lⁱ^catⁱ^o^{n m}^u^stⁱⁿ^cl^ud^e:
^{(1) the}^ideⁿ^t^ity^of^the^Fe^de^ra^{l of}^fⁱ^c^e^r^m^a^kⁱ^ng^the^a^pplic^a^tion;
⁽²⁾^the^a^u^th^or^ity^c^onf^e^r^r^e^{d on t}^h^e^A^ttorⁿ^ey^G^e^ne^r^a^{l by}^the^P^r^e^s^ideⁿ^{t a}^nd^the^a^p^pr^ov^a^l^of^the
^A^ttorne^y^G^e^ne^ra^{l to m}^a^k^e^the^a^p^p^lic^a^tion;
⁽³⁾^the^ideⁿ^t^ity^{, if}^k^now^{n, or}^a^de^s^c^rⁱ^ptio^{n of}^the^s^e^a^r^c^h^{, a}ⁿ^{d a}^de^ta^il^e^d^de^s^c^rⁱ^pti^on^of^the
^pr^e^m^is^es^or^pr^o^p^e^r^ty^{to be}^s^e^a^r^c^h^e^d^a^nd^of^the^inf^o^r^m^a^{tion, m}^a^te^rⁱ^a^l^{, or}^pr^o^p^e^r^ty^{to be}^s^e^iz^e^d^,
^r^e^pr^od^uc^e^d^{, or}^a^lte^r^e^d;
⁽⁴^{) a st}^at^em^en^t^o^f^t^h^{e f}^a^ct^{s an}^d^ci^rcu^m^st^an^c^e^{s rel}ⁱ^e^d^u^p^oⁿ^b^y^t^h^{e ap}^p^lⁱ^can^t^t^o^j^u^stⁱ^f^y^t^h^e
^a^pplic^aⁿ^{t’s be}^lie^f^tha^t^—
^(A^{) t}^h^{e t}^a^rget^o^f^t^h^{e p}^h^y^si^cal^s^ear^chⁱ^s^{a f}^o^rei^gⁿ^p^o^w^{er o}^r^an^agen^t^o^f^{a f}^o^rei^gⁿ^p^o^w^er;
^{(B) the}^pre^m^ise^s^{or pro}^p^e^r^ty^{to be}^se^a^r^c^h^e^d^c^ontaⁱ^{ns f}^o^re^ig^{n i}ⁿ^te^llig^eⁿ^c^e^inf^o^rm^a^{tion; a}ⁿ^d
⁽^C⁾^the^pr^e^m^is^e^s^or^pr^o^p^e^r^ty^{to be}^s^e^a^r^c^h^e^d^is^ow^ne^{d, us}^e^d^{, p}^o^s^s^e^s^s^e^{d by}^{, or}^isⁱⁿ^tr^aⁿ^sⁱ^t
^{to or}^f^r^om^a^f^o^r^e^ig^{n pow}^e^r^or^aⁿ^a^g^eⁿ^{t of}^a^f^o^r^e^ig^{n pow}^e^r^;
⁽⁵⁾^a^s^t^a^t^e^m^eⁿ^{t of}^the^pr^op^os^e^d^mⁱ^nimⁱ^z^a^{tion pr}^oc^e^dur^e^s^;
^{(6) a}^sta^t^e^m^eⁿ^{t of}^the^na^ture^of^th^e^f^o^re^ig^{n inte}^llig^eⁿ^c^e^soug^{ht a}ⁿ^{d t}^h^e^m^a^nne^{r in w}^h^ic^{h the}
^p^h^y^si^cal^sear^chⁱ^s^t^o^b^e^co^nd^u^c^t^e^d;
^{(7) a}^c^e^r^tif^ic^a^{tion or c}^e^r^tif^ic^a^tions^by^the^A^ssist^aⁿ^{t to t}^h^e^P^r^e^s^ideⁿ^t^f^o^{r Na}^tiona^{l Se}^c^u^rity
^Aff^aⁱ^r^{s o}^r^an^execu^tⁱ^v^{e b}^r^an^ch^o^f^fi^ci^al^o^r^o^f^fⁱ^ci^al^{s d}^e^si^gn^at^ed^b^y^t^h^e^P^r^esi^d^en^t^f^r^o^m^a^m^oⁿ^g^t^h^o^s^e
^execu^tⁱ^v^{e b}^r^an^ch^o^f^fⁱ^{cers e}^m^p^l^o^y^edⁱⁿ^t^h^{e area o}^fⁿ^a^tⁱ^oⁿ^a^l^secu^ri^t^y^o^r^d^e^f^eⁿ^s^{e an}^d^app^oⁱⁿ^t^ed^b^y^t^h^e
^P^r^esi^d^eⁿ^t^,^b^y^an^d^wⁱ^t^h^t^h^{e ad}^vi^ce^an^d^con^s^en^t^o^f^t^h^{e S}^eⁿ^a^t^e^—
^(A^{) t}^h^at^t^h^{e cert}ⁱ^f^yⁱⁿ^g^o^f^fⁱ^ci^al^d^{eems t}^h^{e i}ⁿ^f^o^rm^a^{tion soug}^ht^to^be^f^o^re^ig^{n inte}^ll^ig^eⁿ^c^e
^inf^o^rm^a^tion;
^{(B) th}^at^{a sig}ⁿ^ific^aⁿ^t^pur^pose^of^t^h^e^se^a^r^c^h^{is to}^obtaⁱ^{n f}^o^re^ig^{n in}^te^llig^eⁿ^c^e^inf^o^rm^a^tion;
⁽^C⁾^tha^t^s^u^c^h^inf^o^r^m^a^{tion c}^aⁿⁿ^o^{t r}^e^a^s^ona^bly^be^obtaⁱ^ne^{d by}^nor^m^a^{l inv}^e^s^tig^a^tiv^e
^t^echⁿⁱ^qu^es;
^{(D) th}^{at d}^e^sigⁿ^{ates th}^{e ty}^p^e^o^f^f^o^reigⁿⁱⁿ^tellig^en^{ce in}^f^o^rm^atioⁿ^b^eⁱⁿ^g^so^u^g^h^t^acco^rdⁱⁿ^g^to
^the^c^a^t^e^g^orie^{s de}^sc^ribe^{d in}^se^c^tio^{n 1}⁸⁰¹^(e^{) of}^this^title^;
^a^nd
^(E^{) i}ⁿ^cl^u^d^e^{s a st}^at^em^en^t^exp^l^aiⁿⁱⁿ^g^t^h^{e b}^a^si^{s f}^o^{r t}^h^{e cert}ⁱ^fⁱ^catⁱ^oⁿ^s^req^uⁱ^{red b}^y
^s^ubpa^r^a^g^r^a^phs⁽^C⁾^aⁿ^{d (}^D⁾^;
⁽⁸^{) w}^h^{ere t}^h^{e p}^h^y^si^cal^searchⁱⁿ^vo^l^v^{es a search}^o^f^t^h^{e resi}^d^eⁿ^{ce o}^f^{a Un}ⁱ^t^e^d^S^t^at^{es p}^e^rsoⁿ^,^t^h^e
^A^ttorne^y^G^e^ne^ra^{l sha}^{ll sta}^t^e^w^h^a^t^inv^e^stig^a^tiv^e^t^e^c^hnique^{s ha}^v^e^pre^v^iously^be^eⁿ^utiliz^e^d^t^o^obtaⁱⁿ
^the^f^o^re^ig^{n inte}^llig^eⁿ^c^e^inf^o^rm^a^{tion c}^o^nc^e^r^ne^{d a}^{nd t}^h^e^de^g^r^e^e^{to w}^h^ic^{h t}^h^e^s^e^te^c^hniq^u^e^s^re^sulte^dⁱⁿ
^a^c^quirⁱ^ng^s^u^c^h^inf^o^r^m^a^{tion; a}ⁿ^d
⁽⁹^{) a st}^at^em^en^t^o^f^t^h^{e f}^a^ct^{s co}ⁿ^cernⁱⁿ^g^al^l^p^r^evi^o^u^s^app^lⁱ^catⁱ^oⁿ^s^t^h^at^h^a^{ve b}^een^m^a^d^e^t^o^an^y
^judg^e^u^nde^r^t^h^is^s^u^bc^ha^pte^rⁱⁿ^v^o^l^v^ing^aⁿ^y^o^f^the^pe^r^s^ons^,^pr^e^m^is^e^s^,^or^pr^o^p^e^r^ty^s^p^e^cⁱ^fⁱ^e^d^{in the}
^ap^p^lⁱ^catⁱ^oⁿ^,^and^t^h^{e act}ⁱ^oⁿ^t^a^ken^oⁿ^each^p^r^evi^o^u^s^app^lⁱ^catⁱ^oⁿ^.⁽^E^m^p^h^a^si^{s ad}^d^e^d^.⁾
^U^nde^r^Se^c^tioⁿ¹⁸²³⁽^b)^{, t}^h^e^A^ttorⁿ^e^y^G^e^ne^r^a^l^m^a^y^r^e^quir^e^aⁿ^y^othe^r^a^f^fⁱ^da^v^{it or}^c^e^r^tif^ic^a^{tion f}^r^o^m^aⁿ^y^othe^r
^o^f^fⁱ^{cer i}ⁿ^coⁿⁿ^ectⁱ^oⁿ^wⁱ^t^h^aⁿ^app^lⁱ^catⁱ^oⁿ^f^o^{r a ph}^y^sⁱ^cal^se^arch^t^h^at^h^e^d^eem^{s ap}^p^r^o^p^rⁱ^a^t^e^.^Und^e^{r S}^ectⁱ^oⁿ¹⁸²³⁽^c),^t^h^e
^{FISC ju}^dg^e^{to w}^hom^the^a^p^p^lic^a^{tion is s}^ubm^itte^{d m}^a^y^a^l^so^re^quire^tha^t^the^a^p^plic^aⁿ^t^pr^ov^ide^ot^he^{r i}ⁿ^f^o^rm^a^{tion a}^s
^ne^e^d^e^d^t^o^m^a^ke^the^de^te^r^m^ina^tion^s^ne^c^e^s^s^a^r^y^unde^r^{50 U}^.^S.C^.^§¹⁸^24.

Assistant to the President for National Security Affairs or designated Executive Branch official⁸¹
certify, among other things, that a significant purpose (rather than “that the purpose”) of the ⁸²
physical search is to obtain foreign intelligence information. Section 1823(d) also parallels
Section 1804(e) (dealing with requirements for some applications for electronic surveillance
under FISA), in that, if requested in writing by the Director of the FBI, the Secretary of Defense, ⁸³
the Secretary of State, or the Director of National Intelligence, the Attorney General must
personally review an application for a FISA physical search if the target is one described by
Section 1801(b)(2). 50 U.S.C. § 1801(b)(2) deals with targets who knowingly engage in
clandestine intelligence gathering activities involving or possibly involving violations of federal
criminal laws by or on behalf of a foreign power; targets who, at the direction of an intelligence
service or network of a foreign power, engage in other clandestine intelligence activities
involving or potentially involving federal crimes by or on behalf of a foreign power; targets who
knowingly engage in sabotage or international terrorism, activities in preparation for sabotage or
international terrorism, or activities on behalf of a foreign power; targets who knowingly aid,
abet, or conspire with anyone to engage in any of the previously listed categories of activities; or
targets who knowingly enter the United States under false identification by or on behalf or a
foreign power or who assume a false identity on behalf of a foreign power while present in the ⁸⁴
United States.
Should the Attorney General, after reviewing an application, decide not to approve it, he must
provide written notice of his determination to the official requesting the review of the application,
setting forth any modifications needed for the Attorney General to approve it. The official so
notified must supervise the making of the suggested modifications if the official deems them
warranted. Unless the Attorney General or the official involved is disabled or otherwise unable to
carry out his or her respective responsibilities under Section 1823, those responsibilities are non-
delegable.

⁸¹^Iⁿ^Se^c^tⁱ^on²^of^E.O^.¹²⁹^49,⁶⁰^F^e^{d. Re}^g.⁸¹⁶⁹⁽^F^e^b^r^u^a^r^y^{9, 19}⁹⁵⁾^,^a^s^am^e^nde^{d by}^Se^c^tion^{2 of}^E.O^.¹³³⁸³^{, 7}⁰^Fe^d.
^R^e^g^.^41,9³³⁽^J^uly^15,²⁰⁰⁵⁾^{, t}^h^e^P^r^e^s^ideⁿ^{t a}^u^t^hor^iz^e^d^the^A^ttorⁿ^e^y^G^e^ne^r^a^{l to a}^ppr^ov^e^a^p^p^lic^a^tions^t^o^the^For^e^igⁿ
^Inte^llig^eⁿ^c^e^Surv^e^illa^nc^e^Co^urt^u^nde^{r 5}⁰^U.^S.C.^§¹⁸^23,^to^ob^taⁱⁿ^c^ourt^orde^{rs f}^o^{r p}^h^y^s^ic^a^l^se^a^r^c^h^e^s^f^o^{r the}^p^u^rp^ose^of
^c^o^lle^c^ting^f^o^re^ig^{n inte}^llig^eⁿ^c^e^inf^o^rm^a^{tion. In}^Se^c^tion³^of^tha^t^e^x^e^c^u^tiv^e^orde^{r, t}^h^e^P^r^e^s^ideⁿ^{t de}^sigⁿ^a^te^{d the}^Se^c^r^e^t^a^r^y
^of^Sta^t^e^,^the^Se^c^r^e^t^a^r^y^o^f^De^f^e^nse^,^the^Dire^c^t^or^of^Na^tiona^{l I}ⁿ^te^llig^eⁿ^c^e^,^the^Dire^c^t^or^of^the^Fe^de^ra^l^Bure^a^u^of
^In^vestⁱ^g^atⁱ^oⁿ^,^t^h^{e Dep}^u^t^y^S^ecret^a^r^y^o^f^S^t^at^e,^t^h^{e Dep}^u^t^y^S^ecret^ar^y^o^f^De^f^eⁿ^s^e,^t^h^{e Di}^rect^o^r^o^f^t^h^{e Ce}ⁿ^t^ral^In^t^e^l^lⁱ^g^en^ce
^Ag^eⁿ^c^y^{, a}^{nd the}^P^rⁱⁿ^cⁱ^pa^{l De}^p^u^ty^Dire^c^t^{or of}^Na^tiona^{l I}ⁿ^te^llig^eⁿ^c^e^{to m}^a^ke^the^c^e^r^tif^ic^a^{tions re}^quire^{d by}^{50 U.}^S.C.^§
¹⁸²^3(a⁾⁽⁷⁾^,ⁱⁿ^sup^p^o^r^{t of}^aⁿ^a^p^pli^c^a^{tion f}^o^{r a}^c^our^{t or}^de^{r f}^o^{r a}^p^h^y^s^ic^a^l^se^a^r^c^h^f^o^{r f}^o^reⁱ^g^{n inte}^llig^eⁿ^c^e^purp^o^se^{s. No}^ne
^o^f^t^h^{ese o}^f^fⁱ^ci^al^s^m^a^y^ex^erci^{se t}^hⁱ^s^au^t^h^o^rⁱ^t^y^t^o^m^a^{ke t}^h^{e ap}^p^r^op^ri^at^{e cert}ⁱ^fⁱ^c^atⁱ^oⁿ^s^un^l^e^{ss h}^e^o^r^sh^{e i}^s^ap^p^oⁱⁿ^t^e^{d b}^y^t^h^e
^P^r^esi^d^eⁿ^t^,^wⁱ^t^h^t^h^{e ad}^vi^{ce an}^d^c^oⁿ^s^en^t^o^f^t^h^e^S^eⁿ^a^t^e^.
⁸²^Se^c^tion³⁰³⁽^a⁾⁽⁷⁾⁽^B⁾^of^FI^SA^{, 50}^U^.^S.C^.^§¹⁸²³⁽^a⁾⁽⁷⁾⁽^B⁾⁽^s^e^e^ita^lic^iz^e^d^la^ng^ua^g^e^{in the}^qu^ote^of^the^s^t^a^t^utor^y^s^e^c^tion
^{in f}^oot^note^57,^s^upr^a^).^Ex^tra^pola^t^ing^f^r^om^the^{U.S. Fore}^ig^{n I}ⁿ^te^llig^eⁿ^c^e^Surv^e^illa^nc^e^Court^of^Re^vⁱ^e^w^{’s inte}^rpre^ta^tion
^of^the^“^s^ig^nifⁱ^c^aⁿ^{t pur}^p^o^s^e^”^la^ng^u^a^g^e^a^s^a^pplie^{d to e}^l^e^c^t^r^o^nic^s^u^r^v^eⁱ^lla^nc^e^un^de^r^FI^SA^{in I}ⁿ^r^e^Se^a^l^e^d^C^a^s^e^{, 310}^F.3^d
⁷¹⁷^{, 7}²⁸^-³⁸⁽^U^.S.^For^e^igⁿ^Iⁿ^te^ll^.^Sur^v^e^{il. C}^t^{. R}^e^v^.²⁰⁰²⁾^,^this^la^ng^ua^g^e^a^ppe^a^r^s^{to e}^x^c^l^ude^FI^SA^a^s^a^u^thor^ity^f^o^r^a
^p^h^y^si^cal^sear^ch^w^h^{ere t}^h^{e so}^l^e^p^u^rp^o^s^{e o}^f^anⁱⁿ^vestⁱ^g^atⁱ^oⁿⁱ^s^cri^mⁱⁿ^al^p^r^o^s^ecu^tⁱ^oⁿ^.^T^h^{e go}^vern^men^t^m^u^st^h^a^{ve a}
^m^e^a^s^ura^b^le^f^o^re^ig^{n inte}^llig^eⁿ^c^e^purp^o^se^othe^r^thaⁿ^c^r^im^ina^l^prose^c^u^tio^{n, e}^v^eⁿ^of^f^o^re^ig^{n inte}^llig^eⁿ^c^e^c^r^im^e^s^{, in or}^de^{r to}
^s^a^tis^f^y^the^“^s^ig^nifⁱ^ca^{nt pur}^pos^e^”^s^t^a^nda^r^d^.^T^h^is^r^e^a^s^oning^s^u^g^g^e^s^t^s^tha^t^the^pr^im^a^r^y^pur^pos^e^of^theⁱⁿ^v^e^s^tig^a^{tion m}^a^y^be
^c^r^im^ina^l^prose^c^u^tion^,^so^lo^ng^a^s^c^o^lle^c^tio^{n of}^f^o^re^ig^{n in}^te^llig^eⁿ^c^eⁱⁿ^f^o^rm^a^{tion is a}^l^so^a^sigⁿ^if^ic^aⁿ^{t pu}^rpose^of^the
^search^.
⁸³^T^h^e^a^u^thori^t^y^of^the^s^e^offⁱ^cⁱ^a^l^{s to m}^a^k^e^suc^h^a^w^r^itte^{n re}^que^{st is no}^n-de^le^g^a^ble^e^x^c^e^p^{t w}^h^e^r^e^suc^h^offⁱ^cⁱ^a^l^{is disa}^ble^d
^or^uⁿ^a^v^a^ila^ble^.^Ea^c^h^m^u^s^t^m^a^k^e^pr^ov^is^ion^{in a}^d^v^a^nc^e^f^o^r^de^le^g^a^{tion of}^this^a^u^th^or^ity^s^houl^d^he^or^s^h^e^be^c^o^m^e^dis^a^ble^d
^o^r^un^avai^l^a^b^l^e.⁵⁰^U.^S^.^C^.^{§ 18}²³⁽^d⁾⁽¹⁾⁽^B⁾^aⁿ^d⁽^C⁾^.
⁸⁴^Se^e^f^ootno^te⁴⁴^,^sup^r^a^.

As in the case of the issuance of an order approving electronic surveillance under 50 U.S.C. §
1805(a), certain findings by the FISC judge are required before an order may be forthcoming
authorizing a physical search for foreign intelligence information under 50 U.S.C. § 1824(a).
Once an application under Section 1823 has been filed, an FISC judge must enter an ex parte
order, either as requested or as modified, approving the physical search if the requisite findings
are made. These include findings that:
⁽¹⁾^th^{e P}^r^esid^en^{t h}^a^{s au}^t^h^o^rⁱ^zed^th^{e Atto}^rⁿ^e^y^Geⁿ^e^r^a^{l to}^ap^p^r^o^v^{e ap}^p^licatioⁿ^s^f^o^r
^phy^sⁱ^{cal s}^earch^e^s^f^o^{r f}^o^rei^gⁿⁱⁿ^telli^g^eⁿ^{ce pu}^rpos^es^;
^{(2) t}^h^{e appl}ⁱ^catⁱ^{on h}^a^s^been^{made by}^a^F^e^deral^offⁱ^{cer a}ⁿ^{d a}^pprov^{ed by}^t^h^e^A^t^t^o^rn^e^y
^Gen^e^r^a^l;
⁽³⁾^oⁿ^th^{e b}^a^{sis o}^f^th^e^f^{acts s}^u^b^m^itted^b^y^th^{e ap}^p^lican^{t t}^h^er^{e is p}^r^o^b^a^b^l^{e cau}^{se to}^b^e^liev^e
^th^at—
^(A^{) th}^{e tar}^g^{et of}^t^h^{e phy}^sⁱ^ca^{l s}^earch^is^a^f^o^reign^po^w^e^{r or an}^ag^eⁿ^{t of}^a^f^o^reign
^po^w^e^{r, ex}^{cept th}^{at n}^o^Un^ited^States^pers^on^m^a^y^{be con}^s^{idered an}^ag^en^{t of}^{a f}^o^reigⁿ
^p^o^w^e^r^so^lel^y^oⁿ^th^{e b}^a^sⁱ^{s o}^f^acti^v^itie^{s p}^r^o^t^ected^b^y^t^h^e^fⁱ^r^s^t^a^m^en^d^m^en^t^to^t^h^e
^Coⁿ^s^titu^tioⁿ^o^f^t^h^{e U}ⁿ^ited^Stat^{es; an}^d
^{(B) t}^h^{e prem}ⁱ^s^es^{or propert}^y^t^o^{be s}^earch^{ed i}^s^owⁿ^e^{d, us}^{ed, pos}^s^e^s^s^e^{d b}^y^{, or i}^sⁱⁿ
^tr^an^{sit to}^o^r^f^r^o^m^aⁿ^ag^eⁿ^{t o}^f^a^f^o^r^e^igⁿ^p^o^w^e^r^o^r^{a f}^o^r^e^igⁿ^p^o^w^er^;
^{(4) t}^h^{e pr}^opos^ed^mⁱⁿⁱ^mⁱ^zatⁱ^oⁿ^procedu^r^es^m^e^e^t^t^h^e^d^e^fⁱⁿ^itioⁿ^o^f^mⁱⁿⁱ^mⁱ^zatioⁿ^coⁿ^t^ain^e^d
ⁱⁿ^th^{is s}^u^b^c^h^a^p^t^er^{; a}ⁿ^d
⁽⁵⁾^th^{e ap}^p^licatioⁿ^w^h^ic^h^h^a^{s b}^een^f^iled^coⁿ^t^aiⁿ^s^al^{l s}^t^a^t^e^m^ents^aⁿ^{d certi}^fⁱ^catioⁿ^s
^requ^{ired by}^s^ectioⁿ^{1823 of}^th^is^title,^an^{d, i}^f^t^h^e^targ^et^is^{a U}ⁿ^{ited State}^s^pers^on^,^th^e
^certif^icatioⁿ^{or certif}^ication^s^a^r^{e n}^o^{t clearly}^er^ron^e^ou^s^on^t^h^{e bas}ⁱ^s^of^t^h^{e s}^t^at^e^m^eⁿ^t^m^a^de
^uⁿ^d^{er s}^ection^1823(a)(⁷^)(E)^of^th^is^{title an}^{d any}^ot^h^e^{r inf}^o^r^m^ation^fu^rnⁱ^s^h^e^{d un}^{der s}^ection
¹⁸²³^{(c) of}^th^is^title.
Like Section 1805(b) regarding electronic surveillance under FISA, an FISC judge making a
probable cause determination under Section 1824 may consider the target’s past activities, plus ⁸⁵
facts and circumstances pertinent to the target’s present or future activities.
As in the case of an order under 50 U.S.C. § 1805(c) with respect to electronic surveillance, an
order granting an application for a physical search under FISA must meet statutory requirements
in 50 U.S.C. § 1824(c) as to specifications and directions. An order approving a physical search
must specify:
⁽^A⁾^th^{e id}^eⁿ^tit^y^,^if^kⁿ^o^wⁿ^,^o^r^{a d}^e^scrⁱ^p^tioⁿ^o^f^th^{e tar}^g^e^t^o^f^t^h^{e p}^h^y^sica^{l sear}^ch^;
^(B^{) th}^{e n}^a^tu^{re an}^{d location}^o^f^each^of^t^h^{e pre}^m^is^e^s^of^proper^t^y^{to be s}^earch^ed;
^(C^{) t}^h^{e t}^y^{pe of}ⁱⁿ^f^o^r^m^atⁱ^oⁿ^,^m^a^t^e^ri^al^{, or pr}^opert^y^t^o^{be s}^eⁱ^{zed, al}^t^e^red,^{or re}^pro^d^u^ced;

⁸⁵^{50 U}^.^S.C^.^§¹⁸²⁴⁽^b)^.

^{(D) a s}^t^atem^eⁿ^{t of}^t^h^e^m^aⁿⁿ^e^{r in}^w^h^ich^t^h^{e phy}^sⁱ^{cal s}^earc^h^is^{to be con}^d^u^c^{ted an}^d,
^w^h^eⁿ^ev^er^m^o^{re t}^h^{an on}^{e p}^h^y^sⁱ^{cal s}^{earch is}^a^u^t^h^{orized un}^{der t}^h^{e order, th}^{e a}^u^t^h^{orized s}^c^ope
^of^each^s^earch^an^d^w^h^at^mⁱⁿⁱ^mization^procedu^r^es^s^h^{all appl}^y^t^o^th^{e in}^f^o^r^m^ation^acquⁱ^red^by
^each^s^earch^{; a}ⁿ^d
^{(E) th}^{e period}^of^ti^m^e^du^riⁿ^g^w^h^ic^h^th^{e phy}^sⁱ^{cal s}^earc^h^es^ar^{e approv}^{ed; ..}^..
In addition, the order must direct:
^(A^{) th}^{at t}^h^e^mⁱⁿⁱ^mⁱ^zation^procedu^r^es^{be f}^o^llo^w^e^d;
^{(B) t}^h^at^{, u}^{pon t}^h^{e requ}^e^s^t^o^f^t^h^{e appl}ⁱ^c^aⁿ^t^,^a^s^p^eci^fⁱ^ed^l^aⁿ^d^l^o^{rd, cu}^s^t^odi^an^{, or ot}^h^e^r
^sp^ecifⁱ^ed^p^e^r^s^oⁿ^f^u^rⁿⁱ^s^h^t^h^{e ap}^p^lican^{t f}^o^r^t^h^wⁱ^t^h^{all in}^f^o^r^m^atioⁿ^,^f^acilit^{ies, o}^r^assistaⁿ^ce
ⁿ^eces^sar^y^to^acco^m^p^li^sh^th^{e p}^h^y^s^ical^searchⁱⁿ^su^c^h^a^m^aⁿⁿ^e^r^as^w^{ill p}^r^o^t^{ect its}^secrec^y^aⁿ^d
^produ^{ce a}^mⁱⁿⁱ^m^u^m^o^fⁱⁿ^ter^f^eren^ce^w^ith^t^h^{e s}^e^rv^ice^s^th^{at s}^u^c^h^lan^d^{lord, cu}^s^t^odian^{, or oth}^e^r
^p^e^r^s^oⁿ^{is p}^r^o^v^idⁱⁿ^g^to^th^{e tar}^g^{et o}^f^th^{e p}^h^y^sica^{l sear}^ch^;
^(C^{) t}^h^at^s^u^c^h^l^aⁿ^d^l^o^{rd, cu}^s^t^odi^an^{, or ot}^h^e^{r pe}^rs^on^m^aⁱⁿ^t^aⁱⁿ^un^{der s}^ecu^ri^t^y^procedu^r^es⁸⁶
^ap^p^r^o^v^ed^b^y^th^e^Atto^rⁿ^e^y^Gen^e^r^a^{l an}^d^th^{e Dir}^ecto^r^o^f^Natioⁿ^a^{l I}ⁿ^te^llig^eⁿ^ce^any^records
^con^cernⁱⁿ^g^t^h^{e s}^earc^h^{or th}^{e aid f}^u^rnis^h^e^{d th}^{at s}^u^c^h^pers^on^wis^h^e^s^{to retain}^;
⁽^D⁾^th^at^th^e^ap^p^lican^t^co^m^p^eⁿ^{sate, at}^th^e^p^r^ev^ailiⁿ^g^r^a^te,^su^ch^laⁿ^d^lo^r^d^{, cu}^sto^dⁱ^aⁿ^{, o}^r
^ot^h^e^{r pers}^on^f^o^{r fu}^rnⁱ^s^hⁱ^ng^such^ai^d;^an^d
^{(E) t}^h^at^t^h^e^f^e^deral^of^fⁱ^{cer condu}^ctⁱⁿ^g^t^h^{e phy}^sⁱ^cal^s^earch^prom^pt^l^y^report^t^o^t^h^{e cou}^r^t⁸⁷
^th^{e circum}^s^t^an^ce^s^an^{d res}^u^lts^of^th^{e phy}^sⁱ^{cal s}^earch^.
Subsection 1824(d) sets the limits on the duration of orders under this section and makes ⁸⁸
provision for extensions of such orders if certain criteria are met.

⁸⁶^Sectioⁿ¹⁰⁷¹^{(e) rep}^l^aced^“Directo^r^o^f^Cen^t^{ral I}ⁿ^tellig^en^{ce” w}^ith^“Directo^r^o^f^Natioⁿ^a^{l I}ⁿ^tellig^en^{ce” in}^each^p^l^ace
^w^h^{ere i}^t^ap^p^earedⁱⁿ^F^I^S^A^.^T^hⁱ^s^w^a^{s o}ⁿ^e^o^f^t^h^o^s^{e l}^o^catⁱ^oⁿ^s^.
⁸⁷^{50 U}^.^S.C^.^§¹⁸²⁴⁽^c⁾⁽¹⁾^,⁽²⁾^.
⁸⁸^P^.^L^.¹⁰^7-⁵⁶^,^Se^c^tion²⁰⁷⁽^a⁾⁽²⁾^,^a^m^e^nde^{d 5}⁰^U^.^S^.^C^.^{§ 1}⁸²⁴⁽^d⁾⁽¹⁾^s^o^tha^t^it^pr^ov^ide^d^:
⁽¹^{) A}ⁿ^o^r^d^e^r^uⁿ^d^e^{r t}^hⁱ^s^sectⁱ^o^{n ma}^y^ap^p^r^o^v^{e a p}^h^y^si^cal^sear^ch^f^o^{r t}^h^{e p}^e^ri^odⁿ^ecessar^y^t^o
^a^c^h^ie^v^e^{its purp}^o^se^{, or f}^o^r⁹⁰^da^y^s^{, w}^h^ic^he^v^e^{r is le}^{ss, e}^x^c^e^p^{t tha}^t^(A⁾^aⁿ^or^de^r^u^nde^r^this^s^e^c^tioⁿ
^sh^al^l^ap^p^r^o^v^{e a p}^h^y^si^cal^sear^ch^t^a^rget^ed^agaiⁿ^s^t^{a f}^o^rei^gⁿ^p^o^w^er,^as^d^e^fⁱⁿ^e^dⁱⁿ^p^a^ragrap^h⁽¹⁾^,⁽²⁾^,^or
⁽³⁾^of^s^e^c^tion¹⁰¹⁽^a⁾^[⁵^{0 U}^.^S^.^C^.^§¹⁸⁰¹⁽^b)⁽¹⁾⁽^A⁾^]^,^f^o^r^the^pe^rⁱ^o^d^s^p^e^cⁱ^fⁱ^e^d^{in t}^h^e^a^p^p^lic^a^tion^or^f^o^r
^one^y^e^a^r^,^w^h^ic^he^v^e^{r is le}^ss^{, and (}^B⁾^an^or^de^r^un^de^r^this^s^e^c^tio^{n f}^o^r^{a p}^h^y^s^ic^{al s}^e^ar^c^h^a^gai^ns^{t a}ⁿ
^age^nt^of^{a f}^o^r^e^ig^{n p}^o^w^e^r^as^de^fin^e^d^{in s}^e^c^tioⁿ¹⁰¹⁽^b)⁽¹⁾⁽^A)^[^{50 U}^.^S.C^.^{§ 1}⁸⁰¹⁽^b⁾⁽¹⁾⁽^A⁾^]^m^a^y^be^f^o^r
^th^{e p}^e^rio^d^sp^ecifiedⁱⁿ^th^e^a^p^p^lica^tioⁿ^o^r^f^o^{r 1}²⁰^d^a^{ys, wh}^ich^{ever is}^less^.
^T^h^{e l}^aⁿ^g^u^a^{ge i}ⁿⁱ^t^a^lⁱ^c^{s ref}^l^ect^{s t}^h^{e ch}^an^ges^m^a^d^e^b^y^P^.^L^.¹⁰⁷^-⁵⁶^.^T^h^{e 9}⁰^d^a^y^tⁱ^m^{e p}^e^ri^o^d^ref^l^ect^edⁱⁿ^t^h^{e f}ⁱ^rst^sen^t^en^ce
^rep^l^aced^earlⁱ^e^{r l}^aⁿ^g^u^a^ge^w^hⁱ^c^h^pro^vⁱ^d^ed^f^o^{r 45}^d^a^y^s^.
^Se^c^tion²⁰⁷⁽^b)⁽²⁾^of^P^.^L^.¹⁰^7-⁵⁶^am^e^nde^{d 5}⁰^U^.^S.C^.^§¹⁸²⁴⁽^d⁾⁽²⁾^{to pr}^ov^ide^:
^{(2) Ex}^te^ns^io^ns^of^aⁿ^orde^{r is}^s^u^e^d^unde^r^this^title^[⁵^{0 U}^.^S.C.^§§¹⁸²¹^e^t^s^e^q.^]^m^a^y^be^g^r^aⁿ^te^d
^{on t}^h^e^s^a^m^e^ba^sⁱ^s^a^s^the^or^ig^ina^l^or^de^r^u^p^oⁿ^aⁿ^a^p^p^lic^a^tion^f^o^r^aⁿ^e^x^te^ns^{ion a}ⁿ^d^ne^w^fⁱ^nding^s^m^a^de
^{in t}^h^e^s^a^m^e^m^a^nne^r^a^s^r^e^quir^e^{d f}^o^r^the^or^ig^ina^l^or^de^r^,^e^x^c^e^p^{t tha}^t^aⁿ^e^x^te^ns^ion^of^aⁿ^or^de^r^un^de^r
^t^hⁱ^s^A^c^t^f^o^{r a p}^h^y^si^c^a^l^search^t^a^rg^et^ed^agaiⁿ^s^t^{a f}^o^rei^gⁿ^p^o^w^er,^{as d}^e^fⁱⁿ^e^dⁱⁿ^sectⁱ^o^{n 10}¹⁽^a)(5⁾^o^r⁽⁶⁾
^[^{50 U}^.^S.C^.^§¹⁸⁰¹⁽^a⁾⁽⁵⁾^or⁽⁶⁾^]^,^o^r^a^g^aⁱ^ns^{t a}^f^o^r^e^ig^{n pow}^e^r^{, a}^s^de^fⁱⁿ^e^{d in s}^e^c^tioⁿ¹⁰¹⁽^a⁾⁽⁴⁾^[⁵⁰
^U.^S^.^C.^§¹⁸⁰¹^(a)(4⁾^]^,^t^h^atⁱ^s^no^t^{a Un}ⁱ^t^e^d^S^t^at^{es p}^e^rsoⁿ^,^or^ag^ains^t^{an age}^{nt of a}^for^eⁱ^{gn pow}^e^r^as
^de^fine^dⁱⁿ^s^e^c^tio^{n 10}¹⁽^b)⁽¹⁾⁽^A)^[⁵⁰^U^.^S^.^C^.^§¹⁸⁰¹⁽^b⁾⁽¹⁾⁽^A⁾^]^,^m^a^y^b^e^f^o^{r a p}^e^ri^o^dⁿ^o^t^t^o^exceed^oⁿ^e
^y^e^a^rⁱ^f^the^judg^e^fⁱ^nds^pr^o^b^a^b^le^c^a^us^e^{to be}^lie^v^e^tha^t^no^pr^ope^r^t^y^of^aⁿ^y^indivⁱ^dua^{l U}ⁿ^ite^d^Sta^t^e^s
^pe^{rson w}^{ill be}^a^c^q^uire^d^dur^ing^th^e^pe^riod^.
⁽^c^onti^nue^d.^..)

50 U.S.C. § 1824(e)—Emergency Authorization of a Physical Search upon Attorney General
Certification while FISC Order Is Pursued. Subsection 1824(e) deals with emergency orders for
physical searches. It permits the Attorney General, under certain circumstances, to authorize
execution of a physical search if the Attorney General or his designee informs an FISC judge that
the decision to execute an emergency search has been made, and an application under 50 U.S.C. § ⁸⁹
1821 et seq. is made to that judge as soon as possible, within 72 hours after the Attorney
General authorizes the search. The Attorney General’s decision to authorize such a search must be
premised upon a determination that “an emergency situation exists with respect to the execution
of a physical search to obtain foreign intelligence information before an order authorizing such
search can with due diligence be obtained,” and “the factual basis for issuance of an order under ⁹⁰
this title [50 U.S.C. § 1821 et seq.] to approve such a search exists.” If such an emergency
search is authorized by the Attorney General, he must require that the minimization procedures
required for issuance of a judicial order for a physical search under 18 U.S.C. § 1821 et seq. be ⁹¹
followed. If there is no judicial order for a such a physical search, then the search must
terminate on the earliest of the date on which the information sought is obtained, the date on
which the application for the order is denied, or the expiration of the 72 hour period from the ⁹²
Attorney General’s authorization of the emergency search. If an application for approval is
denied or if the search is terminated and no order approving the search is issued, then neither
information obtained from the search nor evidence derived from the search may be used in
evidence or disclosed in any
^{... trial, h}^eariⁿ^g^,^{or oth}^e^{r proceedin}^{g in or bef}^o^{re a}ⁿ^y^cou^r^t,^gran^{d j}^u^r^y^{, depart}^m^eⁿ^t^{, o}^f^fⁱ^ce,
^ag^en^c^y^{, regu}^lator^y^body^{, le}^gⁱ^s^l^ativ^{e co}^mm^{ittee, or oth}^e^{r a}^u^t^h^orit^y^o^f^t^h^{e U}ⁿ^{ited State}^s^{, a}
^{State, o}^r^p^o^{litical su}^b^dⁱ^vⁱ^sioⁿ^th^er^eo^f^,^an^dⁿ^oⁱⁿ^f^o^r^m^atioⁿ^coⁿ^cerⁿⁱⁿ^g^aⁿ^y^Uⁿ^ited^State^s
^pers^on^acquⁱ^{red f}^r^o^m^s^u^c^h^s^e^arch^sh^al^l^su^bs^equ^eⁿ^t^l^y^{be used or di}^s^c^l^o^s^e^{d i}ⁿ^any^ot^h^e^r
^m^aⁿⁿ^{er b}^y^{Federal of}^fⁱ^cer^s^{or e}^m^p^l^o^y^ees^wⁱ^th^o^u^{t th}^{e cons}^en^t^of^s^u^ch^p^e^r^s^oⁿ^,^e^x^c^e^p^t^wⁱ^t^h^th^e
^ap^p^r^o^v^{al o}^f^th^{e A}^tto^rⁿ^e^y^Geⁿ^e^r^a^{l, if}^th^{e in}^f^o^r^m^a^tionⁱⁿ^dicat^es^{a th}^{reat of}^death^{or s}^e^riou^s
^bodi^l^y^h^a^r^m^t^o^any^pers^on^.^A^denⁱ^al^of^t^h^{e appl}ⁱ^catⁱ^oⁿ^m^a^{de un}^{der t}^hⁱ^s^su^bs^ectⁱ^oⁿ^m^a^y^be⁹³
^revⁱ^e^w^{ed as}^provⁱ^d^{ed i}ⁿ^s^ectⁱ^oⁿ^{302 [5}^{0 U}^.^S^.^C^.^{§ 18}^22].
Subsection 1824(f) requires retention of applications made and orders granted under 50 U.S.C. §

1821 et seq., for a minimum of ten years from the date of the application.

^(...c^on^tin^ue^d)
^(E^m^p^h^a^si^{s ad}^d^e^d^.^{) S}^ectⁱ^oⁿ¹⁰⁵⁽^b⁾^o^f^P^.^L^.¹⁰⁹^-¹⁷⁷^,^am^en^d^e^d^su^b^s^ectⁱ^o^{n 18}²⁴^(d⁾⁽²⁾^t^o^rep^l^{ace “as d}^e^fⁱⁿ^e^dⁱⁿ^sectⁱ^oⁿ
¹⁰¹⁽^b⁾⁽¹⁾⁽^A⁾^,^”^w^{ith “}^w^{ho is}ⁿ^o^{t a}^Uⁿ^ite^d^Sta^t^e^s^pe^r^s^on^.”^T^hus^{, a}^s^a^m^e^nde^d,^pr^ov^ide^sⁱⁿ^pe^r^tⁱⁿ^eⁿ^t^pa^r^t^tha^t^aⁿ^e^x^te^ns^ion
^o^f^{a F}^I^S^A^o^r^d^e^{r f}^o^{r a p}^h^y^si^cal^sea^r^ch^t^a^rget^ed^agaiⁿ^s^t^an^agen^t^o^f^{a f}^o^rei^gⁿ^p^o^w^er^w^h^oⁱ^s^no^t^{a Uni}^t^e^d^S^t^at^{es p}^e^rson
^ma^y^b^e^f^o^{r a p}^e^ri^o^d^no^t^t^o^exceed^oⁿ^e^y^{ear i}^f^t^h^{e j}^u^d^g^{e f}ⁱⁿ^d^s^p^r^ob^a^b^l^e^cau^{se t}^o^b^e^lⁱ^e^{ve t}^h^at^no^p^r^o^p^e^rt^y^o^f^an^y
^indivⁱ^d^u^a^l^Un^ite^{d S}^t^a^t^e^s^pe^rson^{will be}^a^c^q^uire^d^duriⁿ^g^the^pe^rio^d^.
^U^nde^r^s^u^bs^e^c^tion¹⁸²⁴⁽^d)⁽³⁾^,^t^h^e^judg^e^,^a^t^or^be^f^o^r^e^the^eⁿ^d^of^the^tⁱ^m^e^a^ppr^ov^e^d^f^o^r^a^p^h^y^s^ic^a^l^s^e^a^r^{ch or}^f^o^r^aⁿ
^e^x^te^ns^ion,^or^a^t^aⁿ^y^tim^e^af^t^e^r^the^phy^sⁱ^c^a^l^s^e^a^r^c^h^is^c^a^r^rⁱ^e^d^o^u^{t, m}^a^y^r^e^vⁱ^ew^cⁱ^r^c^u^m^s^t^aⁿ^c^e^s^unde^r^w^h^ic^{h inf}^o^r^m^a^tion
^r^e^g^a^r^d^ing^U^.^{S. pe}^r^s^oⁿ^s^w^a^s^a^c^quir^e^{d, r}^e^ta^ine^d^,^or^dis^s^e^mⁱ^na^te^{d to a}^s^s^e^s^s^c^o^m^p^lia^nc^e^w^ith^mⁱ^nimⁱ^za^{tion te}^c^h^niq^u^e^s^.
⁸⁹^Se^c^tion³^14(a⁾⁽⁴⁾^of^the^In^te^llig^eⁿ^c^e^A^u^thoriz^a^tio^{n A}^c^{t f}^o^r^Fisc^a^l^Ye^a^r²⁰⁰^2,^P.L^.¹⁰^7-¹^08,^a^m^e^nde^{d 5}⁰^U.S^.^C.^§
¹⁸²⁴⁽^e⁾^by^s^t^rⁱ^kⁱ^ng^“²⁴^ho^ur^s^”^w^h^e^r^e^{it oc}^c^u^r^r^e^d^aⁿ^d^r^e^pla^cⁱ^ng^it^w^{ith “}^{72 h}^our^s^.^”
⁹⁰^{50 U}^.^S.C^.^§¹⁸²⁴⁽^e⁾⁽¹⁾⁽^A⁾⁽ⁱ⁾^aⁿ^d⁽ⁱⁱ⁾^.^Se^e^f^ootno^te⁸⁹^,^sup^r^a^,^re^g^a^rding^su^bstitu^tioⁿ^of^“^{72 h}^ours”^f^o^{r “}²⁴^ho^urs”ⁱⁿ
^Subs^e^c^tioⁿ^{50 U}^.^S.C^.^§¹⁸²⁴⁽^e⁾⁽³⁾⁽^C⁾^by^P^.^L^.¹^07-¹⁰^8,^Se^c^.³¹⁴⁽^a⁾⁽⁴⁾^.
⁹¹^{50 U}^.^S.C^.^§¹⁸²⁴⁽^e⁾⁽²⁾^.
⁹²^{50 U}^.^S.C^.^§¹⁸²⁴⁽^e⁾⁽³⁾^.
⁹³^{50 U}^.^S.C^.^§¹⁸²⁴⁽^e⁾⁽⁴⁾^.

Like 50 U.S.C. § 1806 with respect to electronic surveillance under FISA, 50 U.S.C. § 1825
restricts and regulates the uses of information secured under a FISA physical search. Such
information may only be used or disclosed by Federal officers or employees for lawful purposes.
Federal officers and employees must comply with minimization procedures if they use or disclose ⁹⁴
information gathered from a physical search under FISA concerning a United States person. If a
physical search involving the residence of a United States person is authorized and conducted
under 50 U.S.C. § 1824, and at any time thereafter the Attorney General determines that there is
no national security interest in continuing to maintain the search’s secrecy, the Attorney General
must provide notice to the United States person whose residence was searched. This notice must
include both the fact that the search pursuant to FISA was conducted and the identification of any ⁹⁵
property of that person which was seized, altered, or reproduced during the search. Disclosure
for law enforcement purposes of information acquired under 50 U.S.C. § 1821 et seq., must be
accompanied by a statement that such information and any derivative information may only be ⁹⁶
used in a criminal proceeding with advance authorization from the Attorney General.
The notice requirements relevant to intended use or disclosure of information gleaned from a
FISA physical search or derivative information, are similar to those applicable where disclosure
or use of information garnered from electronic surveillance is intended. If the United States
intends to use or disclose information gathered during or derived from a FISA physical search in a
trial, hearing, or other proceeding before a court, department, officer, agency, regulatory body or
other authority of the United States against an aggrieved person, the United States must first give ⁹⁷
notice to the aggrieved person, and the court or other authority. Similarly, if a State or political
subdivision of a state intends to use or disclose any information obtained or derived from a FISA
physical search in any trial, hearing, or other proceeding before a court, department, officer,
agency, regulatory body, or other State or political subdivision against an aggrieved person, the
State or locality must notify the aggrieved person, the pertinent court or other authority where the
information is to be used, and the Attorney General of the United States of its intention to use or ⁹⁸
disclose the information.
50 U.S.C. §§ 1825(d)-(g)—U.S. District Court Consideration of Notices, Motions to Suppress, or
Discovery Motions. An aggrieved person may move to suppress evidence obtained or derived
from a FISA physical search on one of two grounds: that the information was unlawfully
acquired; or that the physical search was not made in conformity with an order of authorization or
approval. Such a motion to suppress must be made before the trial, hearing or other proceeding
involved unless the aggrieved person had no opportunity to make the motion or was not aware of ⁹⁹
the grounds of the motion.

⁹⁴^{50 U}^.^S.C^.^§¹⁸²⁵⁽^a⁾^.
⁹⁵^{50 U}^.^S.C^.^§¹⁸²⁵⁽^b)^.
⁹⁶^{50 U}^.^S.C^.^§¹⁸²⁵⁽^c⁾^.
⁹⁷^{50 U}^.^S.C^.^§¹⁸²⁵⁽^d)^{. “}^A^g^g^r^iev^e^d^pe^r^s^on^,”^a^s^de^fⁱ^ne^{d in}⁵⁰^U^.^S.C^.^{§ 1}⁸²¹⁽²⁾^,^“^m^e^aⁿ^s^a^pe^r^s^{on w}^hos^e^pr^e^m^is^es^,
^p^r^op^ert^y^,ⁱⁿ^f^o^r^m^atⁱ^oⁿ^,^o^r^m^a^t^e^ri^alⁱ^s^t^h^{e t}^a^rget^o^f^{a p}^h^y^si^cal^search^o^r^an^y^o^t^h^e^{r p}^e^rson^w^h^o^s^{e p}^r^emⁱ^s^es,^p^r^op^ert^y^,
ⁱⁿ^f^o^rm^atⁱ^oⁿ^,^o^r^m^a^t^e^ri^al^{was su}^b^j^ect^t^o^ph^y^sⁱ^cal^se^arch^.^”
⁹⁸^{50 U}^.^S.C^.^§¹⁸²⁵⁽^e⁾^.
⁹⁹^{50 U}^.^S.C^.^§¹⁸²⁵⁽^f⁾^.

In camera, ex parte review by a United States district court may be triggered by receipt of notice
under Subsections 1825(d) or (e) by a court or other authority; the making of a motion to suppress
by an aggrieved person under Subsection 1825(f); or the making of a motion or request by an
aggrieved person under any other federal or state law or rule before any federal or state court or
authority to discover or obtain applications, orders, or other materials pertaining to a physical
search authorized under FISA or to discover, obtain, or suppress evidence or information obtained
or derived from a FISA physical search. If the Attorney General files an affidavit under oath that
disclosure of any adversary hearing would harm U.S. national security, the U.S. district court
receiving notice or before whom a motion or request is pending, or, if the motion is made to
another authority, the U.S. district court in the same district as that authority, shall review in
camera and ex parte the application, order, and such other materials relating to the physical search
at issue needed to determine whether the physical search of the aggrieved person was lawfully
authorized and conducted. If the court finds it necessary to make an accurate determination of the
legality of the search, the court may disclose portions of the application, order, or other pertinent
materials to the aggrieved person under appropriate security procedures and protective orders, or
may require the Attorney General to provide a summary of such materials to the aggrieved ¹⁰⁰
person.
If the U.S. district court makes a determination that the physical search was not lawfully
authorized or conducted, then it must “suppress the evidence which was unlawfully obtained or
derived from the physical search of the aggrieved person or otherwise grant the motion of the
aggrieved person.” If, on the other hand, the court finds that the physical search was lawfully
authorized or conducted, the motion of the aggrieved person will be denied except to the extent ¹⁰¹
that due process requires discovery or disclosure.
If the U.S. district court grants a motion to suppress under 50 U.S.C. § 1825(h); deems a FISA
physical search unlawfully authorized or conducted; or orders review or grants disclosure of
applications, orders or other materials pertinent to a FISA physical search, that court order is final
and binding on all federal and state courts except a U.S. Court of Appeals or the U.S. Supreme ¹⁰²
Court.
As a general matter, where an emergency physical search is authorized under 50 U.S.C. §
1824(d), and a subsequent order approving the resulting search is not obtained, any U.S. person
named in the application and any other U.S. persons subject to the search that the FISC judge
deems appropriate in the interests of justice must be served with notice of the fact of the
application and the period of the search, and must be advised as to whether information was or ¹⁰³
was not obtained during that period. However, such notice may be postponed or suspended for
a period not to exceed 90 days upon an ex parte showing of good cause to the judge, and, upon ¹⁰⁴
further good cause shown, the court must forego such notice altogether.
50 U.S.C. § 1825(k)—Consultation by Federal Officers Doing FISA Searches with Federal Law
Enforcement Officers. Section 504(b) of P.L. 107-56, added a new 50 U.S.C. § 1825(k) to the
statute, which deals with consultation by federal officers doing FISA searches with federal law

¹⁰⁰^{50 U}^.^S.C^.^§¹⁸²⁵⁽^g⁾^.
¹⁰¹^{50 U}^.^S.C^.^§¹⁸²⁵⁽^h)^.
¹⁰²^{50 U}^.^S.C^.^§¹⁸²⁵⁽ⁱ⁾^.
¹⁰³^{50 U}^.^S.C^.^§¹⁸²⁵⁽^j⁾⁽¹⁾^.
¹⁰⁴^{50 U}^.^S.C^.^§¹⁸²⁵⁽^j⁾⁽²⁾^.

enforcement officers. Section 899 of the Homeland Security Act of 2002, P.L. 107-296 expanded
this authority to also permit consultation with “law enforcement personnel of a State or political
subdivision of a State (including the chief executive officer of that State or political subdivision
who has the authority to appoint or direct the chief law enforcement officer of that State or
political subdivision).” Under this new language, as amended, federal officers “who conduct
physical searches to acquire foreign intelligence information” under 50 U.S.C. § 1821 et seq.,
may consult with federal law enforcement officers or state or local law enforcement personnel:
^{... to co}^ordin^a^{te ef}^f^o^rts^{to inv}^e^s^tig^a^t^{e or protect ag}^ain^s^t
⁽^A⁾^actu^a^{l o}^r^p^o^t^en^{tial attack}^o^r^o^t^h^e^r^g^r^av^{e h}^o^{stile act}^{s o}^f^{a f}^o^r^e^igⁿ^p^o^w^e^r^o^r^aⁿ^a^g^eⁿ^t^o^f
^a^fo^r^eⁱ^{gn p}^o^w^e^r^;
⁽^B⁾^sab^o^t^ag^{e o}^rⁱⁿ^terⁿ^atioⁿ^a^l^ter^r^o^r^ism^b^y^a^f^o^r^e^igⁿ^p^o^w^e^r^o^r^an^ag^en^{t o}^f^a^f^o^r^e^igⁿ
^po^w^e^r;^or
⁽^C⁾^clan^d^e^stiⁿ^{e in}^telli^g^eⁿ^{ce activ}^itie^{s b}^y^anⁱⁿ^tel^lig^eⁿ^{ce ser}^v^ic^{e o}^rⁿ^e^t^w^o^r^k^o^f^{a f}^o^r^e^igⁿ¹⁰⁵
^po^w^e^{r or by}^an^a^g^ent^of^{a f}^o^reⁱ^gⁿ^po^w^e^r.
Such coordination does not preclude certification required under 50 U.S.C. § 1823(a)(7) or entry ¹⁰⁶
of an order under 50 U.S.C. § 1824.

50 U.S.C. § 1826 provides for semiannual congressional oversight of physical searches under ¹⁰⁷

FISA.The Attorney General is directed to “fully inform” the Permanent Select Committee on
Intelligence of the House of Representatives, the Select Committee on Intelligence of the Senate, ¹⁰⁸
and the Senate Judiciary Committee with respect to all physical searches conducted under 50
U.S.C. § 1821 et seq. Also on a semiannual basis, the Attorney General is required to provide a ¹⁰⁹
report to “those committees” and to the House Judiciary Committeesetting forth: the total

¹⁰⁵^{50 U}^.^S.C^.^§¹⁸²⁵⁽^k⁾⁽¹⁾^.
¹⁰⁶^{50 U}^.^S.C^.^§¹⁸²⁵⁽^k⁾⁽²⁾^.
¹⁰⁷^Se^e^a^l^{so the}^disc^ussioⁿ^of^ne^w^re^porti^ng^re^quire^m^e^{nts a}^dde^d^by^Se^c^tion⁶⁰⁰²^of^P^.^L^.¹⁰^8-⁴⁵⁸^{, t}^h^e^In^te^llig^eⁿ^c^e
^R^e^f^o^r^m^a^{nd T}^e^r^r^o^rⁱ^sm^P^r^e^v^eⁿ^tion^A^c^{t of}^2004,⁵⁰^U^.^S.C^.^§¹⁸⁷¹^,^dⁱ^s^c^us^s^e^{d a}^t^f^ootn^o^te¹^65,^infr^a^,^and^acco^m^p^an^yⁱⁿ^g
^te^x^t^.
¹⁰⁸^P^.^L^.¹⁰^9-1⁷⁷^,^Se^c^tioⁿ¹⁰^9(a⁾^a^d^d^e^{d the}^Se^na^te^Judicⁱ^a^r^y^Com^m^itte^e^{to t}^h^e^c^o^m^m^itte^e^s^{to be}^f^u^lly^inform^e^d^by^the
^A^t^t^o^rn^e^y^G^eⁿ^e^ral^{as t}^o^F^I^S^A^p^h^y^sⁱ^cal^search^es.
¹⁰⁹^T^h^e^te^r^m^“^t^hos^e^c^o^m^m^itte^e^s^”^{in t}^h^e^s^e^c^{ond s}^eⁿ^t^eⁿ^c^e^of^{50 U}^.^S.C^.^{§ 1}⁸²⁶^a^p^pe^a^r^s^to^be^s^u^b^j^e^c^t^{to a}^t^thr^e^e^pos^sⁱ^ble
^inte^r^p^r^e^ta^tio^ns^.^Se^c^tion¹⁰⁹⁽^a⁾⁽¹⁾^of^P^.^L^.¹^09-¹⁷^{7 a}^m^e^nds^the^fⁱ^r^s^{t s}^e^nteⁿ^c^e^of^Se^c^tion¹⁸²⁶^“ⁱ^{n t}^h^e^fⁱ^r^s^{t s}^e^nteⁿ^c^e^,^by
ⁱⁿ^sertⁱⁿ^{g “,}^and^t^h^{e Co}^mmⁱ^t^t^{ee o}ⁿ^t^h^{e Jud}ⁱ^ci^ary^o^f^t^h^{e S}^eⁿ^a^t^e^,^”^af^t^e^r^“S^en^at^e.^{” T}^h^{e a}^m^en^dⁱⁿ^g^l^aⁿ^g^u^a^{ge i}ⁿ^S^u^b^s^ectⁱ^oⁿ
¹⁰⁹⁽^a⁾⁽²⁾^or^P^.^L^.¹⁰^9-¹^77,^a^m^e^nds^{50 U}^.^S.C^.^§¹⁸^{26 “}ⁱ^{n t}^h^e^s^e^c^ond^s^e^nteⁿ^c^e^,^by^s^t^rⁱ^kⁱ^ng^“^a^{nd the}^C^o^m^m^itte^e^s^{on the}
^Ju^dⁱ^ci^ary^o^f^t^h^{e Ho}^u^s^{e o}^f^Rep^r^eseⁿ^t^a^tⁱ^v^{es an}^d^t^h^{e S}^eⁿ^a^t^{e” an}^dⁱⁿ^ser^tⁱⁿ^{g “an}^d^t^h^{e Co}^m^mⁱ^t^t^{ee o}ⁿ^t^h^{e Ju}^dⁱ^ci^ary^o^f^t^h^e
^House^of^Re^pre^s^eⁿ^ta^tiv^e^s^.”^{In lig}^{ht of}^this^se^que^nc^e^of^a^m^eⁿ^d^m^eⁿ^{ts, the}^p^h^ra^se^“^t^hose^c^o^m^m^itte^e^s^”ⁱⁿ^the^se^c^o^nd
^pa^ra^g^r^a^{ph m}ⁱ^g^h^{t to re}^f^e^{r to the}^Int^e^llig^eⁿ^c^e^Com^m^itte^e^s^a^l^one^{, ra}^the^r^thaⁿ^{to t}^h^e^In^te^llig^eⁿ^c^e^Com^m^itt^e^e^s^a^{nd the}
^Se^na^te^J^udicⁱ^a^r^y^Com^m^ittee^ref^e^r^r^e^d^to^{in t}^h^e^pre^v^io^us^s^e^nteⁿ^c^e^.^If^this^is^t^h^e^c^a^s^e^,^theⁿ^t^h^e^s^e^mⁱ^a^nnua^{l re}^{port re}^f^e^rre^d
^{to i}ⁿ^th^{is se}^nteⁿ^c^e^w^ould^be^su^bm^itte^{d o}ⁿ^ly^{to the}^Iⁿ^te^llig^eⁿ^c^e^Com^m^itte^e^s^a^{nd the}^H^ouse^Ju^dicⁱ^a^r^y^Com^m^itte^e^.^Unde^r
^t^hⁱ^s^vi^ew^,^t^h^{e rep}^l^ace^m^eⁿ^t^o^f^“an^d^t^h^{e C}^o^mmⁱ^t^t^{ees o}ⁿ^t^h^{e Jud}ⁱ^ci^ar^y^o^f^t^h^{e Ho}^u^s^{e o}^f^Rep^r^esen^t^a^tⁱ^v^{es an}^d^t^h^{e S}^eⁿ^a^t^e”
^wⁱ^t^h^“an^d^t^h^{e C}^o^mmⁱ^t^t^{ee o}ⁿ^t^h^{e J}^u^dⁱ^ci^ary^o^f^t^h^{e Ho}^u^s^{e o}^f^Rep^r^esen^t^a^tⁱ^v^es”^w^o^u^l^d^ref^l^ect^anⁱⁿ^t^eⁿ^t^t^o^elⁱ^mⁱⁿ^at^{e acces}^s
^to^t^h^{e rep}^o^r^t^f^o^{r th}^{e Se}ⁿ^a^{te Ju}^dⁱ^ci^ar^y^Co^mmittee,^w^h^ile^leavⁱⁿ^g^th^{e acces}^{s o}^f^th^{e Ho}^u^s^{e Ju}^dⁱ^ciary^Co^{mmittee ex}^tan^t^.
^A^lte^rna^tiv^e^l^y^,ⁱ^f^“^t^hose^c^o^m^m^itte^e^s^”^re^f^e^{rs to a}^{ll thre}^e^c^o^m^m^itt^e^e^s^liste^{d in}^the^fⁱ^{rst se}^nteⁿ^c^e^,^t^h^eⁿ^re^pla^cⁱ^ng^a^re^f^e^re^nc^e
^{to b}^o^t^h^Se^na^te^aⁿ^{d Ho}^use^Judⁱ^cⁱ^a^r^y^Co^m^m^itte^e^s^w^{ith a}^re^f^e^re^nc^e^on^ly^{to the}^House^Ju^dicⁱ^a^r^y^Co^m^m^it^te^e^w^ould
⁽^c^onti^nue^d.^..)

number of applications for orders approving FISA physical searches during the preceding six
month period; the total number of those orders granted, modified, or denied; the number of such
physical searches involving the residences, offices, or personal property of United States persons; ¹¹⁰
the number of occasions, if any, the Attorney General gave notice under 50 U.S.C. § 1825(b);
and the total number of emergency physical searches authorized by the Attorney General under
section 1824(e) of this title and the total number of subsequent orders approving or denying such ¹¹¹
physical searches.
Section 1827 imposes criminal sanctions for intentionally executing a physical search for foreign
intelligence gathering purposes under color of law within the United States except as authorized
by statute. In addition, criminal penalties attach to a conviction for intentionally disclosing or
using information obtained by a physical search under color of law within the United States for
the purpose of gathering intelligence information, where the offender knows or has reason to
know that the information was obtained by a physical search not authorized by statute. In either

^(...c^on^tin^ue^d)
^e^lim^ina^t^e^a^re^dunda^nc^y^{in the}^laⁿ^g^u^a^g^e^,^w^h^ile^gⁱ^vⁱ^ng^{both I}ⁿ^te^llig^eⁿ^c^e^Com^m^itte^e^s^a^{nd bot}^{h J}^u^dicⁱ^a^r^y^Co^m^m^ittee^s
^acces^{s t}^o^t^h^{e repo}^rt^.^T^h^{e Co}ⁿ^f^eren^{ce Rep}^o^r^t^t^o^P^.^L^.¹⁰⁹^-¹⁷^7,^H.^Re^p^t^.¹⁰⁹^-³³³^,^US^A^P^A^T^R^IO^T^I^m^p^r^o^v^e^m^en^t^an^d^th^st
^R^e^a^u^thor^iz^a^tio^{n A}^c^{t of}²⁰⁰^5,¹⁰⁹^Cong^{., 1}^S^e^ss.⁹³^(Decem^b^e^{r 8}^,²⁰⁰⁵^),^app^{ears t}^o^gi^{ve t}^h^{e p}^r^o^vⁱ^sⁱ^oⁿ^a^t^hⁱ^r^d^readⁱⁿ^g
^w^h^ic^{h doe}^{s inc}^l^ude^bot^{h Ho}^use^a^nd^Se^na^te^Judⁱ^cⁱ^a^r^y^Co^m^m^itte^e^s^a^s^re^cⁱ^pieⁿ^{ts of}^the^re^p^o^rt^on^e^m^e^r^g^e^nc^y^e^m^plo^y^m^e^nt
^of^phy^sⁱ^c^a^l^s^e^a^r^c^h^e^s^unde^{r FISA}^,^a^s^w^e^{ll a}^s^e^l^e^c^t^ronic^s^u^rv^e^illa^nc^e^a^{nd pe}^{n re}^gⁱ^s^t^e^r^s^,^but^m^a^ke^s^{no m}^e^ntio^{n of}^the
^Inte^llig^eⁿ^c^e^Com^m^itte^e^s^{. It sta}^t^e^s^:
^Se^c^{tion 10}^{9. En}^ha^nc^e^d^c^o^ngr^e^s^sⁱ^ona^l^ov^e^r^sⁱ^g^h^t
^Se^c^tion¹⁰⁹^of^the^c^onf^e^r^eⁿ^c^e^r^e^por^{t is}^sⁱ^m^ila^r^{to s}^e^c^tio^{n 1}⁰^of^the^Se^na^te^a^m^e^ndm^eⁿ^{t, bu w}^ith
^aⁿ^a^dditⁱ^oⁿ^a^l^ne^w^pr^ov^is^io^{n. Se}^c^tⁱ^on¹⁰^{9 of}^the^c^onf^e^r^eⁿ^c^e^r^e^por^{t is}^ideⁿ^tic^a^l^t^o^s^e^c^tio^{n 1}⁰^of^the
^Se^na^te^a^m^e^ndm^eⁿ^{t a}^{nd r}^e^qui^r^e^s^:⁽¹⁾^the^FI^SA^c^our^{t t}^o^pu^blis^h^its^r^u^le^s^;^a^{nd (}²⁾^r^e^p^o^r^ting^t^o^t^h^e
^House^aⁿ^d^Se^na^te^Ju^dicⁱ^a^r^y^Co^m^m^itte^e^s^of^the^us^e^of^the^e^m^e^r^g^eⁿ^c^y^e^m^plo^y^m^e^{nts of}^e^l^e^c^t^ronic
^su^rv^eillan^{ce, p}^h^y^{sical sear}^ch^{es, an}^d^p^eⁿ^regⁱ^ster^an^d^trap^an^d^trace^d^e^vⁱ^{ces. Sectio}ⁿ¹⁰⁹⁽^c)^o^f^th^e
^coⁿ^f^eren^{ce rep}^o^r^t^al^so^requⁱ^r^{es t}^h^at^t^h^{e S}^ecret^ary^o^f^t^h^{e Dep}^a^rt^men^t^o^f^Ho^m^e^l^aⁿ^d^S^ecu^ri^t^y^su^b^mⁱ^t^a
^w^r^itte^{n re}^{port pr}^ov^idiⁿ^g^a^de^sc^rip^tion^of^inte^rna^l^a^f^f^a^{irs ope}^ra^tions^a^t^{U.S. Citiz}^eⁿ^s^h^ip^&
^Im^mⁱ^g^r^a^{tion Se}^rv^ic^e^s^{to the}^Ju^dicⁱ^a^r^y^Com^m^itte^e^s^of^the^House^aⁿ^{d the}^Se^na^te^.
^T^h^e^la^ng^ua^g^e^of^{50 U}^.^S.C^.^{§ 1}⁸²⁶^{, a}^s^s^o^a^m^e^nde^d,^pr^ov^ide^s^:
^Oⁿ^a^s^e^mⁱ^a^nnua^{l ba}^sⁱ^s^the^A^ttorn^ey^G^e^ne^ra^{l s}^h^a^{ll f}^u^ll^y^inf^o^r^m^the^P^e^rm^aⁿ^eⁿ^{t Se}^le^c^t^Com^m^itte^e^on
^Inte^llig^eⁿ^c^e^of^the^House^of^Re^pre^s^eⁿ^ta^tiv^e^s^a^{nd the}^Se^le^c^t^Com^mⁱ^tte^e^{on I}ⁿ^te^llig^eⁿ^c^e^of^the
^S^eⁿ^a^t^e^,^an^{d t}^h^{e C}^o^mmⁱ^t^t^{ee o}ⁿ^t^h^e^Ju^dⁱ^ci^ary^o^f^t^h^{e S}^eⁿ^a^t^e^,^coⁿ^cernⁱⁿ^g^al^l^ph^y^sⁱ^c^al^search^es
^c^ond^uc^te^d^pur^s^u^aⁿ^{t t}^o^t^h^is^s^u^bc^ha^pte^r^{. O}ⁿ^a^s^e^mⁱ^a^nnua^l^ba^sⁱ^s^the^A^ttorⁿ^e^y^G^e^ne^r^a^{l s}^h^a^{ll a}^l^s^o
^p^r^o^vⁱ^d^{e t}^o^t^h^o^s^{e co}^mmⁱ^t^t^{ees an}^d^t^h^{e Co}^mmⁱ^t^t^{ee o}ⁿ^t^h^{e J}^u^dⁱ^ci^ary^o^f^t^h^{e Ho}^u^s^e^o^f^Rep^r^esen^t^a^tⁱ^v^{es a}
^rep^o^r^t^set^tⁱⁿ^g^f^o^rt^h^wⁱ^t^h^resp^ect^t^o^t^h^{e p}^r^ecedⁱⁿ^{g si}^x-m^oⁿ^t^h^p^e^ri^od—
⁽¹⁾^the^tota^l^num^be^r^of^a^pplic^a^tⁱ^o^ns^m^a^de^f^o^r^or^de^r^s^a^p^pr^ov^ing^phy^sⁱ^c^a^l^s^e^a^r^c^h^e^s^unde^r^this
^s^ubc^ha^pte^r^;
⁽²⁾^the^tota^l^num^be^r^of^s^u^c^h^o^r^de^r^s^e^ithe^r^g^r^aⁿ^te^{d, m}^odifⁱ^e^d^{, or}^deⁿⁱ^e^d^;
⁽³^{) t}^h^eⁿ^u^m^b^e^{r o}^f^p^h^y^si^cal^search^{es w}^hⁱ^c^hⁱⁿ^vo^l^v^ed^search^{es o}^f^t^h^{e resi}^d^eⁿ^ces,^o^f^fⁱ^ce^s,^o^r^p^e^rson^al
^p^r^op^ert^y^o^f^Unⁱ^t^e^d^S^t^at^{es p}^e^rsoⁿ^s^,^an^d^t^h^{e nu}^m^b^{er o}^f^o^ccasi^oⁿ^s^,ⁱ^f^an^y^,^w^h^{ere t}^h^{e A}^t^t^o^rn^ey^Gen^e^ral
^pr^ov^ide^dⁿ^o^tic^e^p^u^r^s^ua^nt^{to s}^e^c^tⁱ^o^{n 1}⁸²⁵^(b)^of^{this ti}^tle^{; a}ⁿ^d
⁽⁴⁾^the^tota^l^num^be^r^of^e^m^e^r^g^e^ncy^ph^y^s^ic^a^l^s^e^a^r^c^h^e^s^a^u^thor^iz^e^d^by^the^A^ttorⁿ^e^y^G^e^ne^r^a^{l unde}^r
^se^c^{tion 1}⁸²⁴^(e^{) of}^this^title^aⁿ^{d t}^h^e^tota^{l n}^u^m^b^e^r^of^subse^que^nt^or^de^{rs a}^pprov^ing^{or de}^ny^ing^suc^h
^p^h^y^si^cal^sear^ch^es.
¹¹⁰^Se^e^f^o^o^t^no^t^e⁸⁶^,^s^upr^a^,^and^acco^m^p^an^yⁱⁿ^g^t^e^xt^.
¹¹¹^T^h^{e rep}^o^r^tⁱⁿ^{g requ}ⁱ^r^em^en^t^regardⁱⁿ^{g t}^h^{e t}^o^t^a^l^nu^m^b^{er o}^f^e^m^er^gen^c^y^p^h^y^sⁱ^cal^se^arch^{es au}^t^h^o^rⁱ^zed^und^{er 5}⁰^U.^S^.^C^.^§
¹⁸²⁴⁽^e⁾^w^a^s^a^dde^{d by}^Se^c^tion¹⁰⁹⁽^a⁾⁽⁵⁾^of^P^.^L^.¹⁰^9-¹^77.

case, this section provides that a person convicted of such an offense faces a fine of not more than ¹¹²
$10,000,imprisonment for not more than five years or both. Federal jurisdiction attaches where
the offense is committed by an officer or employee of the United States. It is a defense to such a
prosecution if the defendant was a law enforcement or investigative officer engaged in official
duties and the physical search was authorized and conducted pursuant to a search warrant or court
order by a court of competent jurisdiction.
In addition, an aggrieved person other than a foreign power or an agent of a foreign power as ¹¹³
defined under section 1801(a) or 1801(b)(1)(A), whose premises, property, information, or
material within the United States was physically searched under FISA; or about whom
information obtained by such a search was disclosed or used in violation of 50 U.S.C. § 1827,
may bring a civil action for actual damages, punitive damages, and reasonable attorney’s fees and ¹¹⁴
other investigative and litigation costs reasonably incurred.
In times of war, the President, through the Attorney General, may authorize physical searches
under FISA without a court order to obtain foreign intelligence information for up to 15 days ¹¹⁵
following a declaration of war by Congress.

Title IV of FISA, 50 U.S.C. § 1841 et seq., was added in 1998, amended by P.L. 107-56,¹¹⁷ and
amended further by Section 314(5) of P.L. 107-108.

¹¹²^T^h^{is se}^c^tioⁿ^w^a^{s a}^d^d^e^dⁱⁿ¹⁹⁹⁴^a^s^T^itle^{III, Se}^c^tioⁿ³⁰⁷^o^f^P.L^.⁹⁵^-⁵¹¹^{, b}^y^P^.^L^.¹⁰³^-³⁵⁹^,^T^itle^V^III^,^§⁸⁰⁷⁽^a⁾⁽³^),
¹⁰⁸^Sta^t^.³⁴⁵²^{. I}^f^a^fⁱ^ne^w^e^r^e^{to b}^e^im^pos^e^d^un^de^r^the^g^e^ne^r^a^{l f}ⁱ^ne^pr^ov^is^io^ns¹⁸^U^.^S^.^C^.^{§ 3}⁵⁷¹^{, r}^a^t^h^e^r^thaⁿ^un^de^r^the
^of^f^e^ns^e^pr^ov^is^ion,^the^m^a^xⁱ^m^u^m^fⁱ^ne^w^ould^be^$²⁵⁰^,⁰⁰⁰^f^o^r^aⁿⁱ^ndi^vⁱ^dua^l.
¹¹³^For^de^fⁱ^nitio^ns,^see^f^o^o^t^no^t^e⁴⁴^,^s^upr^a.
¹¹⁴^{50 U}^.^S.C^.^§¹⁸²⁸^{. A}^c^tua^l^da^m^a^ge^s^a^r^e^de^fⁱ^ne^{d to be}^“ⁿ^{ot le}^s^s^t^h^aⁿ^liq^uida^te^d^da^m^a^ge^s^of^$1,00⁰^or^$10⁰^pe^r^da^y^f^o^r
^each^vi^o^l^atⁱ^oⁿ^,^w^hⁱ^c^h^e^{ver i}^s^great^er.^”⁵⁰^U.^S^.^C.^§¹⁸²⁸⁽¹⁾^.
¹¹⁵^{50 U}^.^S.C^.^§¹⁸²⁹^.
¹¹⁶^Un^d^e^r⁵⁰^U.^S^.^C.^§¹⁸⁴¹⁽²⁾^,^t^h^{e t}^e^r^m^{s “p}^en^regi^st^{er” an}^d^“t^rap^an^{d t}^r^{ace d}^e^vi^{ce” ar}^{e gi}^ven^t^h^{e mean}ⁱⁿ^{gs i}ⁿ¹⁸^U.^S^.^C.
^{§ 3}¹²⁷^{. U}^nde^r^Se^c^tⁱ^on³¹²⁷^{, “}^p^eⁿ^r^e^gⁱ^s^t^e^r^”
^{... m}^e^aⁿ^s^a^de^vⁱ^c^e^w^h^ic^{h re}^c^o^rds^{or de}^c^o^de^s^e^l^e^c^t^ronic^{or ot}^he^{r im}^puls^e^s^w^h^ic^{h ide}ⁿ^tify^the
^num^be^{rs dia}^l^e^d^or^ot^he^rw^ise^traⁿ^sm^itte^{d on the}^te^le^ph^one^li^ne^t^o^w^h^ic^{h suc}^h^de^vⁱ^c^e^{is a}^tta^c^h^e^d^,^but
^s^u^c^h^te^r^m^doe^s^not^inc^l^ude^aⁿ^y^de^vⁱ^c^e^us^e^d^by^a^pr^ov^ide^r^or^c^u^s^t^om^e^r^of^a^wⁱ^r^e^or^e^l^e^c^t^r^onic
^c^o^m^m^unic^a^{tion se}^rv^ic^e^f^o^{r billing}^,^{or re}^c^o^r^d^ing^a^s^aⁿ^incⁱ^de^{nt t}^o^bⁱ^l^ling^,^f^o^{r c}^o^m^m^unic^a^tions
^s^e^r^v^ic^es^pr^ov^ide^d^by^s^u^c^h^pr^ov^id^e^r^or^aⁿ^y^de^vⁱ^c^e^us^e^d^by^a^pr^ov^ide^r^or^c^u^s^t^om^e^r^of^a^wⁱ^r^e
^c^o^m^m^unic^a^{tion s}^e^r^v^ic^e^f^o^r^c^o^s^t^ac^c^ountiⁿ^g^or^othe^r^lik^e^pur^pos^e^sⁱⁿ^the^or^dⁱ^na^r^y^c^our^s^e^of^its
^bus^ine^s^s^;^.^...
^A^s^d^e^fⁱⁿ^e^d^b^y¹⁸^U.^S^.^C^.^{§ 31}²⁷^(4),^“t^rap^and^t^r^{ace d}^e^vi^{ce” “}^m^e^aⁿ^s^{a d}^e^vi^ce^w^hⁱ^c^h^cap^t^u^{res t}^h^eⁱⁿ^comⁱⁿ^g^el^e^c^t^r^oⁿⁱ^{c o}^r
^othe^r^im^puls^e^s^w^h^ic^{h ide}ⁿ^tif^y^the^or^ig^ina^ting^num^be^r^of^aⁿ^ins^t^r^u^m^e^{nt or}^de^vⁱ^c^e^f^r^o^m^w^h^ic^{h a}^wⁱ^r^e^or^e^l^e^c^t^r^onic
^c^o^m^m^unic^a^{tion w}^a^{s tra}ⁿ^s^m^itte^d.”^{50 U}^.^S.C.^§¹⁸⁴¹^{is the}^se^c^tio^{n t}^h^a^t^de^fⁱ^ne^{s te}^rm^{s a}^pplic^a^b^le^{to t}^h^e^pe^{n re}^gⁱ^ste^r^a^nd
^t^r^ap^an^{d t}^r^{ace d}^e^vi^{ce p}^o^r^tⁱ^oⁿ^s^o^f^F^I^S^A^.

Under 50 U.S.C. § 1842(a)(1), notwithstanding any other provision of law, the Attorney General
or a designated attorney for the Government may apply for an order or extension of an order
authorizing or approving the installation and use of a pen register or trap and trace device “for
any investigation to protect against international terrorism or clandestine intelligence activities,
provided such investigation of a United States person is not conducted solely upon the basis of
activities protected by the first amendment to the Constitution” conducted by the Federal Bureau
of Investigation (FBI) under guidelines approved by the Attorney General pursuant to E.O. 12333 ¹¹⁸
or a successor order. This authority is separate from the authority to conduct electronic ¹¹⁹
surveillance under 50 U.S.C. § 1801 et seq.
Each such application is made in writing upon oath or affirmation to an FISC judge or to a U.S.
magistrate judge publicly designated by the Chief Justice of the United States to hear such
applications and grant orders approving installation of pen registers or trap and trace devices on
behalf of an FISC judge. The application must be approved by the Attorney General or a
designated attorney for the Government. Each application must identify the federal officer
seeking to use the pen register or trap and trace device covered by the application. It must also
include a certification by the applicant “that the information likely to be obtained is relevant to an
ongoing investigation to protect against international terrorism or clandestine intelligence
activities, provided that such investigation of a United States person is not conducted solely upon ¹²⁰
the basis of activities protected by the first amendment to the Constitution.” Under 50 U.S.C. §
1842, as amended by P.L. 107-56, pen registers and trap and trace devices may now be installed
and used not only to track telephone calls, but also other forms of electronic communication such
as e-mail.

^(...c^on^tin^ue^d)
¹¹⁷^T^itle^IV^of^FISA^w^a^{s a}^dde^{d by}^Title^V^I^{, Se}^c^.⁶⁰¹⁽²⁾^of^P.L^.¹⁰^5-2^72,^on^Oc^tobe^r²⁰^{, 1}⁹⁹⁸^,¹¹^{2 S}^t^a^t^{. 24}⁰⁵^-2⁴¹⁰^,
^a^{nd a}^m^e^nde^{d by}^P^.^L^.¹^07-⁵⁶^aⁿ^d^by^P^.^L^.¹⁰^7-¹⁰⁸^.
¹¹⁸^T^h^e^ita^lic^iz^e^d^la^ng^ua^g^e^w^a^s^a^dde^{d by}^P.L^.¹⁰^7-⁵⁶^{, Se}^c^tⁱ^on²¹⁴⁽^a⁾⁽¹⁾^,^r^e^pla^cⁱ^ng^la^ng^ua^g^e^w^h^ic^{h ha}^d^r^e^a^d^“^f^or^aⁿ^y
^inv^e^stig^a^{tion to}^g^a^the^r^f^o^re^ig^{n int}^e^llig^eⁿ^c^e^inf^o^r^m^a^tion^or^inf^o^rm^a^tⁱ^{on c}^o^nc^e^rⁿⁱ^ng^inte^rna^tⁱ^ona^l^te^rrorⁱ^sm^.”
¹¹⁹^{50 U}^.^S.C^.^§¹⁸⁴²⁽^a⁾⁽²⁾^.
¹²⁰^T^hⁱ^s^l^aⁿ^g^u^a^ge,^ad^d^e^d^b^y^P^.^L^.¹⁰⁷^-56^,^S^ectⁱ^oⁿ²¹⁴⁽^a)(2^),^rep^l^aced^st^ri^cken^l^aⁿ^g^u^a^ge^w^hⁱ^c^h^read^:
⁽²⁾^a^c^e^r^tif^ic^a^{tion by}^the^a^ppl^ic^aⁿ^t^tha^t^t^h^e^inf^o^r^m^a^{tion to}^be^obtaⁱ^ne^{d is}^r^e^le^v^a^{nt to}^aⁿ^ong^oi^ng
^f^o^re^ig^{n inte}^llig^eⁿ^c^e^{or in}^te^rna^tioⁿ^a^{l te}^rrorism^inv^e^stig^a^{tion be}^ing^c^ond^uc^te^d^by^the^Fe^de^ra^{l Bure}^a^u
^of^Iⁿ^v^e^s^tig^a^{tion un}^de^r^g^uⁱ^d^e^line^s^a^ppr^ov^e^d^by^the^A^ttorⁿ^ey^G^e^ne^r^a^{l; a}^nd
^{(3) inf}^o^rm^a^{tion w}^h^ic^{h de}^m^onstra^t^e^s^tha^t^the^r^e^{is re}^a^s^on^to^be^lie^v^e^tha^t^the^te^le^p^h^oⁿ^e^li^ne^to^w^h^ic^h
^t^h^{e p}^e^{n regi}^st^{er o}^r^t^r^ap^aⁿ^d^t^r^ace^d^e^vi^{ce i}^s^t^o^b^e^at^t^ach^ed,^o^r^t^h^{e comm}^uⁿⁱ^catⁱ^oⁿⁱⁿ^st^r^u^m^eⁿ^t^o^r
^d^e^vi^{ce t}^o^b^e^co^vered^b^y^t^h^{e p}^e^{n r}^e^gi^st^{er o}^r^t^r^ap^an^{d t}^r^{ace d}^e^vi^ce,^{has b}^een^o^rⁱ^s^a^b^ou^t^t^o^b^e^u^s^edⁱⁿ
^c^o^m^m^unic^a^{tion w}^ith—
⁽^A⁾^aⁿ^indivⁱ^d^u^a^l^w^{ho is}^eⁿ^g^a^gⁱⁿ^g^or^ha^s^eⁿ^g^a^g^e^{d in i}ⁿ^te^rⁿ^a^tⁱ^ona^{l t}^e^r^r^o^rⁱ^s^m^or^c^l^a^nde^s^tine
^inte^llig^eⁿ^c^e^a^c^tiv^itie^{s tha}^t^inv^o^lv^e^{or m}^a^y^inv^o^lv^e^a^vⁱ^ola^{tion of}^the^c^r^im^ina^l^la^w^s^of^the
^Unite^{d S}^t^a^t^e^s^{; or}
⁽^B⁾^a^f^o^r^e^ig^{n pow}^e^r^or^a^g^eⁿ^{t of}^a^f^o^r^e^ig^{n pow}^e^r^unde^r^cⁱ^r^c^um^s^t^aⁿ^c^e^s^gⁱ^vⁱ^ng^r^e^a^s^{on to be}^lie^v^e
^tha^t^the^c^o^m^m^unic^a^{tion c}^o^nc^e^r^ns^or^c^onc^e^r^ne^{d i}ⁿ^te^rⁿ^a^tio^na^{l te}^r^r^o^rⁱ^s^m^or^c^l^a^nde^s^tine
^inte^llig^eⁿ^c^e^a^c^tiv^itie^{s tha}^t^inv^o^lv^e^{or m}^a^y^inv^o^lv^e^a^vⁱ^ola^{tion of}^the^c^r^im^ina^l^la^w^s^of^the
^Unⁱ^t^e^d^S^t^at^es.

Once an application is made under Section 1842, the judge¹²¹ must enter an ex parte order¹²² as
requested or as modified approving the installation and use of a pen register or trap and trace
device if the application meets the requirements of that section. Generally, an order issued under
50 U.S.C. § 1842 may authorize the installation and use of a pen register or trap and trace device
for a period not to exceed 90 days. Extensions of such an order may also be granted for up to 90
days. However, in the case of an application under subsection 1842(c) where the applicant has
certified that the information likely to be obtained is foreign intelligence information not
concerning a United States person, an order, or an extension of an order for a FISA pen register or ¹²³
trap and trace device may be up to one year.

¹²¹^T^h^is^s^e^c^{tion re}^f^e^rs^sⁱ^m^p^l^y^{to “}^j^ud^g^e^.”^{In lig}^{ht of}⁵⁰^U^.^S^.^C.^§¹⁸⁴²⁽^b^{), it}^w^{ould a}^ppe^a^r^tha^t^{this m}^a^y^re^fe^{r to e}^ithe^r^aⁿ
^FI^SC^ju^dg^e^or^a^U^.^{S. m}^a^gⁱ^s^t^r^a^te^j^udg^e^de^sⁱ^gⁿ^a^t^e^d^by^the^C^h^ie^f^J^u^s^t^ic^e^unde^r^Se^c^tion¹⁸⁴²⁽^b⁾⁽²⁾^t^o^h^e^a^r^a^pplic^a^tions^f^o^r
^an^d^gran^t^o^r^d^e^{rs app}^r^o^vⁱⁿ^{g i}ⁿ^st^al^l^a^tⁱ^oⁿ^and^u^s^{e o}^f^p^eⁿ^regi^st^{ers o}^r^t^r^ap^an^d^t^r^{ace d}^e^vi^{ces o}ⁿ^b^e^h^a^l^f^o^f^an^F^I^S^C^j^u^d^g^e.
^T^h^e^le^gⁱ^s^l^a^tive^his^t^or^y^{on th}^is^pr^o^vⁱ^sⁱ^{on d}^o^e^sⁿ^o^{t a}^p^pe^a^r^to^c^l^a^r^if^y^t^h^{is p}^oⁱⁿ^{t. T}^h^e^la^ng^ua^g^e^w^a^{s inc}^l^ude^{d i}ⁿ^t^h^e^bill
^re^porte^d^ou^{t a}^s^aⁿ^o^r^ig^ina^l^m^e^a^s^ur^e^by^the^Se^na^te^Se^le^c^t^Com^m^itte^e^on^Inte^llig^eⁿ^c^e^,^S^.²⁰⁵²^{, a}^s^Se^c^.⁶⁰¹^{. T}^h^e
^Com^m^itte^e^’^{s r}^e^{port, S}^.^Re^pt.¹^05-¹⁸⁵^{, i}^ndic^a^t^e^s^tha^t^m^a^gⁱ^stra^te^judg^e^s^w^e^re^inc^l^ude^{d in}^the^le^gⁱ^sla^tio^{n to}^pa^ra^lle^{l t}^h^eⁱ^r
^u^s^{e i}ⁿ^conⁿ^ectⁱ^oⁿ^wⁱ^t^h^recei^p^t^o^f^ap^p^lⁱ^catⁱ^oⁿ^s^and^ap^p^r^o^v^al^o^f^p^eⁿ^r^e^gi^st^{ers an}^d^t^r^ap^an^{d t}^r^{ace d}^e^vi^{ces i}ⁿ^t^h^{e co}ⁿ^t^ext^o^f
^c^r^im^ina^l^inv^e^s^tig^a^tions^{, but}^r^e^f^l^e^c^te^{d the}^C^o^m^m^itte^e^’^s^unde^r^s^ta^ndiⁿ^g^tha^t^the^a^u^tho^r^ity^pr^ov^ide^dⁱⁿ^t^h^e^le^gⁱ^s^l^a^{tion to}
^d^e^si^gn^at^{e magi}^st^rat^e^j^u^d^g^{es t}^o^coⁿ^sⁱ^d^{er app}^lⁱ^catⁱ^oⁿ^s^f^o^{r p}^e^{n regi}^st^{ers an}^d^t^r^{ap an}^{d t}^r^{ace d}^e^vi^{ces i}ⁿ^t^h^{e f}^o^rei^gⁿ
^inte^llig^eⁿ^c^e^g^a^the^r^ing^c^onte^x^{t w}^ould^be^c^l^ose^l^y^m^onitore^d^by^the^De^pa^rtm^e^{nt of}^Justic^e^a^{nd t}^h^is^de^sigⁿ^a^{tion a}^u^th^ority
^w^{ould n}^o^t^be^e^x^e^r^cⁱ^se^{d until}^the^Com^m^itte^e^wa^{s brie}^f^e^{d on the}^c^o^m^p^e^lling^ne^e^d^f^o^{r suc}^h^de^sigⁿ^a^tⁱ^o^{ns, a}^s^re^f^l^e^c^t^e^d^{, f}^o^r
^e^x^am^ple^,^thr^oug^{h s}^t^a^tis^tic^a^lⁱⁿ^f^o^r^m^a^{tion o}ⁿ^t^h^e^f^r^e^que^nc^y^of^a^pplic^a^tions^t^o^t^h^e^FI^SC^un^de^r^t^h^e^ne^w^pr^oc^e^dur^e^.^S.R^e^p^t^.
¹⁰⁵^-18⁵^,^at²⁸^(M^ay⁷^,¹⁹⁹⁸^).^T^h^{e p}^r^o^vⁱ^sⁱ^oⁿ^au^t^h^o^rⁱ^zⁱⁿ^{g t}^h^e^u^s^{e o}^f^p^eⁿ^regi^st^{ers an}^d^t^r^a^p^and^t^r^{ace devi}^{ces i}ⁿ^f^o^rei^gⁿ
^inte^llig^eⁿ^c^e^a^{nd i}ⁿ^te^rna^tⁱ^ona^l^te^rrorism^inv^e^stig^a^{tions, Se}^c^.⁶⁰¹^of^the^bill^a^s^pa^sse^{d, w}^a^{s a}^m^ong^thos^e^inc^l^ude^{d i}ⁿ^the
^c^onf^e^r^eⁿ^c^e^v^e^r^s^{ion of}^H^.^R^.³⁶⁹⁴^w^h^ic^{h w}^a^s^pa^s^s^e^{d in lie}^u^of^S.²⁰^{52. H}^.^R^e^pt.¹⁰^5-⁸⁰^{, a}^t³²⁽^O^c^t^obe^r^5,¹⁹⁹⁸⁾^.
¹²²^U^nde^r^{50 U}^.^S.C^.^§¹⁸⁴²⁽^d)⁽²⁾⁽^A⁾^,^s^u^c^h^aⁿ^or^de^r
⁽^A^{) shall spe}^c^ify^—
⁽ⁱ^{) the}^ideⁿ^tity^,^{if k}ⁿ^own^,^o^f^the^pe^{rson wh}^{o is t}^h^e^su^bje^c^t^of^theⁱⁿ^v^e^s^tigati^on;
⁽ⁱⁱ⁾^the^ideⁿ^ti^ty^{, if k}^now^n,^{of t}^h^e^p^e^r^s^{on to w}^hom^is^le^as^e^d^orⁱⁿ^w^h^os^e^nam^e^is^lⁱ^s^t^e^d^t^h^e
^te^le^pho^ne^li^ne^or^othe^{r f}^a^c^ility^t^o^whic^{h t}^h^e^peⁿ^re^giste^r^{or tr}^ap^an^{d trac}^e^de^vⁱ^c^e^{is t}^o^be
^attac^h^e^d^or^a^pplie^d;^a^nd
⁽^{iii) the}^attri^bute^s^{of t}^h^e^c^o^mmunⁱ^c^a^tio^{ns to w}^h^ic^h^the^orde^{r a}^ppl^ie^{s, suc}^h^{as the}^num^be^{r or}
^othe^{r i}^d^eⁿ^tifie^r,^an^d,^{if k}ⁿ^own,^th^e^loc^a^ti^on^{of t}^h^e^te^le^p^h^oⁿ^e^line^or^othe^{r f}^a^c^ility^t^o^w^h^ic^{h t}^h^e
^pe^{n r}^e^gis^t^e^r^or^tr^ap^a^nd^tr^ac^e^de^vⁱ^c^e^is^{to be}^att^a^c^h^e^d^or^a^p^p^lie^d^an^{d, i}ⁿ^t^h^e^c^a^s^e^of^{a tr}^ap^an^d
^t^r^a^{ce d}^evi^ce,^t^h^{e g}^e^og^rap^hⁱ^c^lⁱ^mⁱ^t^{s o}^f^t^h^{e t}^r^ap^an^{d t}^r^a^{ce o}^r^d^e^r;
^{(B) sh}^al^l^di^rect^t^h^at^—
⁽ⁱ^{) u}^p^oⁿ^req^u^e^st^o^f^t^h^{e ap}^plⁱ^can^t^,^t^h^{e p}^r^o^vⁱ^d^{er o}^f^{a w}ⁱ^{re o}^r^el^ect^roⁿⁱ^{c co}^mm^uⁿⁱ^catⁱ^oⁿ^servi^ce,
^la^ndl^ord,^c^u^sto^d^ia^n,^or^othe^r^pe^rs^{on s}^h^a^{ll f}^u^rn^ish^aⁿ^y^inf^o^r^m^a^tion,^f^a^c^ilitie^{s, or te}^c^h^nic^a^l
^assi^st^an^{ce n}^ecess^a^r^y^t^o^acco^m^p^lⁱ^s^h^t^h^eⁱⁿ^st^al^l^a^tⁱ^oⁿ^aⁿ^d^o^p^e^ratⁱ^oⁿ^o^f^t^h^{e p}^eⁿ^regi^st^{er o}^r^t^r^{ap an}^d
^{trace d}^e^vⁱ^{ce in}^su^ch^{a m}^aⁿⁿ^e^{r as w}^{ill p}^r^o^t^{ect its secrec}^y^an^d^p^r^o^d^u^{ce a}^mⁱⁿⁱ^m^u^m^a^m^{ount of}
ⁱⁿ^t^e^rf^eren^ce^wⁱ^t^h^t^h^{e servi}^{ces t}^h^at^su^ch^p^r^o^vⁱ^d^er,^l^aⁿ^d^l^o^r^d,^cu^st^o^dⁱ^aⁿ^,^{or o}^t^h^e^{r p}^e^rsonⁱ^s
^pr^ov^idiⁿ^g^the^pe^r^s^{on c}^onc^e^r^ne^d;
⁽ⁱⁱ⁾^s^u^c^h^pr^ovⁱ^d^e^r^,^laⁿ^d^lor^d^,^c^u^s^t^o^d^ia^{n, or}^othe^r^pe^r^s^on—
^{(I) sh}^{all n}^o^t^dⁱ^sclo^{se t}^h^{e ex}^isten^c^e^o^f^th^{e in}^v^e^stig^atioⁿ^o^r^o^f^th^{e p}^eⁿ^regⁱ^{ster o}^r^trap
^an^d^{trace d}^e^vⁱ^{ce to}^an^y^p^e^rsoⁿ^uⁿ^{less o}^r^uⁿ^til^o^r^d^e^red^b^y^th^{e co}^u^r^t;^an^d
^{(II) sh}^{all m}^aⁱⁿ^tain^{, u}ⁿ^d^e^{r secu}^ri^ty^p^r^o^ced^u^r^{es ap}^p^r^o^v^ed^b^y^th^{e A}^tto^rn^ey^G^eⁿ^e^r^a^{l an}^d
^the^Dire^c^t^{or of}^Na^tio^na^{l Inte}^ll^ig^eⁿ^c^e^pursuaⁿ^t^t^o^se^c^tio^{n 1}⁸⁰⁵^(b)(²^{)(C) of}^{this tit}^le^{, a}ⁿ^y
^reco^rd^{s co}ⁿ^cernⁱⁿ^g^t^h^e^p^eⁿ^regi^st^{er o}^r^t^r^ap^aⁿ^d^t^r^{ace d}^e^vi^{ce o}^r^t^h^e^ai^d^f^u^rnⁱ^s^h^e^d^;^an^d
^{(iii) the}^a^pplic^aⁿ^t^sha^{ll c}^o^m^p^eⁿ^sa^te^suc^h^pr^ov^id^e^r^{, la}ⁿ^d^l^o^rd,^c^u^sto^dⁱ^a^{n, or}^ot^he^{r pe}^rsoⁿ^f^o^r
^r^e^a^s^ona^ble^e^x^pe^ns^e^s^inc^u^r^r^e^d^by^suc^h^pr^ov^ide^r^,^la^ndl^or^d^,^c^u^s^t^odiaⁿ^,^or^othe^r^pe^r^s^onⁱⁿ^pr^ovⁱ^d^ing
⁽^c^onti^nue^d.^..)

Section 1842(f) bars any cause of action in any court against any provider of a wire or electronic
communication service, landlord, custodian, or other person (including any officer, employee,

^(...c^on^tin^ue^d)
^suc^h^inf^o^rm^a^{tion, f}^a^c^ilitie^{s, or te}^c^hnic^a^l^a^ssistaⁿ^c^e^;^a^nd
^{(C) sh}^al^l^di^rect^t^h^at^,^u^p^oⁿ^t^h^{e requ}^est^o^f^t^h^{e app}^lⁱ^can^t^,^t^h^e^p^r^o^vⁱ^d^er^o^f^{a w}ⁱ^{re o}^r^el^ect^roⁿⁱ^c
^co^mm^uⁿⁱ^catⁱ^oⁿ^servi^{ce sh}^al^l^dⁱ^scl^o^{se t}^o^t^h^{e F}^e^d^e^ral^o^f^fⁱ^c^e^{r u}^sⁱⁿ^{g t}^h^{e p}^eⁿ^regi^st^{er o}^r^t^r^{ap an}^{d t}^r^ace
^de^vⁱ^c^e^c^o^v^e^r^e^{d b}^y^the^or^de^r^—
⁽ⁱ^{) i}ⁿ^t^h^{e case o}^f^t^h^{e cu}^st^o^m^{er o}^r^su^b^s^cri^b^er^u^sⁱⁿ^{g t}^h^{e servi}^{ce co}^vere^d^b^y^t^h^{e o}^r^d^e^{r (f}^o^r^t^h^e
^pe^rⁱ^od^s^p^e^cⁱ^fⁱ^e^d^by^the^or^de^r⁾^—
^{(I) th}^{e n}^a^m^e^o^f^th^{e cu}^sto^m^{er o}^r^su^b^s^crib^er;
^{(II) th}^{e ad}^d^r^{ess o}^f^th^{e cu}^sto^m^{er o}^r^su^b^s^crib^er;
^{(III) th}^{e telep}^h^oⁿ^{e o}^rⁱⁿ^str^u^m^eⁿ^tⁿ^u^m^b^e^{r, o}^r^o^t^h^e^{r su}^b^s^crib^{er n}^u^m^b^{er o}^rⁱ^d^en^tif^{ier, o}^f^th^e
^cu^st^o^m^{er o}^r^su^b^s^cri^b^er,ⁱⁿ^cl^udⁱⁿ^g^an^y^t^e^m^p^o^r^ari^l^y^assi^gn^edⁿ^e^t^w^o^r^k^ad^d^r^{ess o}^r^asso^ci^at^ed
^r^outiⁿ^g^or^tr^aⁿ^s^m^is^sⁱ^{on inf}^o^r^m^a^tⁱ^on;
⁽^I^V⁾^t^h^e^le^ng^th^of^the^pr^ov^is^io^{n of}^s^e^r^v^ic^e^b^y^s^u^c^h^pr^ov^ide^r^t^o^t^h^e^c^u^s^t^om^e^r^or^s^ubs^c^r^ibe^r
^a^{nd t}^h^e^ty^pe^{s of}^se^r^v^ic^e^s^utiliz^e^d^by^the^c^u^stom^e^r^{or subsc}^r^ibe^r^;
^(V^{) i}ⁿ^t^h^{e case o}^f^{a p}^r^o^vⁱ^d^{er o}^f^l^o^cal^o^r^l^oⁿ^g^dⁱ^st^an^{ce t}^e^l^e^ph^on^{e servi}^ce,^an^y^l^o^cal^o^r^l^oⁿ^g
^dⁱ^st^an^{ce t}^e^l^e^p^h^oⁿ^e^reco^r^d^{s o}^f^t^h^e^cu^st^o^m^{er o}^r^su^b^s^cri^b^er;
^(V^{I) i}^f^ap^p^lⁱ^cab^l^e^,^an^y^reco^rd^{s refl}^ectⁱⁿ^{g p}^e^ri^od^o^f^u^s^{age (o}^{r sessi}^on^{s) b}^y^t^h^{e cu}^st^o^m^{er o}^r
^su^b^s^cri^b^er;^and
^(V^{II) an}^y^mech^an^{isms an}^d^so^u^r^ce^{s o}^f^p^a^y^m^en^{t f}^o^{r su}^ch^serv^{ice, in}^clu^dⁱⁿ^g^th^eⁿ^u^m^b^e^{r o}^f
^an^y^cr^edⁱ^t^card^o^r^b^aⁿ^k^acco^uⁿ^t^utⁱ^lⁱ^zed^f^o^{r p}^a^ym^en^t^f^o^{r su}^ch^servi^ce;^an^d
⁽ⁱⁱ⁾ⁱ^f^avai^l^a^b^l^e,^wⁱ^t^h^resp^ect^t^o^any^cu^st^o^m^{er o}^r^su^b^s^cri^b^{er o}^fⁱⁿ^comⁱⁿ^g^o^r^o^u^t^goⁱⁿ^g
^c^o^m^m^unic^a^tions^to^or^f^r^om^the^s^e^r^v^ic^e^c^o^v^e^r^e^{d by}^the^or^de^r^—
^{(I) th}^{e n}^a^m^e^o^f^su^ch^cu^sto^m^{er o}^r^su^b^s^crib^er;
^{(II) th}^{e ad}^d^r^{ess o}^f^su^ch^cu^sto^m^{er o}^r^su^b^s^crib^er;
^{(III) th}^{e telep}^h^oⁿ^{e o}^rⁱⁿ^str^u^m^eⁿ^tⁿ^u^m^b^e^{r, o}^r^o^t^h^e^{r su}^b^s^crib^{er n}^u^m^b^{er o}^rⁱ^d^en^tif^{ier, o}^f^su^ch
^cu^st^o^m^{er o}^r^su^b^s^cri^b^er,ⁱⁿ^cl^udⁱⁿ^g^an^y^t^e^m^p^o^r^ari^l^y^assi^gn^edⁿ^e^t^w^o^r^k^ad^d^r^{ess o}^r^asso^ci^at^ed
^r^outiⁿ^g^or^tr^aⁿ^s^m^is^sⁱ^{on inf}^o^r^m^a^tⁱ^{on; a}^nd
⁽^I^V⁾^t^h^e^le^ng^th^of^the^pr^ov^is^io^{n of}^s^e^r^v^ic^e^b^y^s^u^c^h^pr^ov^ide^r^t^o^s^u^c^h^c^u^s^t^om^e^r^or
^subsc^r^ibe^r^aⁿ^{d t}^h^e^ty^pe^{s of}^se^r^v^ic^e^s^u^tiliz^e^d^by^suc^h^c^u^stom^e^r^{or subsc}^r^ibe^r^.
^T^h^e^ita^lic^iz^e^d^por^ti^ons^of^this^s^e^c^{tion r}^e^f^l^e^c^t^a^m^e^nde^{d la}^ng^ua^g^e^f^r^om^P^.^L^.¹⁰^7-⁵⁶^{, Se}^c^tⁱ^on²¹^{4 (}^a⁾⁽⁴⁾^.^Iⁿ⁵⁰^U^.^S.C^.^§
¹⁸⁴²⁽^d⁾⁽²^)(B)(ii)(^{II), t}^h^{e ref}^e^ren^c^{e to}^t^h^{e “Directo}^r^o^f^Na^tioⁿ^a^{l I}ⁿ^te^llig^en^{ce” rep}^l^aced^{a referen}^{ce to}^th^{e “Directo}^r^o^f
^Cen^t^ral^In^tellig^en^ce”^p^u^r^s^u^an^{t to}^Sectioⁿ¹⁰⁷¹⁽^{e) o}^f^P.L^.¹⁰⁸^-⁴⁵⁸^.^Su^b^s^ectioⁿ¹²⁸⁽^a)(3^{) ad}^d^e^d⁵⁰^U.^{S.C. §}
¹⁸⁴²⁽^d⁾⁽²^)(C).
^P^.^L^.¹⁰⁷^-¹⁰⁸^,^S^ectⁱ^oⁿ³¹⁴⁽^a)(⁵⁾⁽^B),^rep^l^aced^“o^f^{a co}^u^r^t^”^at^t^h^{e end}^o^f⁵⁰^U.^S^.^C^.^{§ 18}⁴²^(f^{) w}ⁱ^t^h^“o^f^an^o^r^d^e^rⁱ^ssu^ed^,^”
^s^o^tha^t^t^h^e^la^ng^ua^g^e^now^r^e^a^d^s^:
^(f^{) No}^cau^{se o}^f^actⁱ^oⁿ^sh^al^l^lⁱ^eⁱⁿ^an^y^co^u^r^t^agaiⁿ^s^t^an^y^p^r^o^vⁱ^d^{er o}^f^{a w}ⁱ^{re o}^r^el^ect^roⁿⁱ^c
^c^o^m^m^unic^a^{tion s}^e^r^v^ic^e^,^la^ndlor^d,^c^u^s^t^odiaⁿ^,^or^ot^he^r^pe^r^s^oⁿ⁽ⁱ^nc^lu^dⁱ^ng^aⁿ^y^of^fⁱ^ce^r^,^em^ploy^ee^,
^a^g^eⁿ^{t, or ot}^he^{r spe}^cⁱ^fⁱ^e^d^pe^rsoⁿ^th^e^r^e^o^f⁾^tha^t^f^u^rnishe^{s a}ⁿ^y^inf^o^r^m^a^t^ion,^f^a^c^ilitie^{s, or te}^c^hnic^a^l
^a^s^sⁱ^s^t^aⁿ^c^e^unde^r^s^u^bs^e^c^{tion (}^d⁾ⁱⁿ^acco^rd^an^{ce w}ⁱ^t^h^t^h^{e t}^e^rm^s^{of an}^or^de^r^is^s^u^e^d^un^de^r^th^is^s^e^c^tion.
⁽^E^m^pha^sⁱ^s^a^dde^d.)^Cf^.^,⁵⁰^U^.^S.C^.^{§ 1}⁸⁰⁵⁽ⁱ⁾^,^w^h^ic^{h c}^ontaⁱ^ns^aⁿ^im^m^unity^g^r^aⁿ^{t w}^h^ic^{h, a}^t^fⁱ^r^s^{t blus}^h^w^oul^{d a}^p^pe^a^r^to
^a^pply^only^{to e}^l^e^c^t^ronic^surv^e^illa^nc^e^un^de^{r FISA}^{, b}^u^{t w}^h^ic^{h ha}^s^be^eⁿ^inte^r^p^re^te^{d a}^t^pa^g^e²⁵^of^H.Re^pt.¹⁰^7-3^28,^the
^coⁿ^f^eren^{ce rep}^o^r^t^acco^m^p^an^yⁱⁿ^g^H.^R.²⁸⁸³^(t^h^e^c^oⁿ^f^eren^{ce versi}^oⁿ^o^f^w^hⁱ^c^h^b^{ecame P}^.^L^.¹⁰⁷^-¹⁰⁸⁾^t^o^app^l^y^t^o
^electroⁿⁱ^{c su}^rv^eillan^{ce, p}^h^y^sⁱ^{cal s}^earch^{es an}^d^p^eⁿ^regⁱ^{ster an}^d^trap^an^d^{trace d}^e^vⁱ^{ces. T}^h^{is su}^b^s^ectioⁿ^w^a^{s ad}^d^e^d^{as 5}⁰
^U^.^S.C^.^{§ 1}⁸⁰⁵⁽^h⁾^by^Se^c^tion²²⁵^of^P^.^L^.¹^07-⁵⁶^{, a}ⁿ^{d r}^e^de^sⁱ^gⁿ^a^t^e^d^{50 U}^.^S.C^.^§¹⁸⁰⁵⁽ⁱ⁾^by^Se^c^tion³¹⁴⁽^a⁾⁽²⁾⁽^C⁾^of^P^.^L^.
¹⁰⁷^-¹^08.^Se^e^dis^c^us^sⁱ^oⁿ^a^t^f^oot^no^te^66,^s^upr^a^.
¹²³^{50 U}^.^S.C^.^§¹⁸⁴²⁽^e⁾^,^a^s^a^m^e^nde^d^by^Se^c^{tion 1}⁰⁵⁽^c⁾^of^P.L^.¹⁰^9-¹⁷⁷^{. U}ⁿ^de^r⁵⁰^U^.^S^.^C^.^{§ 1}⁸⁴²⁽^g⁾^,^uⁿ^l^e^s^s^othe^r^w^is^e
^o^r^d^e^red^b^y^t^h^{e j}^u^d^g^e,^t^h^{e resu}^l^t^s^of^{a p}^eⁿ^regi^st^{er o}^r^t^r^ap^and^t^r^{ace devi}^{ce ar}^{e f}^u^rnⁱ^s^h^e^d^at^reasoⁿ^a^b^l^eⁱⁿ^t^e^rval^{s d}^u^rⁱⁿ^g
^r^e^g^u^la^r^bus^ine^s^s^h^our^s^f^o^r^t^h^e^d^u^r^a^tion^of^the^or^de^r^to^the^a^u^th^or^iz^e^d^G^o^v^e^rⁿ^m^e^{nt of}^fⁱ^cⁱ^a^l^or^of^fⁱ^cⁱ^a^l^s.

agent, or other specified person thereof) that furnishes any information, facilities, or technical
assistance under subsection 1842(d) in accordance with the terms of an order issued under this
section.
Section 1843 of Title 18 of the United States Code focuses upon authorization for installation and
use of a pen register or trap and trace device under FISA during specified types of emergencies.
This provision applies when the Attorney General makes a reasonable determination that:
^{(1) an}^e^m^er^g^eⁿ^c^y^requ^ire^s^t^h^e^ins^t^allatioⁿ^aⁿ^{d us}^{e of a pen}^regⁱ^s^t^{er or trap an}^{d trace}
^devⁱ^{ce t}^o^obt^aiⁿ^fo^reigⁿⁱⁿ^tellig^en^{ce in}^fo^rma^tioⁿⁿ^o^t^c^oⁿ^cernⁱⁿ^g^a^Uⁿ^ited^S^t^a^t^{es p}^e^rsoⁿ^o^r
^infor^m^{ation to pr}^{otect agains}^t^inter^{national ter}^r^o^rⁱ^s^m^or^cl^andes^{tine intelligence activities}^,
^pr^ovi^d^{ed t}^hat^s^u^c^hⁱⁿ^ves^tⁱ^gatⁱ^{on of}^a^Uⁿⁱ^t^e^{d St}^at^es^per^s^{on i}^s^not^con^duct^e^{d s}^o^l^e^l^y^u^pon^t^h^e
^b^a^s^{is o}^f^a^c^{tivities p}^r^o^t^ected^b^y^th^{e first a}^m^en^d^m^en^{t to}^th^{e Co}ⁿ^s^titu^tioⁿ^bef^o^{re an}^order
^au^th^oriziⁿ^g^t^h^{e i}ⁿ^s^t^a^{llation and u}^s^{e o}^f^t^h^{e pe}ⁿ^regis^t^{er or tra}^p^an^{d trace dev}ⁱ^ce,^as^t^h^{e ca}^s^e
^m^a^y^{be, can}^wⁱ^th^du^{e dili}^g^eⁿ^c^{e be obtain}^e^{d u}ⁿ^d^{er s}^ection^{1842 of}^th^is^{title; a}ⁿ^d
⁽²⁾^t^h^e^f^a^c^t^u^a^l^b^a^sⁱ^s^f^o^rⁱ^s^s^u^aⁿ^c^e^o^f^aⁿ^o^r^d^e^r^uⁿ^d^e^r^s^e^c^tⁱ^oⁿ¹⁸⁴²⁽^c)^o^f^th^is^title^to^ap^p^r^o^v^e
^th^{e i}ⁿ^s^t^al^lation^aⁿ^d^u^s^{e o}^f^th^e^pen^regⁱ^s^t^{er or trap an}^{d trace dev}ⁱ^{ce, as}^t^h^{e cas}^e^m^a^y^be,¹²⁴
^ex^is^t^s^.
Upon making such a determination, the Attorney General may authorize the installation and use
of a pen register or trap and trace device for this purpose if two criteria are met. First, the ¹²⁵
Attorney General or his designee must inform a judge referred to in Section 1842(b) at the time
of the emergency authorization that the decision to install and use the pen register or trap and
trace device has been made. Second, an application for a court order authorizing a pen register or
trap and trace device under 50 U.S.C. § 1842(a)(1) must be made to the judge as soon as ¹²⁶
practicable, but no later that 48 hours after the emergency authorization. If no order approving
the installation and use of a pen register or trap and trace device is forthcoming, then the
installation and use of such pen register or trap and trace device must terminate at the earlier of
the time when the information sought is obtained, the time when the application for the order is
denied under 50 U.S.C. § 1842, or the expiration of 48 hours from the time the Attorney General ¹²⁷
made his emergency authorization.
If an application for an order sought under Section 1843(a)(2) is denied, or if the installation and
use of the pen register or trap and trace device is terminated, and no order approving it is issued
under 50 U.S.C. § 1842(b)(2), then no information obtained or evidence derived from the use of
the pen register or trap and trace device may be received in evidence or disclosed in any trial,
hearing or other proceeding in any court, grand jury, department, office, agency, regulatory body,
legislative committee or other federal state or local authority. Furthermore, in such circumstances,

¹²⁴⁵⁰^U^.^S^.^C.^§¹⁸⁴³⁽^b⁾⁽ⁱ^t^a^lⁱ^c^{s ref}^l^ect^l^aⁿ^g^u^a^{ge ad}^d^e^d^b^y^P^.^L^.¹⁰⁷^-^56,^§²¹⁴⁽^b⁾⁽²^),ⁱⁿ^p^l^{ace o}^f^l^aⁿ^g^u^a^{ge w}^hⁱ^c^h^read
^“^f^oreⁱ^gⁿ^inte^llig^eⁿ^c^e^inf^o^rm^a^tion^{or inf}^o^rm^a^{tion c}^o^nc^e^r^ningⁱⁿ^te^rna^tiona^l^te^rrorism^.”^{) Sim}^ila^{r la}^ng^ua^g^e^w^a^{s inse}^rte^dⁱⁿ
⁵⁰^U.^S^.^C.^§¹⁸⁴³⁽^a)^b^y^P^.^L^.¹⁰⁷^-⁵⁶^,^§²¹⁴⁽^b⁾⁽¹^),ⁱⁿ^p^l^{ace o}^f^l^aⁿ^g^u^a^{ge t}^h^at^p^a^ral^l^e^l^e^d^t^h^at^st^ri^cken^f^r^o^m^su^b^s^ectⁱ^oⁿ
¹⁸⁴³⁽^b)^.
¹²⁵^Se^e^dis^c^us^sⁱ^oⁿ^of^the^te^r^m^“^j^udg^e^”^a^s^us^e^d^{in Se}^c^tⁱ^on¹⁸⁴²⁽^b)ⁱⁿ^f^oot^note¹²^1,^s^upr^a^.
¹²⁶^{50 U}^.^S.C^.^§¹⁸⁴³⁽^a⁾^.
¹²⁷^{50 U}^.^S.C^.^§¹⁸⁴³⁽^c⁾⁽¹⁾^.

no information concerning a United States person acquired from the use of the pen register or trap
and trace device may later be used or disclosed in any other way by federal officers or employees
without consent of the U.S. person involved, with one exception. If the Attorney General
approves the disclosure because the information indicates a threat of death or serious bodily harm ¹²⁸
to anyone, then disclosure without consent of the U.S. person involved is permitted.
If Congress declares war, then, notwithstanding any other provision of law, the President, through
the Attorney General, may authorize use of a pen register or trap and trace device without a court
order to acquire foreign intelligence information for up to 15 calendar days after the declaration ¹²⁹
of war.
50 U.S.C. § 1845 sets parameters with respect to the use of information obtained through the use
of a pen register or trap and trace device under 50 U.S.C. § 1841 et seq. Federal officers and
employees may only use or disclose such information with respect to a U.S. person without the ¹³⁰
consent of that person in accordance with Section 1845. Any disclosure by a Federal officer or
employee of information acquired pursuant to FISA from a pen register or trap and trace device ¹³¹
must be for a lawful purpose. Disclosure for law enforcement purposes of information
acquired under 50 U.S.C. § 1841 et seq. is only permitted where the disclosure is accompanied by
a statement that the information and any derivative information may only be used in a criminal ¹³²
proceeding with the advance authorization of the Attorney General.
Under 50 U.S.C. § 1845(c), when the United States intends to enter into evidence, use, or disclose
information obtained by or derived from a FISA pen register or trap and trace device against an ¹³³
aggrieved person in any federal trial, hearing, or proceeding, notice requirements must be
satisfied. The Government, before the trial, hearing, or proceeding or a reasonable time before the
information is to be proffered, used or disclosed, must give notice of its intent both to the ¹³⁴
aggrieved person involved and to the court or other authority in which the information is to be
disclosed or used.

¹²⁸^{50 U}^.^S.C^.^§¹⁸⁴³⁽^c⁾⁽²⁾^.
¹²⁹^{50 U}^.^S.C^.^§¹⁸⁴⁴^.
¹³⁰^{50 U}^.^S.C^.^§¹⁸⁴⁵⁽^a⁾⁽¹⁾^.
¹³¹^{50 U}^.^S.C^.^§¹⁸⁴⁵⁽^a⁾⁽²⁾^.
¹³²^{50 U}^.^S.C^.^§¹⁸⁴⁵⁽^b)^.
¹³³^“^A^g^g^r^iev^e^{d pe}^r^s^on”^is^de^fⁱ^ne^{d i}ⁿ^{50 U}^.^S.C^.^§¹⁸⁴¹⁽³⁾^f^o^r^p^u^r^p^os^e^s^of^{50 U}^.^S.C^.^§¹⁸⁴¹^et^seq.^a^s^aⁿ^y^pe^r^s^on:
⁽^A⁾^w^hos^e^te^le^phone^line^w^a^s^s^u^b^j^e^c^t^{to t}^h^e^ins^t^a^lla^ti^on^or^us^e^of^a^pe^{n r}^e^gⁱ^s^t^e^r^or^tr^a^p^aⁿ^d
^t^r^{ace d}^e^vi^{ce au}^t^h^o^rⁱ^zed^b^y^su^b^c^h^a^p^t^{er IV}^[⁵⁰^U.^S^.^C.^§¹⁸⁴¹^et^seq^.^];^o^r
⁽^B⁾^w^hos^e^c^o^m^m^unic^a^{tion ins}^t^r^u^m^e^{nt or}^de^vⁱ^c^e^w^a^s^s^ubje^c^t^{to t}^h^e^us^e^of^a^pe^{n r}^e^gⁱ^s^t^e^r^or^tr^a^p
^an^d^t^r^{ace d}^e^vi^{ce au}^t^h^o^rⁱ^zed^b^y^su^b^c^h^a^p^t^{er I}^V^t^o^cap^t^u^{re i}ⁿ^co^mⁱⁿ^g^el^ect^roⁿⁱ^{c o}^r^o^t^h^e^r
^c^o^m^m^unic^a^tions^im^puls^e^s^.
¹³⁴^T^h^{e st}^at^u^t^{e ref}^e^{rs t}^oⁿ^o^tⁱ^{ce t}^o^t^h^e^“aggri^e^ved^p^e^rsoⁿ^.^{” Here}^{it is}^usiⁿ^g^{this te}^rm^{in the}^c^onte^x^{t of}^a^pe^{n r}^e^gⁱ^s^t^e^r^or
^t^r^ap^an^{d t}^r^{ace d}^e^vi^ce^unde^{r FI}^SA^(s^e^e^f^ootnote⁹⁰^f^o^{r the}^a^pplic^a^b^l^e^de^fⁱ^nition^of^“^p^eⁿ^re^gⁱ^s^t^e^r^”^a^nd^“^t^ra^{p a}^{nd tr}^ace
⁽^c^onti^nue^d.^..)

If a state or local government intends to enter into evidence, use, or disclose information obtained
or derived from such a trap and trace device against an aggrieved person in a state or local trial,
hearing or proceeding, it must give notice to the aggrieved person and to the Attorney General of ¹³⁵
the United States of the state or local government’s intent to disclose or use the information.
50 U.S.C. §1845(c)-(f)—U.S. District Court Consideration of Notices, Motions to Suppress, or
Discovery Motions. The aggrieved person in either case may move to suppress the evidence
obtained or derived from a FISA pen register or trap and trace device on one of two grounds: that
the information was unlawfully acquired; or that the use of the pen register or trap and trace
device was not made in conformity with an order of authorization or approval under 50 U.S.C. § ¹³⁶

1841 et seq.

If notice is given under 50 U.S.C. §§ 1845(c) or (d), or a motion or request is made to suppress or
to discover or obtain any applications, orders, or other materials relating to use of a FISA pen
register or trap and trace device or information obtained by or derived from such use, the
Attorney General may have national security concerns with respect to the effect of such
disclosure or of an adversary hearing. If he files an affidavit under oath that disclosure or any
adversary hearing would harm the national security of the United States, the United States district
court in which the motion or request is made, or where the motion or request is made before
another authority, the U.S. district court in the same district, shall review in camera and ex parte
the application, order, and other relevant materials to determine whether the use of the pen ¹³⁷
register or trap and trace device was lawfully authorized and conducted. In so doing, the court
may only disclose portions of the application, order or materials to the aggrieved person or order
the Attorney General to provide the aggrieved person with a summary of these materials if that
disclosure is necessary to making an accurate determination of the legality of the use of the pen ¹³⁸
register or trap and trace device.
Should the court find that the pen register or trap and trace device was not lawfully authorized or
conducted, it may suppress the unlawfully obtained or derived evidence or “otherwise grant the ¹³⁹
motion of the aggrieved person.” On the other hand, if the court finds the pen register or trap
and trace device lawfully authorized and conducted, it may deny the aggrieved person’s motion ¹⁴⁰
except to the extent discovery or disclosure is required by due process. Any U.S. district court
orders granting motions or request under Section 1845(g), finding unlawfully authorized or
conducted the use of a pen register or trap and trace device, or requiring review or granting
disclosure of applications, orders or other materials regarding installation and use of a pen
register or trap and trace device are deemed final orders. They are binding on all federal and state ¹⁴¹
courts except U.S. courts of appeals and the U.S. Supreme Court.

^(...c^on^tin^ue^d)
^d^e^vⁱ^{ce” in}⁵⁰^U.^S.C.^§¹⁸⁴¹⁽²⁾^an^d^f^o^o^tⁿ^o^te¹⁰⁶^f^o^{r th}^{e ap}^p^licab^le^d^e^fⁱⁿ^itioⁿ^o^f^“ag^g^r^ie^v^e^d^p^e^rsoⁿ^”ⁱⁿ⁵⁰^U.S^.^C.§
¹⁸⁴¹⁽³⁾^,^s^u^pr^a)^.^T^h^e^te^r^m^“^a^g^g^rⁱ^e^v^e^{d pe}^r^s^on”^is^a^l^s^o^de^fⁱ^ne^{d i}ⁿ^b^o^t^h⁵⁰^U^.^S^.^C^.^§§¹⁸⁰¹⁽^k⁾⁽ⁱ^{n t}^h^e^c^o^nte^x^{t of}^e^l^e^c^t^r^onic
^surv^e^illa^nc^e^,^se^e^f^ootnote⁶⁷^,^su^p^r^a^{) an}^{d 18}²⁵^(d^{) (i}ⁿ^t^h^{e con}^t^ext^o^f^{a p}^h^y^si^cal^sear^ch^,^{see f}^o^o^tⁿ^o^t^e⁹⁷^,^sup^r^a^).
¹³⁵^{50 U}^.^S.C^.^§¹⁸⁴⁵⁽^d)^.
¹³⁶^{50 U}^.^S.C^.^§¹⁸⁴⁵⁽^e⁾^.
¹³⁷^{50 U}^.^S.C^.^§¹⁸⁴⁵⁽^f⁾⁽¹⁾^.
¹³⁸^{50 U}^.^S.C^.^§¹⁸⁴⁵⁽^f⁾⁽²⁾^.
¹³⁹^{50 U}^.^S.C^.^§¹⁸⁴⁵⁽^g⁾⁽¹⁾^.
¹⁴⁰^{50 U}^.^S.C^.^§¹⁸⁴⁵⁽^g⁾⁽²⁾^.
¹⁴¹^{50 U}^.^S.C^.^§¹⁸⁴⁵⁽^h)^.

Section 1846 deals with congressional oversight of the use of FISA pen registers and trap and ¹⁴²
trace devices. It requires the Attorney General semiannually to fully inform the House
Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence, the Senate Select Committee on Intelligence, and ¹⁴³
the House and Senate Judiciary Committees regarding all FISA uses of pen registers and trap
and trace devices. In addition, the Attorney General, on a semi-annual basis, must report to the
House Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence, the Senate Select Committee on Intelligence,
the House Judiciary Committee and the Senate Judiciary Committee on the total number of
applications made for orders approving the use of such pen registers and trap and trace devices;
the total number of such orders granted, modified, or denied during the previous six month
period; the total number of pen registers and trap and trace devices whose installation and use was
authorized by the Attorney General on an emergency basis under section 1843 of this title, and
the total number of subsequent orders approving or denying the installation and use of such pen ¹⁴⁴
registers and trap and trace devices.
Added in 1998, Title V of FISA, 50 U.S.C. § 1861 et seq., was substantially changed by P.L. 107-¹⁴⁵
56, and modified further by P.L. 107-108, P.L. 109-177, and P.L. 109-178. Although

¹⁴²^Se^e^a^l^{so Se}^c^tio^{n 6}⁰⁰²^of^P^.^L^.¹⁰^8-4^58,^the^Iⁿ^te^llig^eⁿ^c^e^Re^f^o^r^m^a^{nd T}^e^rrorism^P^r^e^v^eⁿ^{tion A}^c^{t of}²⁰^{04, w}^h^ic^h
^am^e^nde^{d FI}^SA^{to a}^d^{d a}^d^diti^ona^{l r}^e^por^ti^ng^r^e^quir^e^m^e^nts^c^odifⁱ^e^d^a^t^{50 U}^.^S.C^.^§¹⁸^71.^T^h^e^s^e^ne^w^r^e^p^o^r^ting
^r^e^quir^e^m^e^nts^a^r^e^dis^c^us^s^e^{d a}^t^f^ootnote¹⁶^5,ⁱⁿ^f^r^a^,^an^{d acco}^m^p^an^yⁱⁿ^g^t^e^xt^.
¹⁴³^{50 U}^.^S.C^.^§¹⁸⁴⁶⁽^a⁾^.^P^.^L^.¹^09-¹⁷^{7, Se}^c^tⁱ^on¹²⁸⁽^b)^{, a}^dde^{d t}^h^e^H^ous^e^a^{nd Se}^na^te^J^udicⁱ^a^r^y^C^o^m^m^itte^e^s^{to the}^lⁱ^s^t^of
^co^mm^itte^{es to}^b^e^k^e^p^t^f^u^llyⁱⁿ^f^o^rmed^b^y^th^{e A}^tto^rn^e^y^G^eⁿ^e^ra^{l reg}^a^rdⁱⁿ^g^all^u^s^{e o}^f^FISA^p^eⁿ^regⁱ^{sters an}^d^trap^an^d^trace
^d^e^vi^ces.
¹⁴⁴^{50 U}^.^S.C^.^§¹⁸⁴⁶⁽^b)^.^P.L^.¹^09-¹⁷^{7, Se}^c^tⁱ^on¹⁰⁹⁽^b)⁽³⁾^,^a^dde^d^the^r^e^por^ti^ng^r^e^quir^e^m^e^nts^w^{ith r}^e^s^p^e^c^t^{to t}^h^e^to^ta^l
ⁿ^u^m^b^e^{r o}^f^e^m^er^gen^c^y^p^eⁿ^regi^st^e^r^{s an}^d^t^r^{ap an}^{d t}^r^{ace d}^e^vi^{ces au}^t^h^o^rⁱ^zed^b^y^t^h^{e A}^t^t^o^rn^ey^G^eⁿ^e^ral^unde^r⁵⁰^U^.^S.C^.^§
¹⁸⁴^{3, a}^nd^the^t^o^ta^{l n}^u^m^b^e^r^of^s^u^b^s^e^que^nt^or^de^r^s^a^p^pr^ov^ing^or^de^ny^ing^s^u^c^hⁱⁿ^s^t^a^lla^tio^{n a}ⁿ^d^us^e^.
¹⁴⁵^T^itle^V^of^FISA^w^a^{s a}^dde^{d by}^Tⁱ^t^l^e^V^I^,^Se^c^.⁶^02,^of^P^.^L^.¹^05-²⁷^2,^{on Oc}^to^be^{r 2}⁰^,¹⁹⁹⁸^{, 1}¹²^Sta^t^.²⁴^11-^12,^a^nd
^sⁱ^gⁿ^if^ic^aⁿ^tl^y^am^e^nde^{d by}^P.L^.¹⁰^7-⁵⁶^aⁿ^d^P^.^L^.¹^07-¹⁰^{8. T}^h^e^pr^ior^v^e^r^s^{ion of}^{50 U}^.^S.C^.^§¹⁸⁶¹^pr^ov^ide^d^de^fⁱ^niti^ons^f^o^r
^“^f^oreⁱ^gⁿ^pow^e^r^,”^“^a^g^e^{nt of}^a^f^o^re^ig^{n pow}^e^r^,”^“^f^oreⁱ^gⁿ^inte^llig^eⁿ^c^e^inf^o^rm^a^tion,”^“ⁱ^nte^r^na^tio^na^{l te}^rrori^s^m^,”^a^nd
^“^A^ttorney^G^e^ne^ra^l,”^“^c^o^m^m^{on c}^a^rrie^r^,”^“^phy^sⁱ^c^a^l^s^t^ora^g^e^f^a^c^ilit^y^,^”^“^publ^ic^acco^mm^o^d^a^tioⁿ^f^acilit^y^,^”^an^d^“v^eh^icle
^re^nta^l^f^a^c^ilit^y^”^f^o^{r purp}^o^se^{s of}⁵⁰^U.S.C.^{§ 1}⁸⁶¹^et^seq^.^T^h^e^prⁱ^o^r^v^e^r^s^{ion of}^Se^c^tio^{n 1}⁸⁶²^w^a^s^m^u^c^h^m^o^r^e^na^r^r^o^w^l^y
^dr^a^w^{n tha}ⁿ^t^h^e^ne^w^v^e^r^s^{ion a}^dde^{d in}^P^.^L^.¹^07-⁵⁶^aⁿ^d^a^m^e^nde^{d by}^P.L^.¹⁰^7-¹^08.^T^h^e^e^a^r^lie^r^v^e^r^s^ion^r^e^a^d^:
^{(a) T}^h^{e Di}^rect^o^r^o^f^t^h^{e F}^e^d^e^ral^B^u^reau^o^f^In^vestⁱ^g^atⁱ^oⁿ^o^r^{a d}^e^si^{gnee o}^f^t^h^{e Di}^rect^o^r^(w^h^o^s^e
^ran^k^sh^al^l^b^eⁿ^o^l^o^w^e^{r t}^h^an^A^ssi^st^an^t^S^p^eci^al^A^g^en^tⁱⁿ^Ch^{arge) m}^a^y^m^a^{ke an}^ap^p^lⁱ^catⁱ^o^{n f}^o^{r an}
^o^r^d^e^{r au}^t^h^o^r^izin^g^{a co}^mm^oⁿ^{carrier, p}^u^b^{lic acco}^mm^o^d^a^tioⁿ^f^acility^{, p}^h^y^{sical sto}^r^ag^e^f^acilit^y^,^o^r
^v^e^hic^l^e^re^nta^l^f^a^c^ilit^y^{to re}^le^a^s^e^re^c^o^{rds in}^its^posse^{ssion f}^o^{r a}ⁿ^inv^e^stig^a^{tion t}^o^g^a^the^r^f^o^re^igⁿ
^inte^llig^eⁿ^c^e^inf^o^rm^a^{tion or a}ⁿ^inv^e^stig^a^{tion c}^onc^e^rⁿⁱ^ng^inte^rⁿ^a^tio^na^{l te}^rrorism^w^h^ic^{h inv}^e^stig^a^tion
^is^be^ing^c^o^nd^uc^te^{d by}^the^Fe^de^r^a^l^B^u^r^e^a^u^of^Iⁿ^v^e^s^tig^a^tion^un^de^r^s^u^c^h^g^u^ide^lⁱⁿ^e^s^a^s^the^A^ttorⁿ^e^y
^G^e^ne^r^a^{l a}^ppr^ov^e^s^pur^s^u^aⁿ^{t t}^o^Ex^e^c^utiv^e^O^r^de^r^N^o^.¹²³³^3,^or^a^s^u^c^c^e^s^s^o^r^or^de^r^.
^{(b) Ea}^c^h^a^p^plic^a^tioⁿ^un^de^{r this se}^c^tion—
^{(1) sha}^ll^be^m^a^de^to—
^(A^{) a}^judg^e^of^the^c^{ourt e}^s^ta^blis^he^d^by^se^c^{tion 1}⁸⁰³^(a^{) of}^this^title^;^or
^{(B) a}^Uⁿ^ite^d^Sta^t^e^s^Ma^gⁱ^s^t^ra^te^J^udg^e^unde^{r c}^h^a^p^te^{r 4}³^of^T^itle²⁸^{[28 U}^.^S.C.^§⁶³¹
^et^seq^.^{], w}^{ho is}^pu^blic^ly^de^sigⁿ^a^t^e^d^by^the^Chie^f^Ju^stⁱ^{ce o}^f^t^h^{e Un}ⁱ^t^ed^S^t^at^{es t}^o^h^a^{ve t}^h^e
^p^o^w^{er t}^o^h^{ear app}^lⁱ^catⁱ^oⁿ^s^an^{d gran}^t^o^r^d^e^{rs f}^o^{r t}^h^{e rel}^{ease o}^f^reco^rd^{s un}^d^e^{r t}^hⁱ^s^sectⁱ^oⁿ
^on^be^ha^lf^of^a^judg^e^of^tha^t^c^o^ur^t;^a^nd
⁽²^{) sh}^{all s}^p^ecify^th^at—
⁽^c^onti^nue^d.^..)

denominated “access to certain business records for foreign intelligence and international
terrorism investigations,” the reach of Section 1861, as amended by the USA PATRIOT Act, P.L.
107-108, P.L. 109-177, and P.L. 109-178, is now substantially broader than business records
alone.
Under 50 U.S.C. § 1861(a)(1), subject to Subsection 1861(a)(3), the Director of the FBI, or his
designee (who must be at the Assistant Special Agent in Charge level or higher in rank) may
apply for an order requiring
^{... t}^h^{e produ}^ctⁱ^oⁿ^o^f^aⁿ^y^t^aⁿ^gⁱ^bl^{e t}^hⁱⁿ^gs⁽ⁱⁿ^c^l^u^di^ng^book^s^,^re^cords^,^papers^{, docu}^m^eⁿ^t^s^,^an^d
^o^t^he^rⁱ^t^e^ms)^fo^r^aⁿⁱ^nve^stⁱ^g^a^tⁱ^oⁿ^to^o^b^t^aⁱⁿ^fo^reigⁿⁱⁿ^tellig^eⁿ^ceⁱⁿ^fo^rma^tioⁿⁿ^o^t^c^oⁿ^cernⁱⁿ^g^a
^Uⁿⁱ^t^e^{d St}^at^es^per^s^{on or}^to^p^r^o^t^{ect ag}^aiⁿ^s^{t i}ⁿ^terⁿ^atioⁿ^a^l^ter^r^o^r^is^m^o^r^clan^d^e^stiⁿ^{e i}ⁿ^telli^g^eⁿ^c^e
^activ^itie^{s, p}^r^o^v^id^ed^th^{at su}^chⁱⁿ^v^e^sti^g^atioⁿ^o^f^{a Un}^ited^States^p^e^r^s^oⁿ^{is n}^o^{t co}ⁿ^d^u^c^ted^so^lel^y¹⁴⁶
^u^p^oⁿ^th^{e b}^a^si^{s o}^f^acti^v^itie^{s p}^r^o^t^ected^b^y^t^h^{e f}ⁱ^r^s^{t a}^m^eⁿ^d^m^en^t^to^th^{e Co}ⁿ^s^tit^u^tioⁿ^.

^(...c^on^tin^ue^d)
⁽^A⁾^t^h^{e r}^eco^r^d^{s co}ⁿ^cerⁿ^e^d^ar^{e sough}^t^f^o^r^anⁱⁿ^vestⁱ^g^atⁱ^oⁿ^d^e^scrⁱ^b^e^dⁱⁿ^sub^s^ectⁱ^oⁿ
^{(a); an}^d
^{(B) t}^h^{ere are sp}^eci^fⁱ^{c an}^d^artⁱ^c^u^l^ab^l^e^f^act^{s gi}^viⁿ^g^reasoⁿ^t^o^b^e^lⁱ^e^{ve t}^h^at^t^h^e^p^e^rsoⁿ^t^o
^w^h^o^m^t^h^{e reco}^rd^{s p}^e^rt^aiⁿⁱ^s^{a f}^o^r^eⁱ^gⁿ^p^o^w^{er o}^r^an^agen^t^o^f^{a f}^o^rei^gⁿ^po^w^e^r.
⁽^c⁾⁽¹⁾^U^p^{on a}^pplic^a^tⁱ^{on m}^a^de^pu^r^s^ua^{nt t}^o^t^h^is^s^e^c^tion^,^the^ju^dg^e^s^h^a^{ll e}ⁿ^te^r^aⁿ^e^x^pa^r^t^e^or^de^r
^{as req}^u^e^st^ed^,^o^r^{as m}^o^dⁱ^fⁱ^ed^,^ap^p^r^o^vⁱⁿ^{g t}^h^{e rel}^{ease o}^f^reco^rd^{s i}^f^t^h^{e j}^u^d^g^{e f}ⁱⁿ^d^s^t^h^at^t^h^e
^a^pplic^a^tio^{n sa}^tisfⁱ^e^d^the^re^q^u^ire^m^eⁿ^{ts of}^{this se}^c^tio^n.
⁽²⁾^Aⁿ^or^de^r^un^de^r^th^is^s^u^bs^e^c^tio^{n s}^h^a^ll^not^dis^c^l^o^s^e^tha^t^it^is^is^s^u^e^d^f^o^r^p^u^r^p^os^e^s^of^aⁿ
^inv^e^s^tig^a^{tion de}^s^c^rⁱ^be^dⁱⁿ^s^ubs^e^c^t^{ion (}^a⁾^.
⁽^d⁾⁽¹⁾^Aⁿ^y^c^o^m^m^{on c}^a^r^rⁱ^e^r^{, publ}^ic^acco^mm^o^d^a^tioⁿ^f^acility^{, p}^h^y^sic^a^{l sto}^r^ag^{e f}^a^cilit^y^,^o^r
^v^e^hic^l^e^re^nta^l^f^a^c^ilit^y^sha^{ll c}^o^m^p^ly^w^{ith a}ⁿ^orde^r^un^de^{r subse}^c^tioⁿ^(c^).
⁽²^{) No}^c^o^mm^oⁿ^{carrier, p}^u^b^{lic acco}^mm^o^d^a^tioⁿ^f^acilit^y^,^p^h^y^{sical st}^o^r^ag^{e facilit}^y^,^o^r^v^e^hⁱ^cle
^re^nta^l^f^a^c^ilit^y^,^{or of}^fⁱ^c^e^{r, e}^m^ploy^e^e^{, or a}^g^eⁿ^{t th}^e^r^e^o^f^,^sha^ll^disc^lose^{to a}ⁿ^y^pe^{rson (}^o^the^r^t^h^aⁿ
^th^o^s^{e o}^f^fⁱ^{cers, ag}^en^{ts, o}^r^em^p^l^o^y^e^e^{s o}^f^su^ch^co^mm^oⁿ^{carrier, p}^u^b^{lic acco}^mm^o^d^a^tioⁿ^f^acilit^y^,
^p^h^y^{sical sto}^r^ag^e^f^a^cility^{, o}^r^v^e^hⁱ^{cle ren}^t^{al f}^acilit^yⁿ^ecess^a^r^y^to^f^u^lf^il^{l th}^{e req}^u^irem^en^{t to}^dⁱ^scl^o^se
^inf^o^rm^a^{tion to t}^h^e^Fe^de^ra^{l Bure}^a^u^of^Inv^e^stig^a^tion^u^nde^{r t}^h^{is se}^c^tio^{n) tha}^t^the^Fe^de^ra^{l Bure}^a^u^of
^Iⁿ^v^e^s^tig^a^{tion ha}^s^s^o^ug^ht^or^o^b^taⁱⁿ^e^d^r^e^c^o^r^d^s^p^u^r^s^ua^{nt t}^o^aⁿ^or^de^r^u^nde^r^t^h^is^s^e^c^tion^.
^C^ong^r^e^s^sⁱ^ona^l^ov^e^r^sⁱ^g^h^{t w}^a^s^c^o^v^e^r^e^{d un}^de^r^t^h^e^prⁱ^o^r^pr^ov^is^io^ns^by^{50 U}^.^S.C^.^§1⁸⁶^{3, w}^h^ic^{h w}^a^s^sⁱ^m^ila^r^,^bu^{t n}^o^t
ⁱ^d^en^tⁱ^cal^t^o^t^h^{e n}^e^w^S^ectⁱ^oⁿ¹⁸⁶²^.^T^h^{e f}^o^r^m^{er S}^ectⁱ^oⁿ¹⁸⁶³^st^at^ed^:
⁽^a⁾^Oⁿ^a^s^e^mⁱ^a^nnua^{l ba}^sⁱ^s^,^the^A^ttorⁿ^e^y^G^e^ne^r^a^{l s}^h^a^{ll f}^u^ll^y^inf^o^r^m^the^P^e^r^m^aⁿ^eⁿ^{t Se}^le^c^t
^Com^m^itte^e^{on Inte}^llig^eⁿ^c^e^of^the^House^of^Re^pre^s^eⁿ^ta^tiv^e^s^a^{nd the}^Se^le^c^t^Com^m^itte^e^on
^Inte^llig^eⁿ^c^e^of^the^Se^na^te^c^o^nc^e^rⁿⁱ^ng^a^{ll re}^que^{st f}^o^{r re}^c^o^r^d^{s u}^nde^{r t}^h^{is su}^bc^ha^pte^r^{[50 U.}^S.C.^§
¹⁸⁶¹^et^seq.^].
^{(b) O}ⁿ^a^s^e^mⁱ^a^nnua^{l ba}^sⁱ^s^,^the^A^ttorne^y^G^e^ne^ra^{l s}^h^a^{ll prov}^ide^t^o^t^h^e^Com^m^itte^e^s^{on the}
^Judicⁱ^a^r^y^of^the^Hous^e^of^Re^pre^s^eⁿ^ta^tiv^e^s^a^{nd t}^h^e^Se^na^te^a^re^p^o^{rt se}^tting^f^o^{rth w}^{ith re}^spe^c^t^t^o^t^h^e
^p^r^ecedⁱⁿ^{g 6}^-^m^oⁿ^t^{h p}^e^ri^o^d^—
⁽¹⁾^the^tota^l^num^be^r^of^a^pplic^a^tⁱ^o^ns^m^a^de^f^o^r^or^de^r^s^a^p^pr^ov^ing^r^e^q^u^e^s^ts^f^o^r^r^e^c^o^r^d^s^u^nde^r
^this^s^u^bc^ha^pte^r^[⁵⁰^U^.^S.C^.^§¹⁸⁶¹^et^seq^.^];^aⁿ^d
⁽²⁾^the^tota^l^num^be^r^of^s^u^c^h^o^r^de^r^s^e^ithe^r^g^r^aⁿ^te^{d, m}^odifⁱ^e^d^{, or}^deⁿⁱ^e^d^.
¹⁴⁶^T^h^e^ita^lic^iz^e^d^por^tⁱ^oⁿ^of^Se^c^tioⁿ¹⁸⁶¹⁽^a⁾⁽¹⁾^w^a^s^a^dde^{d by}^Se^c^tion³¹⁴⁽^a⁾⁽⁶⁾^of^P^.^L^.¹⁰^7-¹^08.^H^.^R^e^p^t^{. 1}^07-³²^{8, t}^h^e
^coⁿ^f^eren^{ce rep}^o^r^t^t^o^acco^m^p^an^y^H.^R.²⁸⁸³^,^t^h^{e In}^t^e^l^lⁱ^g^en^{ce A}^u^t^h^o^rⁱ^zatⁱ^oⁿ^A^c^t^f^o^{r F}ⁱ^scal^{Year 2}⁰⁰²^(w^hⁱ^ch^b^eca^m^e
^P.L^.¹⁰^7-1^08),^a^t^pa^g^e²⁴^,^de^sc^ribe^s^the^pur^pose^of^{this a}^d^ditio^{n a}^s^f^o^llow^s^:
⁽^c^onti^nue^d.^..)

Subsection 1861(a)(2) requires that such an investigation must be conducted under guidelines
approved by the Attorney General under E.O. 12333 or a successor order and prohibits such an
investigation of a United States person based solely upon First Amendment protected activities.
Under Subsection 1861(a)(3), which was added by Section 106(a)(2) of P.L. 109-177, if the
application is for an order requiring production of library circulation records, library patron lists,
book sales records, book customer lists, firearms sales records, tax return records, educational
records, or medical records containing information that would identify a person, the Director of
the Federal Bureau of Investigation may delegate the authority to make such application to either
the Deputy Director of the Federal Bureau of Investigation or the Executive Assistant Director for
National Security (or any successor position). The Deputy Director or the Executive Assistant
Director may not further delegate such authority.
An application for an order under Section 1861 must be made to an FISC judge or to a U.S.
magistrate judge publicly designated by the Chief Justice of the United States to hear such
applications and grant such orders for the production of tangible things on behalf of an FISC ¹⁴⁷
judge. The application must contain a statement of facts showing that there are reasonable
grounds to believe that the tangible things sought are relevant to an authorized investigation
(other than a threat assessment) conducted in accordance with 50 U.S.C. § 1861(a)(2) to obtain
foreign intelligence information not concerning a United States person or to protect against ¹⁴⁸
international terrorism or clandestine intelligence activities.

^(...c^on^tin^ue^d)
^Se^c^tion²¹⁵^of^the^U^S^A^P^A^T^R^I^O^T^A^c^{t of}^{2001 a}^m^e^nde^{d tit}^le^V^of^the^FI^SA^{, a}^ddi^ng^a^ne^w
^s^e^c^{tion 5}⁰¹^[⁵^{0 U}^.^S.C^.^§¹⁸⁶¹^]^{. S}^e^c^{tion 5}⁰¹⁽^a⁾^now^a^u^th^or^iz^e^s^the^dir^e^c^t^or^of^the^FB^I^t^o^a^p^ply^f^o^r^a
^co^u^r^t^o^r^d^e^{r t}^o^p^r^od^u^{ce cert}^aⁱⁿ^reco^rd^{s “f}^o^r^anⁱⁿ^ve^stig^a^{tion to}^pr^ote^c^{t a}^g^aⁱ^{nst inte}^rna^tio^na^{l te}^rr^orism
^{or c}^l^a^nde^stiⁿ^e^inte^ll^ig^eⁿ^c^e^a^c^tiv^itie^s.”^Se^c^{tion 5}⁰¹⁽^b)(²^{) dire}^c^t^{s t}^h^a^t^the^a^p^plic^a^tio^{n f}^o^{r suc}^h^re^c^o^r^d^s
^spe^cⁱ^fy^tha^t^the^pur^pose^of^theⁱⁿ^v^e^stig^a^{tion is}^to^“^o^b^t^aⁱ^{n f}^o^re^ig^{n i}ⁿ^t^e^llig^eⁿ^c^e^inf^o^r^m^a^{tion n}^o^t
^c^onc^e^r^ning^a^Uⁿⁱ^t^e^d^S^t^a^t^e^s^pe^r^s^oⁿ^.”^H^o^w^e^v^e^r^,^s^e^c^{tion 50}¹⁽^a⁾⁽¹⁾^,^w^h^ic^{h g}^e^ne^r^a^ll^y^a^u^thor^iz^e^s^the
^a^pplic^a^tio^ns^,^doe^sⁿ^o^{t c}^o^ntaⁱⁿ^e^q^uⁱ^v^a^le^{nt la}^ng^ua^g^e^{. T}^hus^{, s}^ubs^e^c^tio^ns⁽^a⁾⁽¹⁾^aⁿ^{d (}^b⁾⁽²⁾^now^a^ppe^a^r
^inc^onsiste^nt.
^T^h^{e co}ⁿ^f^eree^{s agre}^ed^t^o^{a p}^r^o^vⁱ^sⁱ^oⁿ^w^hⁱ^c^h^add^s^t^h^{e ph}^{rase “t}^o^ob^t^aⁱⁿ^f^o^rei^gⁿⁱⁿ^t^e^l^lⁱ^g^en^ce
^inf^o^r^m^a^{tion not}^c^onc^e^rⁿⁱ^ng^a^Uⁿⁱ^t^e^d^Sta^t^e^s^pe^r^s^oⁿ^o^r^”^{to s}^e^c^tioⁿ⁵⁰¹⁽^a⁾⁽¹⁾^.^T^h^is^w^{ould m}^a^k^e^the
^la^ng^ua^g^e^of^s^e^c^{tion 50}¹⁽^a⁾⁽¹⁾^c^oⁿ^s^is^te^{nt w}^{ith the}^le^gⁱ^s^l^a^tiv^e^his^t^or^y^of^s^e^c^{tion 2}¹⁵^of^the^U^S^A
^P^A^TR^I^O^{T Ac}^t⁽^see^{147 C}^o^ng^{. R}^e^c^.^S11⁰⁰⁶⁽^d^a^ily^e^d^{. O}^c^{t. 25}^{, 2}⁰⁰¹⁾⁽^s^e^c^tiona^{l a}ⁿ^a^l^y^s^is⁾⁾^a^{nd w}^ith
^the^la^ng^ua^g^e^of^s^e^c^{tion 2}¹⁴^of^the^U^S^A^P^A^T^R^I^O^T^A^c^{t (}^a^uthor^iz^ing^aⁿ^a^p^p^lic^a^tion^f^o^r^aⁿ^or^de^r^t^o
^us^e^pe^{n r}^e^gⁱ^s^t^e^r^s^a^{nd t}^r^a^p^aⁿ^{d tr}^a^c^e^de^vⁱ^c^e^s^{to “}^obtaⁱⁿ^f^o^r^e^ig^{n inte}^lli^g^e^nc^e^inf^o^r^m^a^{tion no}^t
^coⁿ^cernⁱⁿ^g^{a Un}ⁱ^t^ed^S^t^at^{es p}^e^rson^.^”^).
¹⁴⁷^{50 U}^.^S.C^.^§¹⁸⁶¹⁽^b)⁽¹⁾^.
¹⁴⁸^{50 U}^.^S.C^.^§¹⁸⁶¹⁽^b)⁽²⁾^,^a^s^a^m^eⁿ^de^{d by}^Se^c^tion¹⁰⁶⁽^b)^of^P^.^L^.¹⁰⁹^-¹⁷^{7. A}^s^s^o^a^m^e^nde^{d, the}^ta^ng^ib^le^thiⁿ^g^s^s^oug^ht
^{are p}^r^esu^m^ed^t^o^b^e^rel^e^van^t^t^o^aⁿ^au^t^h^o^rⁱ^zedⁱⁿ^vestⁱ^g^atⁱ^oⁿⁱ^f^t^h^{e app}^lⁱ^can^t^sho^w^s,ⁱⁿ^t^h^{e st}^at^em^en^t^o^f^f^a^ct^s,^t^h^at^t^h^ey
^p^e^rt^aiⁿ^t^o^{a f}^o^rei^gⁿ^po^w^e^{r o}^r^an^agen^t^o^f^{a f}^o^rei^gⁿ^p^o^w^er;^t^h^{e act}ⁱ^vⁱ^tⁱ^e^{s o}^f^{a su}^sp^ect^ed^agen^t^o^f^{a f}^o^rei^gⁿ^p^o^w^{er w}^h^oⁱ^s
^t^h^{e su}^bj^ect^o^f^su^ch^au^t^h^o^rⁱ^{zed i}ⁿ^v^e^stⁱ^g^atⁱ^oⁿ^;^o^r^anⁱⁿ^dⁱ^vi^du^alⁱⁿ^cont^act^wⁱ^t^h^,^o^r^kn^o^wⁿ^t^o^,^{a su}^s^p^ect^ed^agen^t^o^f^a
^f^o^re^ig^{n pow}^e^r^w^{ho is the}^s^ubje^c^t^of^suc^h^a^u^th^oriz^e^dⁱⁿ^v^e^stig^a^{tion. 50}^U.^{S.C. § 18}⁶¹⁽^b)(2)(A^)(i)-(iii)^.^T^h^e^a^pplic^a^tioⁿ
^m^u^s^t^a^l^s^o^inc^l^ude^aⁿ^e^num^e^r^a^tion^of^the^mⁱ^nimⁱ^za^{tion pr}^oc^e^dur^e^s^a^dop^te^d^by^the^A^ttorⁿ^ey^G^e^ne^r^a^{l unde}^r^S^ubs^e^c^tioⁿ
¹⁸⁶¹⁽^g⁾^tha^t^a^r^e^a^pplic^a^b^le^t^o^t^h^e^r^e^te^ntion^aⁿ^d^dis^s^e^mⁱ^na^tion^by^the^Fe^de^r^a^{l B}^u^r^e^a^u^of^Iⁿ^v^e^s^tig^a^tion^of^aⁿ^y^ta^ng^ible
^thing^s^t^o^be^m^a^de^a^v^a^ila^ble^{to the}^Fe^de^r^a^{l B}^u^r^e^a^u^of^Iⁿ^v^e^s^tig^a^tion^ba^s^e^{d on}^the^or^de^r^r^e^que^s^t^e^dⁱⁿ^s^u^c^h^a^pplic^a^tⁱ^on.⁵⁰
^{U.S.C. §}¹⁸⁶¹^(b⁾⁽²^)(B).

When such an application is made, if the judge finds that the application meets the requirements
of subsections 1861(a) and (b), he or she must enter an ex parte order as requested, or as
modified, approving the release of tangible things. The order must direct that minimization ¹⁴⁹
procedures adopted pursuant to subsection 1861(g) be followed.
An order issued under 50 U.S.C. § 1861(c) must: describe the tangible things that are ordered to
be produced with sufficient particularity to permit them to be fairly identified; include the date on
which the tangible things must be provided, which must allow a reasonable period of time within
which the tangible things can be assembled and made available; and provide recipients with clear
and conspicuous notice of nondisclosure requirements under Subsection 1861(d). The order may
only require the production of a tangible thing which may be subject to a subpoena duces tecum
issued by a court of the United States in aid of a grand jury investigation or to any other order
issued by a court of the United States directing the production of records or tangible things. An
order issued under 50 U.S.C. § 1861(c) shall not disclose that it is issued for purposes of an ¹⁵⁰
investigation described in Subsection 1861(a).
Subsection 1861(d) prohibits any person to disclose that the FBI has sought or obtained tangible
things under Section 1861, except where the disclosure is made to persons necessary to the
production of tangible things involved, to an attorney to obtain legal advice or assistance with
respect to the production of things in response to the order, or to other persons as permitted by the ¹⁵¹
Director of the FBI or his designee. A person to whom such disclosure is made is also subject
to these nondisclosure requirements, and must be put on notice of the nondisclosure requirements
by the person making such disclosures to him or her. At the request of the Director of the FBI or
his designee, anyone making or intending to make such a disclosure must identify to the Director ¹⁵²
or his designee the person to whom the disclosure was or is to be made.
Subsection 1861(e) precludes liability for persons who, in good faith, produce tangible things
under such a Section 1861 order. It further indicates that production does not constitute a waiver
of any privilege in any other proceeding or context.

¹⁴⁹^{50 U}^.^S.C^.^§¹⁸⁶¹⁽^c⁾⁽¹⁾^,^a^s^a^m^eⁿ^de^{d by}^Subs^e^c^tⁱ^on¹⁰⁶⁽^c⁾^of^P^.^L^.¹⁰⁹^-¹^77.
¹⁵⁰^{50 U}^.^S.C^.^§¹⁸⁶¹⁽^c⁾⁽²⁾^,^a^s^a^m^eⁿ^de^{d by}^Subs^e^c^tⁱ^on¹⁰⁶⁽^d)^of^P^.^L^.¹⁰⁹^-¹^77.
¹⁵¹⁵⁰^U^.^S.C.^§¹⁸⁶¹⁽^d⁾⁽¹^)(A^{)-(C), a}^s^a^m^en^d^e^d^b^y^Su^b^s^ectioⁿ¹⁰⁶⁽^e)^o^f^P^.^L^.¹⁰⁹^-¹⁷⁷^.
¹⁵²^{50 U}^.^S.C^.^§¹⁸⁶¹⁽^d)⁽²⁾^,^a^s^a^m^eⁿ^de^{d by}^Subs^e^c^tⁱ^on¹⁰⁶⁽^e⁾^of^P^.^L^.¹⁰⁹^-¹^77,^a^{nd f}^u^r^t^he^r^a^m^e^nde^{d by}^Se^c^tion⁴^of
^P.L^.¹⁰^9-¹^78.^A^s^am^e^nde^{d by}^Subs^e^c^tion¹⁰⁶⁽^e⁾^of^P^.^L^.¹^09-¹⁷^7,^s^ubs^e^c^tion¹⁸⁶¹⁽^d⁾⁽²⁾⁽^C⁾ⁱⁿ^c^l^ude^{d a}ⁿ^e^x^c^e^p^tio^{n t}^o
^theⁿ^o^tif^ic^a^{tion r}^e^q^u^ir^e^m^eⁿ^{t in t}^h^a^t^a^pe^r^s^{on w}^a^s^{not r}^e^quir^e^d^toⁿ^o^tif^y^the^Dⁱ^r^e^c^t^or^or^his^de^sⁱ^gⁿ^e^e^t^h^a^t^he^or^s^h^e
ⁱⁿ^t^e^nd^ed^t^o^con^s^u^l^t^aⁿ^at^t^o^rⁿ^ey^t^o^o^b^t^aiⁿ^l^e^gal^ad^vi^{ce o}^r^assi^st^an^ce.^T^hⁱ^s^excep^tⁱ^oⁿ^w^a^{s d}^e^l^e^t^e^d^b^y^S^e^ctⁱ^oⁿ⁴^o^f^P^.^L^.
¹⁰⁹^-¹^78.

Subsection 1861(f), which was added by Subsection 106(f) of P.L. 109-177 and amended by ¹⁵³
Section 3 of P.L. 109-178, gives a person in receipt of a production order under 50 U.S.C. §
1861 a means by which to challenge the legality of such order by filing a petition before the
petition review pool of the FISC established by 50 U.S.C. § 1803(e)(1). The recipient of a
production order must wait at least one year after issuance of that order to challenge the ¹⁵⁴
nondisclosure order imposed in connection with the production order by filing a petition to ¹⁵⁵
modify or set aside the nondisclosure order before the petition review pool. The presiding
judge must assign a petition filed with the pool under subsection 1861(f)(2)(A)(i) to one of the
FISC judges in the pool immediately, and the judge receiving such petition must conduct an
initial review of it within 72 hours. If the petition is deemed frivolous, the assigned judge must
immediately deny it and affirm the production order or nondisclosure order at issue. If the
assigned judge does not find the petition frivolous, he or she must promptly consider it under the
P^{ROCEDURES FOR}R^EV^I^E^W^O^FP^ET^IT^IONS^F^I^L^E^{D P}^U^RS^UA^N^T^T^OS^ECT^I^O^N501(^F)^OF^T^H^EF^OREI^G^N
I^N^T^ELL^I^G^ENCES^UR^V^E^IL^LA^NCEA^CT^OF1978,^ASA^MEN^D^ED, established under 50 U.S.C. §
1803(e)(2), and provide a written statement for the record of the reasons for any determination
made. An order setting aside a nondisclosure order may be stayed, upon request of the ¹⁵⁶
Government, pending review by the Court of Review.
A petition to modify or set aside a production order may only be granted if the judge finds the
order does not meet the requirements of 50 U.S.C. § 1861 or is otherwise unlawful. If the judge
does not modify or set aside the production order, he or she must immediately affirm the order ¹⁵⁷
and order the recipient to comply with it. A petition to modify or set aside a nondisclosure
order may only be granted if the judge finds that there is no reason to believe that disclosure may
endanger U.S. national security; interfere with a criminal, counterterrorism, or counterintelligence
investigation; interfere with diplomatic relations; or endanger the life or physical safety of any
person. If, upon the filing of a petition to modify or set aside a nondisclosure order, the Attorney
General, Deputy Attorney General, an Assistant Attorney General, or the Director of the FBI
certifies that disclosure may endanger the national security of the United States or interfere with
diplomatic relations, that certification will be treated as conclusive unless the judge finds that the
certification was made in bad faith. If a petition to modify or set aside a nondisclosure order is
denied, the recipient may not file another petition to modify or set aside that nondisclosure order ¹⁵⁸
for one year. A production order or nondisclosure order that is not explicitly modified or set ¹⁵⁹
aside under Section 1861 remains in full effect.
The Government or any person receiving a production or nondisclosure order may file a petition
before the Court of Review to review a decision by a petition review pool judge to affirm, modify,

¹⁵³^T^h^e^te^r^m^“^p^r^oduc^ti^on^or^de^r^”^is^d^e^fⁱ^ne^{d unde}^r⁵⁰^U^.^S.C^.^§¹⁸⁶¹⁽^f⁾⁽¹⁾⁽^A⁾^{to m}^e^aⁿ^“^aⁿ^or^de^r^to^pr^o^d^u^c^e^aⁿ^y^ta^ng^ible
^thing^”^u^nde^r^{50 U}^.^S.C^.^§¹⁸⁶¹^.
¹⁵⁴^T^h^e^te^r^m^“^nond^is^c^l^os^ur^e^or^de^r^”ⁱ^s^de^fⁱ^ne^{d un}^de^r⁵⁰^U^.^S^.^C^.^{§ 1}⁸⁶¹⁽^f⁾⁽¹⁾⁽^B⁾^{to m}^e^aⁿ^“^aⁿ^or^de^r^im^pos^e^d^un^de^r
^su^b^s^ectⁱ^o^{n [}¹⁸^61]⁽^d⁾^.^”
¹⁵⁵⁵⁰^U^.^S.C.^§¹⁸⁶¹⁽^f⁾⁽²^)(A^)(i).
¹⁵⁶^{50 U}^.^S.C.^§¹⁸^61(f^)(2)(A^{)(ii) a}ⁿ^d^(iii).
¹⁵⁷^{50 U}^.^S.C^.^§¹⁸⁶¹⁽^f⁾⁽²⁾⁽^B⁾^.
¹⁵⁸⁵⁰^U^.^S.C.^§¹⁸⁶¹⁽^f⁾⁽²^)(C)(i),^(ii),^an^d⁽ⁱ^ii).
¹⁵⁹^{50 U}^.^S.C^.^§¹⁸⁶¹⁽^f⁾⁽²⁾⁽^D⁾^.

or set aside such order. The Court of Review must provide a written statement of the reasons for
its decision for the record. The record will be transmitted under seal to the U.S. Supreme Court ¹⁶⁰
for review on a petition for certiorari by the Government or any person receiving such order.
Judicial proceedings under 50 U.S.C. § 1861(f) are to be concluded as expeditiously as possible,
and the record of such proceedings is to be maintained under security measures established by the
Chief Justice of the United States, in consultation with the Attorney General and the Director of
National Intelligence. Petitions are to be filed under seal. Upon the request of the Government,
the court in proceedings under Subsection 1861(f) shall review ex parte and in camera any ¹⁶¹
Government submissions, or portions thereof, which may contain classified information.
Subsection 1861(g), as added by Subsection 106(g) of P.L. 109-177, requires the Attorney ¹⁶²
General to adopt specific minimization procedures governing retention and dissemination by
the FBI or any tangible things, or information in those things, received by the FBI in response to
an order under 50 U.S.C. § 1861. Subsection 1861(h), also added by Subsection 106(g) of P.L.
109-177, provides that information acquired from tangible things received by the FBI pursuant to
an order under 50 U.S.C. § 1861 concerning any U.S. person may be used and disclosed by
federal officers and employees without that U.S. person’s consent only in accordance with these
minimization procedures. Otherwise privileged information acquired from tangible things
received by the FBI title V of FISA, 50 U.S.C. §§ 1861-1862, retains its privileged character.
Information acquired by the FBI under Section 1861 orders may only be used or disclosed by
federal officers or employees for lawful purposes.
50 U.S.C. § 1862 deals with congressional oversight.¹⁶³ Subsection 1862(a), as amended by
Subsection 106(h) of P.L. 109-177, requires the Attorney General annually to fully inform the

¹⁶⁰^{50 U}^.^S.C^.^§¹⁸⁶¹⁽^f⁾⁽³⁾^.
¹⁶¹^{50 U}^.^S.C^.^§¹⁸⁶¹⁽^f⁾⁽⁴⁾^aⁿ^{d (}⁵⁾^.
¹⁶²^S^u^b^s^ectⁱ^o^{n 50}^U.^S^.^C^.^{§ 18}⁶¹⁽^g⁾⁽²⁾^d^e^fⁱⁿ^e^{s t}^h^e^te^rm^“^m^inim^iz^a^tion^proc^e^d^ure^s^”^{to m}^e^aⁿ^:
⁽^A⁾^s^p^e^cⁱ^fⁱ^c^pr^oc^e^dur^e^s^tha^t^a^r^e^r^e^a^s^ona^bly^de^sⁱ^gⁿ^e^d^{in lig}^h^t^of^the^pur^pos^e^aⁿ^d^te^c^hni^que^of^aⁿ
^orde^{r f}^o^{r the}^pro^duc^ti^on^of^ta^ng^ib^le^thing^s^{, t}^o^mⁱ^nimⁱ^z^e^the^re^te^ntio^{n, a}ⁿ^{d pr}^oh^ibit^the
^dis^s^e^mⁱ^na^{tion, of}ⁿ^oⁿ^p^u^b^lic^ly^a^v^aila^ble^inf^o^r^m^a^{tion c}^onc^e^rⁿⁱ^ng^uⁿ^c^ons^eⁿ^ti^ng^Uⁿ^ite^d^Sta^t^e^s^pe^r^s^oⁿ^s
^c^ons^is^te^{nt w}^{ith t}^h^e^ne^e^d^of^the^Uⁿ^ite^d^Sta^t^e^s^to^obtaⁱ^n,^pr^o^duc^e^,^aⁿ^{d dis}^s^e^mⁱ^na^te^f^o^r^e^igⁿ
^inte^llig^eⁿ^c^e^inf^o^rm^a^tion;
^{(B) proc}^e^d^ure^s^tha^t^re^q^u^ire^t^h^a^tⁿ^onp^ub^lic^ly^a^v^a^ila^ble^inf^o^rm^a^{tion, w}^h^ic^{h is not}^f^o^re^ig^{n inte}^llig^eⁿ^c^e
^inf^o^r^m^a^{tion a}^s^de^fⁱ^ne^{d in s}^e^c^tioⁿ¹⁰¹⁽^e⁾⁽¹⁾^[^o^f^FI^SA^{, 50 U}^.^S^.^C^.^{§ 1}⁸⁰¹⁽^e⁾⁽¹⁾^]^{, s}^h^a^{ll n}^o^t^be
^dis^s^e^mⁱ^na^te^{d in a}^m^a^nne^r^tha^t^ideⁿ^tif^ie^s^aⁿ^y^Uⁿ^ite^{d Sta}^t^e^s^pe^r^s^oⁿ^,^w^{ithout s}^u^c^h^pe^r^s^oⁿ^’^s^c^o^ns^eⁿ^t,
^uⁿ^l^{ess su}^ch^p^e^rsoⁿ^{’s id}^en^tity^{is n}^ecessar^y^to^unde^rs^ta^nd^f^o^re^ig^{n inte}^llig^eⁿ^c^e^inf^o^rm^a^{tion o}^r^a^s^s^e^s^s
^{its im}^porta^nc^e^;^a^nd
⁽^C⁾^notw^iths^t^aⁿ^ding^s^u^bpa^r^a^g^r^a^p^hs⁽^A⁾^a^{nd (}^B⁾^,^pr^oc^e^d^ur^e^s^tha^t^a^l^low^the^r^e^te^ntio^{n a}ⁿ^d
^dis^s^e^mⁱ^na^{tion of}^inf^o^r^m^a^{tion tha}^t^is^e^v^ideⁿ^c^e^of^a^c^rⁱ^m^e^w^h^ic^{h ha}^s^be^eⁿ^{, is}^be^ing^,^o^r^is^a^b^out^to^be
^c^o^m^m^itte^{d a}^{nd tha}^t^is^to^be^re^taⁱⁿ^e^d^a^nd^disse^mⁱ^na^te^{d f}^o^{r la}^w^eⁿ^f^o^rc^e^m^eⁿ^{t purp}^o^se^s.
¹⁶³^Se^e^a^l^{so Se}^c^tio^{n 6}⁰⁰²^of^P^.^L^.¹⁰^8-4^58,^the^Iⁿ^te^llig^eⁿ^c^e^Re^f^o^r^m^a^{nd T}^e^rrorism^P^r^e^v^eⁿ^{tion A}^c^{t of}²⁰^{04, w}^h^ic^{h a}^dde^d
^ne^w^r^e^por^ting^r^e^qui^r^e^m^e^nts^c^odifⁱ^e^d^a^t⁵⁰^U^.^S.C^.^§¹⁸⁷¹^{. F}^o^r^a^dis^c^us^sⁱ^on^of^the^s^e^a^dditⁱ^oⁿ^a^l^r^e^por^tin^g^r^e^quir^e^m^e^nts^,
^{see f}^o^o^t^no^t^e¹⁶^5,ⁱⁿ^fra^,^aⁿ^d^accom^p^an^yⁱⁿ^g^t^e^xt^.

House Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence, the Senate Select Committee on Intelligence,
and the House and Senate Committees on the Judiciary regarding all request for production of ¹⁶⁴
tangible things under Section 1861. Subsection 1862(b) requires the Attorney General, in April
of each year, to report to the House and Senate Judiciary Committees with respect to the previous
calendar year on the total number of applications for Section 1861 orders for production of
tangible things; the total number of such orders granted, modified, or denied; and the number of
such orders either granted, modified, or denied for the production of each of the following: library
circulation records, library patron lists, book sales records, or book customer lists; firearms sales
records; tax return records; educational records; and medical records containing information that
would identify a person. Under Subsection 1862(c), in April of each year, the Attorney General is
required to submit an unclassified report to Congress with respect to the preceding year setting
forth the total number of applications made for orders approving requests for the production of
tangible things under 50 U.S.C. § 1861; and the total number of such orders either granted,
modified, or denied.
Section 106A of P.L. 109-177 directs the Inspector General of the U.S. Department of Justice to
perform a comprehensive audit of the effectiveness and use, including improper or illegal use, of
the investigative authority under title V of FISA, 50 U.S.C. § 1861 et seq., for fiscal years 2002-
2006, and sets out detailed requirements for the audit. The results of the audit are to be submitted
in two unclassified reports (one for 2002-2004 and one for 2005-2006) to the House and Senate
Judiciary Committees, the House Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence, and the Senate
Select Committee on Intelligence.
Section 6002 of P.L. 108-458, the Intelligence Reform and Terrorism Prevention Act of 2004,
created additional semiannual reporting requirements under FISA. Under the new language, the
Attorney General, on a semiannual basis, must submit to the House Permanent Select Committee
on Intelligence, the Senate Select Committee on Intelligence, the House Judiciary Committee and
the Senate Judiciary Committee, in a manner consistent with protection of national security,
reports setting forth with respect to the preceding six month period:
^{(1) th}^{e agg}^r^e^g^ateⁿ^u^m^b^{er of pers}^on^s^tar^g^eted^f^o^{r orders}^is^s^u^{ed u}ⁿ^d^{er t}^hⁱ^s^A^c^t,ⁱⁿ^c^l^u^dⁱⁿ^{g a}
^break^do^wⁿ^o^f^th^os^{e tar}^g^{eted for—}
^(A^{) electron}ⁱ^{c s}^u^rv^e^illaⁿ^{ce under s}^ection^{105 [}^{50 U.S.C}^.^{§ 1}^805];
^{(B) ph}^y^sⁱ^cal^s^earch^e^s^un^{der s}^e^ctⁱ^oⁿ^{304 [5}^{0 U}^.^S^.^C^.^{§ 18}^24];
^(C^{) pen}^regⁱ^s^t^ers^un^{der s}^ectⁱ^{on 402}^{[50 U}^.^S^.^C^.^§¹⁸⁴^2];^an^d
^{(D) acces}^s^{to records}^uⁿ^d^{er s}^ection^{501 [5}^{0 U.S}^.^C^.^{§ 18}^61];
^{(2) t}^h^eⁿ^u^m^b^{er of i}ⁿ^di^vⁱ^d^u^al^s^cov^e^{red b}^y^aⁿ^{order i}^s^su^{ed purs}^u^aⁿ^t^t^o^s^ectⁱ^{on 101(b)(}¹^)(C⁾
^{[50 U}^.^S^.^C^.^{§ 1}⁸⁰¹^(b)(^1)(C^)];

¹⁶⁴^Se^c^tion³¹⁴⁽^a⁾⁽⁷⁾^of^P^.^L^.¹^07-¹⁰^{8 c}^o^r^r^e^c^t^e^d^tw^{o r}^e^f^e^r^e^nc^e^s^{in 50}^U^.^S.C^.^{§ 1}⁸⁶²^a^s^pa^s^s^e^{d i}ⁿ^t^h^e^U^S^A^P^A^T^R^I^O^T
^A^c^{t. P}^.^L^.¹⁰⁷^-¹⁰⁸^rep^l^aced^“sectioⁿ¹⁸⁴²^o^f^th^{is ti}^{tle” w}^ith^“sectioⁿ¹⁸⁶¹^o^f^th^{is title,” i}ⁿ^b^o^t^h^p^l^{aces in}⁵⁰^U.^S.C.^§
¹⁸⁶²^w^h^{ere i}^t^app^eared^.

⁽³⁾^th^{e n}^u^m^b^er^o^f^ti^m^e^{s th}^{at t}^h^{e A}^tto^rⁿ^e^y^Gen^e^r^a^{l h}^a^{s au}^t^h^o^r^ized^th^{at in}^f^o^r^m^atioⁿ^o^b^t^ain^e^d
^uⁿ^d^{er t}^h^is^A^c^t^m^a^y^be^u^s^{ed i}ⁿ^{a cri}^mⁱⁿ^{al proceedin}^{g or any}ⁱⁿ^f^o^r^m^{ation deriv}^e^{d t}^h^eref^ro^m
^m^a^y^{be us}^{ed in}^{a cri}^mⁱⁿ^a^l^proceedin^g^;
⁽⁴⁾^{a su}^m^m^a^r^y^o^f^si^gⁿ^if^ican^t^l^e^g^a^{l i}ⁿ^ter^p^r^e^tatioⁿ^s^o^f^t^hⁱ^s^A^c^tⁱⁿ^v^o^lvⁱⁿ^g^m^a^tter^s^b^e^f^o^r^e^th^e
^Fo^r^e^igⁿ^Iⁿ^telli^g^eⁿ^{ce S}^u^r^v^e^illaⁿ^{ce Co}^u^r^{t o}^r^th^e^Fo^r^e^igⁿ^Iⁿ^te^l^lig^eⁿ^{ce S}^u^r^v^ei^llan^ce^Co^u^r^{t o}^f
^Revⁱ^e^w^,ⁱⁿ^cl^u^dⁱⁿ^gⁱⁿ^ter^p^r^e^tatⁱ^oⁿ^{s p}^r^esen^tedⁱⁿ^ap^p^licatioⁿ^s^o^r^p^l^eadⁱⁿ^g^s^f^iled^wⁱ^th^t^h^e
^Fo^r^e^igⁿ^Iⁿ^telli^g^eⁿ^{ce S}^u^r^v^e^illaⁿ^{ce Co}^u^r^{t o}^r^th^e^Fo^r^e^igⁿ^Iⁿ^tell^ig^en^ce^Co^u^r^{t o}^f^Re^vⁱ^e^w^b^y^th^e
^D^e^part^m^eⁿ^t^o^f^Ju^s^tⁱ^ce;^aⁿ^d
^{(5) co}^pi^es^of^al^l^deci^sⁱ^on^s⁽ⁿ^otⁱⁿ^cl^u^dⁱⁿ^g^orders^{) or}^opiⁿⁱ^on^s^of^t^h^e^F^o^rei^gⁿ^Iⁿ^t^e^l^lⁱ^g^eⁿ^c^e
^Su^r^v^e^illaⁿ^{ce Co}^u^r^{t o}^r^Fo^r^e^igⁿ^Iⁿ^te^llig^eⁿ^ce^Su^r^v^eillaⁿ^{ce C}^o^u^r^{t o}^f^Re^vⁱ^e^w^th^a^tⁱⁿ^clu^d^e¹⁶⁵
^sigⁿⁱ^f^icaⁿ^{t co}ⁿ^s^tr^u^c^tioⁿ^o^rⁱⁿ^te^r^p^r^e^tatioⁿ^o^f^th^{e p}^r^o^v^isioⁿ^s^o^f^th^is^A^c^t.
In addition to provisions which amended FISA explicitly, other provisions of the USA PATRIOT
Act, P.L. 107-56, touched upon FISA, at least tangentially. For example, Section 223 of P.L. 107-
56, among other things, created a new 18 U.S.C. § 2712. This new section, in part, created an
exclusive private right of action for any person aggrieved by any willful violation of sections
106(a), 305(a), or 405(a) of FISA (50 U.S.C. §§ 1806(a), 1825(a), 1845(a), respectively) to be
brought against the United States in U.S. district court to recover money damages. Such monetary
relief would amount to either actual damages or $10,000, whichever is greater; and reasonably ¹⁶⁶
incurred litigation costs. It also set forth applicable procedures.

¹⁶⁵^T^h^e^s^e^ne^w^re^porting^re^q^u^ire^m^eⁿ^{ts w}^e^r^e^a^dde^{d to}^the^Fore^ig^{n I}ⁿ^te^ll^ig^eⁿ^c^e^Surv^e^illa^nc^e^Ac^{t, a}^s^a^m^eⁿ^de^{d, a}^s^a^ne^w
^T^itle^V^I^of^the^A^c^{t, 50}^U.S.C.^§¹⁸⁷¹^.
¹⁶⁶^A^nothe^r^pr^ov^is^ion^,^Se^c^tioⁿ⁹⁰^{1 o}^f^the^U^S^A^P^A^T^R^I^O^T^A^c^{t, am}^e^nde^{d 50}^U^.^S.C^.^§⁴^03-³⁽^c⁾⁽^S^e^c^tioⁿ¹⁰³⁽^c⁾^of^the
^N^a^tiona^{l Se}^c^u^ri^ty^A^c^{t of}^{1947) re}^g^a^rding^the^re^s^p^oⁿ^sⁱ^bi^litie^s^of^the^Dⁱ^re^c^t^{or of}^Ce^ntra^{l Inte}^llig^eⁿ^c^e⁽^D^{CI). T}^h^e
^a^m^e^ndm^eⁿ^{t a}^dde^d^to^th^ose^a^u^th^or^itie^{s a}^{nd re}^sp^onsi^b^ilit^ie^s,^pla^cⁱ^ng^upo^{n t}^h^e^{DCI t}^h^e^re^spoⁿ^sibil^ity^{to e}^s^ta^blish
^{... re}^q^u^ire^m^eⁿ^{ts a}^{nd pri}^o^ritie^{s f}^o^r^f^o^re^ig^{n inte}^llig^eⁿ^c^e^inf^o^rm^a^{tion to be}^c^o^lle^c^t^e^d^u^nde^{r t}^h^e^F^o^re^igⁿ
^Inte^llig^eⁿ^c^e^Surv^e^illa^nc^e^A^c^{t of}¹⁹⁷⁸⁽⁵^{0 U}^.^S^.^C.^{§ 1}⁸⁰¹^e^t^s^e^q.)^,^aⁿ^{d pr}^ov^ide^a^s^sⁱ^s^t^aⁿ^c^e^{to t}^h^e
^A^ttorne^y^G^e^ne^ra^{l to e}ⁿ^sure^t^h^a^tⁱⁿ^f^o^r^m^a^{tion de}^riv^e^{d f}^r^om^e^l^e^c^t^ronic^surv^e^illa^nc^e^{or p}^h^y^s^ic^a^l
^s^e^a^r^c^h^e^s^unde^r^tha^t^A^c^{t is}^dis^s^e^mⁱ^na^te^{d s}^o^{it m}^a^y^be^us^e^d^e^f^fⁱ^cⁱ^eⁿ^tly^a^{nd e}^f^f^e^c^tive^l^y^f^o^r^f^o^r^e^igⁿ
^inte^llig^eⁿ^c^e^pur^pose^s^{, e}^x^c^e^p^{t tha}^t^the^Dire^c^t^{or sh}^a^l^l^ha^v^e^{no a}^u^th^ori^t^y^{to dire}^c^t^{, m}^a^na^ge^{, or}
^unde^rta^k^e^e^l^e^c^t^ronic^s^u^rv^e^illa^nc^e^{or p}^h^y^s^ic^a^l^s^e^a^r^c^h^ope^ra^tio^ns^p^u^rs^ua^{nt t}^o^t^h^a^t^A^c^{t unle}^s^s
^othe^r^w^is^e^a^u^thor^iz^e^d^by^s^t^a^t^ute^or^Ex^e^c^u^tiv^e^or^de^r^.
^Se^c^tion¹⁰¹¹^of^the^In^te^llig^eⁿ^c^e^Re^f^o^r^m^a^{nd T}^e^rroris^m^P^r^e^v^eⁿ^tion^A^c^{t of}^2004,^P.L^.¹^08-⁴⁵^{8, a}^m^e^nde^{d T}^itle^{I of}^the
^N^a^tiona^{l Se}^c^u^rⁱ^ty^A^c^{t of}^1947,⁵⁰^U^.^S.C^.^§⁴⁰²^et^seq^.^,^to^s^t^rⁱ^k^e^the^pr^e^v^ious^Se^c^tⁱ^ons¹⁰^{2 t}^h^r^o^ug^{h 1}⁰⁴^of^the^A^c^{t 50}
^U^.^S.C^.^§§⁴⁰^3,⁴⁰^3-¹^,⁴^03-^{3, a}^nd⁴⁰³^-⁴^,^a^nd^ins^e^r^t^ne^w^Se^c^tions¹⁰^{2 thr}^oug^h¹^04A^{. T}^h^e^ne^w^Se^c^{tion 10}^{2 c}^r^e^a^t^e^d^the
^positi^on^of^Dire^c^t^{or of}^Na^tiona^{l I}ⁿ^te^llig^eⁿ^c^e^{(DNI). S}^e^c^tion¹^02A^outli^ne^{d a}^u^th^oritie^{s a}ⁿ^{d re}^sp^onsi^b^ilitie^{s of}^the
^pos^iti^on^{. U}ⁿ^de^{r the}^ne^w^Se^c^{tion 1}^02A^(f^{)(6) of}^the^N^a^tiona^{l Se}^c^u^ri^t^y^A^c^{t, the}^D^N^I^w^a^s^gⁱ^v^e^{n re}^s^pons^ibility^:
^{to e}^s^ta^blish^re^qu^ire^m^eⁿ^{ts a}^{nd pri}^o^ritie^{s f}^o^{r f}^o^re^ig^{n inte}^llig^eⁿ^c^e^inf^o^rm^a^{tion t}^o^be^c^o^lle^c^t^e^d^u^nde^r
^[^F^I^S^A^]^,^and^p^r^o^vⁱ^d^{e assi}^st^an^{ce t}^o^t^h^{e A}^t^t^o^rn^ey^G^eⁿ^e^ral^t^o^en^su^{re t}^h^atⁱⁿ^f^o^rm^atⁱ^oⁿ^d^e^ri^ved^f^r^o^m
^e^l^e^c^t^ronic^s^u^rv^e^illa^nc^e^or^phy^sⁱ^c^a^{l s}^e^a^r^c^h^e^s^unde^{r t}^h^a^t^a^c^t^is^dⁱ^s^s^e^mⁱ^na^te^{d s}^o^tha^tⁱ^t^m^a^y^be^us^e^d
^e^f^fⁱ^cⁱ^eⁿ^tly^a^{nd e}^ffe^c^tiv^e^l^y^f^o^r^f^o^re^ig^{n inte}^llig^eⁿ^c^e^p^u^rp^ose^s^{, e}^x^c^e^p^{t tha}^t^the^Dire^c^t^or^sha^ll^ha^v^e^no
^a^u^thor^ity^{to dire}^c^t^{, m}^a^na^g^e^{, or un}^de^rta^k^e^e^l^e^c^t^ronic^surv^e^illa^nc^e^or^phy^sic^a^l^se^a^r^c^h^ope^ra^tio^ns
^pur^s^u^aⁿ^{t t}^o^t^h^a^t^a^c^t^un^le^s^s^othe^r^w^is^e^a^u^thor^iz^e^d^by^s^t^a^t^ute^or^Ex^e^c^u^tiv^e^or^de^r^.
^N^e^w^Se^c^{tion 1}^02A⁽^f⁾⁽⁸⁾^of^the^N^a^tiona^{l Se}^c^u^r^ity^A^c^{t, a}^s^eⁿ^a^c^t^e^d^by^P^.^L^.^108-⁴⁵^8,^Se^c^tion¹⁰¹¹^,^pr^o^vⁱ^de^{d tha}^t^,
⁽^c^onti^nue^d.^..)

Section 224 of the USA PATRIOT Act set a sunset for many of the provisions in P.L. 107-56 of
December 31, 2005, including all of the FISA amendments except that in Section 208 of P.L. 107-
56, which increased the number of FISC judges from 7 to 11. Section 224 was repealed by the
USA PATRIOT Improvement and Reauthorization Act of 2005, P.L. 109-177, Subsection 102(a).
Subsection 102(b) of P.L. 109-177 provided that Sections 105(c)(2) of FISA, 50 U.S.C. §

1805(c)(2) (dealing with multipoint or roving wiretaps under FISA), 501 of FISA, 50 U.S.C. §

1861 (dealing with production of any tangible thing under FISA), and 502 of FISA, 50 U.S.C. §

1862 (dealing with congressional oversight of such production under FISA) will sunset on
December 31, 2009. However, Subsection 102(b) of P.L. 109-177 excepts from the application of
the sunset provision any particular foreign intelligence investigations that began before December
31, 2009, or any criminal offenses or potential offenses which began or occurred before
December 31, 2009. As to those particular investigations or offenses, applicable provisions would
continue in effect after December 31, 2009.
Section 6001(a) of the Intelligence Reform and Terrorism Prevention Act of 2004, P.L. 108-458,
expanded the definition of “agent of a foreign power” in 50 U.S.C. § 1801(b)(1)(C) to include
any person other than a U.S. person who engages in international terrorism or activities in ¹⁶⁷
preparation for international terrorism. Under Section 103 of P.L. 109-177, this so-called “lone
wolf” terrorist provision will also sunset on December 31, 2009, except with respect to any
particular foreign intelligence investigation that began before that date, or with respect to any
particular offense or potential offense that began or occurred before that date.

In its May 17, 2002, decision, the FISC considered a government motion for the court “to vacate
the minimization and ‘wall’ procedures in all cases now or ever before the Court, including this
Court’s adoption of the Attorney General’s July 1995 intelligence sharing procedures, which are
not consistent with new intelligence sharing procedures submitted for approval with this ¹⁶⁸
motion.” The court viewed the new intelligence sharing procedures under review as proposed

^(...c^on^tin^ue^d)
^“^N^othingⁱⁿ^t^h^is^a^c^t^s^h^a^ll^be^c^ons^t^r^ue^{d a}^s^a^f^f^e^c^ting^the^r^o^le^of^the^D^e^pa^r^t^m^e^{nt of}^J^u^s^tic^e^or^t^h^e^A^ttorⁿ^ey^G^e^ne^r^a^l^w^ith
^re^spe^c^t^{to a}^p^p^lic^a^tio^{ns u}^nde^{r t}^h^e^Fore^ig^{n In}^te^llig^eⁿ^c^e^Surv^e^illa^nc^e^A^c^t.”^Se^c^{tion 10}^71(e⁾^of^P^.^L^.¹⁰⁸^-⁴⁵^{8, a}^m^e^nde^d
^FISA^toⁱⁿ^{sert “Directo}^r^o^f^Natioⁿ^a^{l In}^tellig^en^{ce” in}^lieu^o^f^“Direc^to^{r o}^f^Cen^t^{ral I}ⁿ^tellig^en^{ce” in}^each^p^l^{ace in}^w^h^ich^it
^ap^p^eared^.
¹⁶⁷^B^e^f^o^r^e^the^r^e^pe^a^l^of^Se^c^tion²²⁴^of^P^.^L^.¹^07-⁵⁶^{, t}^h^e^s^uns^e^t^pr^ov^isⁱ^{on i}ⁿ^Se^c^tⁱ^on²²^{4 a}ⁿ^{d t}^h^e^e^x^c^e^p^tions^t^h^e^r^e^t^{o, a}^s
^a^m^e^nde^{d, a}^l^{so a}^p^plie^d^to^“^l^one^w^o^lf^”^te^{rrorist prov}^isi^{on a}^dde^d^to^t^h^e^de^fⁱ^nitioⁿ^of^“^a^g^eⁿ^{t of}^a^f^o^re^{ign p}^o^w^e^r”^“^{in 50}
^U^.^S.C^.^{§ 1}⁸⁰¹⁽^b⁾⁽¹⁾⁽^C⁾^by^Se^c^{tion 6}⁰⁰¹⁽^a⁾^of^P^.^L^.¹^08-⁴⁵^8.
¹⁶⁸^{In re}^A^{ll Ma}^tte^{rs Su}^bm^itte^{d to t}^h^e^Fore^ig^{n In}^te^llig^eⁿ^c^e^Surv^e^illa^nc^e^Court,²¹⁸^{F. S}^u^p^p^.^2d⁶^11,⁶¹³^{(U.S. F}^o^re^igⁿ
^Iⁿ^te^{ll. S}^u^r^v^e^{il. C}^t^.²⁰⁰²⁾^.^A^c^opy^of^a^Ma^r^c^{h 6,}²⁰^02,^Me^m^o^r^a^ndu^m^f^r^o^m^the^A^ttorⁿ^ey^G^e^ne^r^a^{l to t}^h^e^Dⁱ^r^e^c^t^or^{, FB}^I^;
⁽^c^onti^nue^d.^..)

new Attorney General minimization procedures. In a memorandum and order written by the then
Presiding Judge, U.S. District Court Judge Royce Lamberth, issued on the last day of his tenure
on the FISC, and concurred in by all of the judges then sitting on the FISC, the FISC granted the
Department of Justice (DOJ) motion with significant modifications to section II.B. of what the
FISC characterized as the proposed minimization procedures. The court required a continuation
of the Attorney General’s 1995 minimization procedures, as subsequently modified by the
Attorney General and the Deputy Attorney General, and preservation of a “wall” procedure to
maintain separation between FBI criminal investigators and DOJ prosecutors and raw FISA
investigation data regarding the same facts or individuals, so as to prevent these law enforcement ¹⁶⁹
personnel from becoming “de facto partners in FISA surveillances and searches,” while
permitting extensive sharing of information between such investigations.
The FISC was particularly concerned with those aspects of section II.B. of the proposed
procedures which would permit criminal prosecutors and law enforcement officers to initiate,
direct or control electronic surveillance or physical searches under FISA, with an eye towards law
enforcement objectives, rather than foreign intelligence information gathering. The FISC set the
stage for its analysis by recounting a significant number of past instances where FISA
applications had included false, inaccurate or misleading information regarding information
sharing or compliance with “wall” procedures in FBI affidavits or, in one case, in a statutorily
required certification by the FBI Director; and past occasions where the FISC’s orders had been
violated in regard to information sharing and unauthorized dissemination of FISA information to
criminal investigators and prosecutors. While both the FBI’s and DOJ’s Offices of Professional
Responsibility had been investigating these incidents for over a year at the time of the writing of
the opinion, the court had not been advised of any explanations as to how such misrepresentations
had occurred. The court’s dissatisfaction with these irregularities formed a backdrop for its
analysis of the motion and applications before it.
Its analysis was based upon its reading of the statutory language and premised, in part, on the fact
that the USA PATRIOT Act had not amended the provisions of FISA dealing with minimization
requirements, although other FISA provisions had been modified. The minimization provisions
with respect to both electronic surveillance and physical searches under FISA continue to be
designed to “minimize the acquisition and retention, and prohibit the dissemination, of non-
publicly available information concerning unconsenting United States persons, consistent with
the need of the United States to obtain, produce, and disseminate foreign intelligence

^(...c^on^tin^ue^d)
^A^s^sistaⁿ^{t A}^ttorne^y^Ge^ne^ra^{l, Crim}^ina^l^Divⁱ^sion^{; Co}^unse^l^f^o^{r I}ⁿ^te^llig^eⁿ^c^e^Polic^y^;^a^{nd Unite}^d^Sta^t^e^s^A^ttorne^y^{s e}ⁿ^title^d
^“^I^nte^llig^eⁿ^c^e^Sha^r^ing^P^r^oc^e^dure^s^f^o^{r Fore}^ig^{n Inte}^ll^ig^eⁿ^c^e^a^nd^F^o^reⁱ^g^{n Cou}ⁿ^te^rinte^l^lⁱ^g^e^nc^e^Inv^e^stig^a^tⁱ^{ons C}^oⁿ^duc^te^d^by
^the^FB^I^”^m^a^y^be^f^ound^a^t^ht^tp:/^/f^as^.or^g^/ir^p/^a^g^eⁿ^cy^/^doj/^f^is^a^/^a^g⁰³⁰⁶⁰²^.htm^l.
¹⁶⁹^Id^.^a^t