Instances of Use of United States Armed Forces Abroad: 1798-2007

^Pr^ep^ar^{ed f}^o^r^M^e^m^b^ers^an^d^Com^mⁱ^t^t^ees^of^C^ong^r^e^ss

This report lists hundreds of instances in which the United States has used its armed forces abroad
in situations of military conflict or potential conflict or for other than normal peacetime purposes.
It was compiled in part from various older lists and is intended primarily to provide a rough
survey of past U.S. military ventures abroad, without reference to the magnitude of the given
instance noted. The listing often contains references, especially from 1980 forward, to continuing
military deployments especially U.S. military participation in multinational operations associated
with NATO or the United Nations. Most of these post-1980 instances are summaries based on
Presidential reports to Congress related to the War Powers Resolution. A comprehensive
commentary regarding any of the instances listed is not undertaken here.
The instances differ greatly in number of forces, purpose, extent of hostilities, and legal
authorization. Eleven times in its history the U.S. has formally declared war against foreign
nations. These eleven U.S. war declarations encompassed five separate wars: the war with Great
Britain declared in 1812, the war with Mexico declared in 1846, the War with Spain declared in

1898, the First World War, during which the U.S. declared war with Germany and with Austria-

Hungary during 1917, World War II, during which the U.S. declared war against Japan, Germany,
and Italy in 1941, and against Bulgaria, Hungary, and Rumania in 1942. Some of the instances
were extended military engagements that might be considered undeclared wars. These include the
Undeclared Naval War with France from 1798 to 1800; the First Barbary War from 1801 to 1805;
the Second Barbary War of 1815; the Korean War of 1950-53; the Vietnam War from 1964 to
1973; the Persian Gulf War of 1991, global actions against foreign terrorists after the September
11, 2001 attacks on the United States, and the War with Iraq in 2003. With the exception of the
Korean War, all of these conflicts received Congressional authorization in some form short of a
formal declaration of war. Other, more recent instances often involve deployment of U.S. military
forces as part of a multinational operation associated with NATO or the United Nations.
The majority of the instances listed prior to World War II were brief Marine or Navy actions to
protect U.S. citizens or promote U.S. interests. A number were actions against pirates or bandits.
Covert actions, disaster relief, and routine alliance stationing and training exercises are not
included here, nor are the Civil and Revolutionary Wars and the continual use of U.S. military
units in the exploration, settlement, and pacification of the Western part of the United States. This
report will be updated as warranted.

Introduc tion ..................................................................................................................................... 1
Listing of Notable Deployments of U.S. Military Forces Overseas, 1798-2007............................1
Author Contact Information..........................................................................................................30

The following list reviews hundreds of instances in which the United States has utilized military
forces abroad in situations of military conflict or potential conflict to protect U.S. citizens or
promote U.S. interests. The list does not include covert actions or numerous instances in which
U.S. forces have been stationed abroad since World War II in occupation forces or for
participation in mutual security organizations, base agreements, or routine military assistance or
training operations. Because of differing judgments over the actions to be included, other lists ¹
may include more or fewer instances.
The instances vary greatly in size of operation, legal authorization, and significance. The number
of troops involved range from a few sailors or Marines landed to protect American lives and
property to hundreds of thousands in Korea and Vietnam and millions in World War II. Some
actions were of short duration and some lasted a number of years. In some instances a military
officer acted without authorization; some actions were conducted solely under the President’s
powers as Chief Executive or Commander in Chief; other instances were authorized by Congress
in some fashion. In eleven separate cases (listed in bold-face type) the United States formally
declared war against foreign nations. For most of the instances listed, however, the status of the
action under domestic or international law has not been addressed. Most instances listed since
1980, are summaries of U.S. military deployments reported to Congress by the President as a
result of the War Powers Resolution. Several of these Presidential reports are summaries of
activities related to an on-going operation previously reported. It is important to note that
inclusion in this list does not connote either legality or level of significance of the instance
described. This report covers uses of U.S. military force abroad from 1798 through mid-
September 2007. It will be revised as circumstances warrant.

¹⁷⁹^8-1⁸⁰⁰^{Undeclared Naval War with F}^rance.^{This contest included land action}^{s, such as}
^{that in the}^{Dominican Repu}^{blic, city of Puerto Plata, where marine}^{s captu}^{red a}
^French^privateer^u^{nder the}^gu^ns^{of the forts. Congress}^aut^{horized military}
^{action through}^{a series of stat}^ute^s.
¹⁸⁰^1-0⁵^Tripoli.^{The First Barbary Wa}^{r inc}^{luded the U.S.S}^.^{George Washington}^and
^Philadelphia^{affairs and the}^Eaton^{expedition, during which}^{a few m}^{arines landed}
^{with United States Agent William}^{Eaton to raise a force}^{against Tri}^{poli in an}
^{effort to free t}^{he c}^{rew of the}^Phil^adelphia.^Tripol^{i declared war but}^{not the}
^{United States, although Congress}^{authorized U.S. mi}^{litary action by statute.}

¹^O^t^he^r^lis^tsⁱⁿ^c^l^u^d^e^G^o^ldw^a^te^r^,^Sena^tor^B^a^r^r^y^{. W}^a^r^W^{ithout D}^e^c^l^a^r^a^tion.^A^C^h^r^oⁿ^o^logⁱ^c^a^l^Lⁱ^s^t^of¹⁹^{9 U}^.^S.^Mili^ta^r^y
^H^o^s^tilitie^s^A^b^roa^d^W^ith^out^a^D^e^c^l^a^r^a^tion^of^W^a^{r. 1798-}¹⁹⁷²^{. Co}^ng^re^s^sⁱ^ona^{l Re}^c^o^rd,^V^.¹¹⁹^,^J^u^ly^20,¹⁹^73:^S1⁴¹^74-
¹⁴¹⁸³^{; U}^.^S^.^D^e^pa^r^t^m^e^{nt of}^Sta^t^e^.^A^r^m^e^{d A}^c^tions^T^a^k^e^{n by}^the^Uⁿ^ite^{d Sta}^t^e^s^W^itho^u^{t a}^D^e^c^l^a^r^a^tion^o^f^W^a^r^,¹⁷⁸^9-
¹⁹⁶^{7. Re}^se^a^r^c^h^P^r^oje^c^t⁸^06A^{. Historic}^a^l^St^udie^s^Divⁱ^sioⁿ^{. B}^u^re^a^u^o^f^P^u^blic^A^ffa^{irs; Collins,}^Johⁿ^M^.^Am^e^r^ic^a^’^{s S}^m^a^ll
^W^a^{rs. Ne}^w^York^{, Bra}^s^s^e^y^’^{s, 199}^{0. F}^o^{r a}^disc^ussion^of^the^e^v^olu^tio^{n of}^{lists of}^m^ilita^r^y^a^c^{tions a}^{nd l}^e^g^a^{l a}^u^thoriz^a^tioⁿ
^f^o^{r vari}^o^u^s^actⁱ^oⁿ^s^,^{see W}^o^rm^u^t^h^,^F^r^an^ci^{s D.}^and^E^d^wⁱⁿ^B.^Fⁱ^rm^ag^e,^T^o^Ch^aiⁿ^t^h^{e Do}^{g o}^f^W^a^r;^t^h^e^W^a^{r P}^o^w^e^{r o}^f
^C^ong^r^e^s^s^{in H}ⁱ^s^t^or^y^a^{nd L}^a^w^.^D^a^lla^s^,^So^uthe^rⁿ^Me^th^od^is^{t U}ⁿ^iv^e^r^s^ity^P^r^e^s^s^,¹⁹^86.^p.¹^33-¹⁴^9.

¹⁸⁰⁶^{Mexico (Spanish territory)}^{. Capt. Z}^.^{M. Pike, with a platoon of troops, invaded}
^{Spanish ter}^{ritory at the}^headwate^{rs of the Rio Gra}^{nde on orders}^f^{rom Gen.}
^{James Wilkinson. He was made p}^{risoner without re}^{sistance at a}^{fort he}
^{constructed in}^pre^{sent day Colorado, taken to Mexico, and later r}^{eleased after}
^{seizure of his pa}^pers.
¹⁸⁰^6-1⁰^{Gulf of Mexico.}^{American g}^uⁿ^{boats operated from}^{New O}^{rleans ag}^{ainst Spanish}
^{and Frenc}^{h p}^{rivateers off t}^he^{Mississippi Delta, chiefly under Capt.}^{John Shaw}
^{and Master}^{Commandant David}^Porter.
¹⁸¹⁰^{West Florida (Spanish territory).}^{Gov. Claiborne of Louisiana, on orders of the}
^{President, occupied with troops t}^{erritory in dispute ea}^{st of the}^Mis^sissippi
^{River as far as t}^{he Pearl River, later the eas}^tern^bou^{ndary of Louisi}^{ana. He was}
^{authorized to seize as far east as}^{the Perdido River.}
¹⁸¹²^{Amelia Island and other parts of east Florida, then under Spai}^n.^Temporary
^{possession was aut}^{horized by Pre}^{sident Madison and by}^Congress,^{to prevent}
^{occupation by}^{any oth}^er^power;^but^{possession was obtained}^by^{Gen. George}
^{Matthews in}^{so irregular a}^man^ne^{r that}^{his measu}^{res wer}^{e disavowed by the}
^President.
¹⁸¹^2-15^War^{of 1812. On June 18, 18}^{12, the Uni}^{ted Stat}^{es declared war}
^{between the United S}^{tates a}^{nd the United Kingdom}^{of G}^{reat Britain}
^{and Ireland.}^Among^{the iss}^{ues l}^{eading to the war we}^{re British in}^terception
^{of neutral s}^{hips a}^{nd blockades of}^{the United States during}^{British h}^ostil^ities
^{with France.}
¹⁸¹³^{West Florida (Spanish territory).}^{On authority given}^{by Congr}^{ess, Ge}^neral
^{Wilkinson seized Mobile Bay in A}^{pril with 60}^{0 soldiers. A small Spanish}
^{garrison gave way. The U.S. advanced into disputed ter}^{ritory to th}^{e Perdido}
^River,^{as projected in 18}^{10. No fi}^ghting.
¹⁸¹^3-1⁴^{Marquesas Islands.}^{U.S. forces built a fort on th}^{e island of Nuka}^hiva^{to protect}
^three^{prize ships w}^hich^{had bee}ⁿ^captur^{ed from th}^{e British.}
¹⁸¹⁴^{Spanish Florida.}^{Gen. Andrew Jack}^{son took Pensacola and drove out the British}
^{with whom the}^{United States wa}^{s at war.}
¹⁸¹^4-2⁵^Carib^bean.^Engagements^betweeⁿ^{pirates and Ame}^{rican s}^{hips or s}^q^uadrons
^{took place repeatedly especially ashore and offs}^{hore a}^{bout Cu}^{ba, Puerto Rico,}
^{Santo Domingo, and Yucatan. Three thousa}^{nd pirate atta}^{cks on m}^ercha^ntmen
^{were re}^{ported betwee}^{n 1}⁸¹⁵^aⁿ^d¹⁸²^{3. In}¹⁸²²^{Commodore James Biddle}
^{employed a squadro}^{n of two frig}^{ates, four sloops of war, two brig}^{s, four}
^{schooners, and two gu}^{nboats in}^t^{he West I}^ndies.
¹⁸¹⁵^Algiers.^{The second Bar}^{bary War}^{was declared against the U}^{nited States by t}^he
^{Dey of Algiers of the Barba}^{ry sta}^{tes, an act not}^{reciprocated b}^y^th^{e United}
^{States. Congress did authorize a military expedition by statutes. A}^{large fleet}
^{under Decat}^{ur attack}^{ed Algiers and obtained indemnities.}
¹⁸¹⁵^Tripoli.^{After sec}^{uring a}ⁿ^agreeme^{nt from Algiers, Decatur demo}^ns^{trated with}
^{his squad}^{ron at Tu}^{nis and Tripoli,}^where^{he sec}^{ured indem}^{nities for offenses}
^{during the}^{War of 1}⁸¹^2.
¹⁸¹⁶^{Spanish Florida.}^{United States forc}^{es destroyed Nicholls Fort, called}^{also Negro}
^{Fort, which har}^{bored raiders ma}^{king forays into United States ter}^ritory.
¹⁸¹^6-1⁸^{Spanish Florida}^-^Fi^{rst Seminole War.}^{The Seminole Indians, whose ar}^{ea was a}
^haven^{for esca}^{ped slaves and}^bor^{der ruf}^{fians, were attacked}^{by t}^{roops unde}^r
^Generals^{Jackson a}^{nd Gaines a}ⁿ^d^pur^{sued into nort}^her^{n Florida. S}^panish^posts
^{were attacked and occ}^{upied, British citizens exec}^{uted. In}¹⁸¹⁹^the^Floridas
^{were ceded to the U}^{nited States.}
¹⁸¹⁷^{Amelia Island (Spanish territory off}^Florida).^{Under orders of President Mon}^roe,
^{United States forces landed and e}^{xpelled a group of}^{smugglers, adv}^enture^rs,
^{and free}^booters.

¹⁸¹⁸^Oregon.^{The U.S.S}^.^Onta^rio^{, dispat}^{ched from Was}^{hington, landed at the}
^{Columbia River and in Augu}^{st took possession of Oregon te}^rritor^{y. Britain}
^{had conceded sovereignty}^but^Ru^{ssia and Spain asserted}^{claims to the area.}
¹⁸²^0-2³^Africa.^{Naval units raided the slav}^{e traffic p}^urs^uant^{to the}¹⁸^{19 act}^{of Congress.}
¹⁸²²^Cuba.^{United States naval forces s}^upp^ressing^{piracy landed on t}^{he n}^orthwest
^{coast of Cuba a}^{nd b}^{urned a}^pirat^{e station.}
¹⁸²³^Cuba.^{Brief landings in purs}^{uit of pirates occur}^{red Ap}^{ril 8 near}^Esc^{ondido; April}
¹⁶^{near Cayo Blanco; July}^{11 at Si}^quapa^{Bay; July}^{21 at Ca}^{pe Cr}^{uz; and}
^October^{23 at Cam}^rioca.
¹⁸²⁴^Cuba.^{In October t}^{he U.S.S.}^Porpoise^{landed bluejackets}^near^Matan^{zas in}
^purs^{uit of pirates. This was d}^urin^{g the cr}^{uise aut}^{horized in 18}^22.
¹⁸²⁴^{Puerto Rico (Spanish territory).}^{Commodore David Porter with a la}^{nding party}
^{attacked the town of Fajardo whi}^{ch had s}^{heltered pirates}^{and ins}^ulted
^{American na}^{val officers. He lande}^{d with 20}^{0 me}^{n in Novem}^{ber a}ⁿ^d^{forced an}
^{apology. Commo}^{dore Porter was later court-martialed for overst}^epping^his
^powers.
¹⁸²⁵^Cuba.^{In Marc}^{h cooperating Ame}^{rican and British force}^{s landed at}^{Sagua La}
^{Grande to ca}^ptu^{re pirates.}
¹⁸²⁷^Greece.^{In Octo}^{ber a}^{nd Novembe}^{r landing parties}^hu^{nted pirates o}ⁿ^{the islands}
^{of Argenteire, Miconi, and Andro}^se.
¹⁸³^1-3²^Falklan^{d Islands.}^{Captain Dun}^can^{of the}^{U.S.S. Lexington}^investigate^{d the capt}^ure
^{of three Ame}^{rican sealing vess}^{els and sought}^{to protect Ame}^rican^interests.
¹⁸³²^Sumatra.^February^{6 to 9. A na}^{val force landed and stormed a}^fort^{to punish}
^{natives of the tow}^{n of Quallah Ba}^{ttoo for plundering t}^{he America}ⁿ^ship
^Friendship.
¹⁸³³^Argentina.^{October 31 to}^Novem^ber^{15. A force wa}^{s sent}^ashore^{at Buenos}
^{Aires to protect the}^interests^of^{the United States and othe}^{r cou}ⁿ^{tries during}
^{an insu}^rrection.
¹⁸³^5-3⁶^Peru.^December^10,¹⁸^{35, to Jan}^u^{ary 2}^{4, 18}^{36, a}^{nd Augu}^{st 3}¹^{to December}^7,
¹⁸³^{6. Marin}^{es p}^{rotected Americ}^{an interests}^{in Callao and Lima during an}
^{attempted revolution.}
¹⁸³⁶^Mexico.^Ge^{neral Gai}^{nes occu}^{pied Nacogdoches (Tex.), disputed territory, from}
^{July to December}^{during t}^{he Tex}^{an war for i}^ndepende^{nce, u}^nder^{orders to}
^{cross the “imaginary}^bou^{ndary lin}^{e” if an I}^{ndian outbr}^{eak th}^reaten^ed.
¹⁸³^8-3⁹^Sumatra.^{December 2}^{4, 18}^{38, to}^Janua^{ry 4,}¹⁸^{39. A na}^{val force lan}^{ded to}
^punis^{h natives of t}^{he town}^{s of Q}^{uallah Battoo and Muckie (Mu}^{kki) for}
^{depredations on American}^ship^ping.
¹⁸⁴⁰^{Fiji Islands.}^{July. Naval forces land}^{ed to punish}^{natives for}^attacking^American
^{exploring and s}^urveyi^{ng parties.}
¹⁸⁴¹^{Drummond Island, Kingsmill Group.}^{A naval party}^{landed to avenge t}^h^e^{murder of}
^{a seaman}^{by th}^{e natives.}
¹⁸⁴¹^Samoa.^Febr^uary^{24. A}^{naval part}^{y landed and b}^{urned tow}^{ns after}^{the mu}^rder
^{of an American}^seaman^{on Upolu}^Island.
¹⁸⁴²^Mexico.^{Commodore T.A.C}^{. Jones, in command of a sq}^{uadron lon}^{g cruising off}
^{California, occupied Monterey, Calif.}^{, on October 1}^{9, believing wa}^{r had come.}
^{He discovered peace, withdrew,}^{and saluted. A similar incident occurred a}
^{week later at San Diego.}
¹⁸⁴³^China.^Sa^{ilors and marines from t}^he^{St. Louis}^wer^{e landed after a}^{clash betw}^een
^{Americans and C}^{hinese at}^{the t}^r^a^{ding post in Canton.}

¹⁸⁴³^Africa.^{November 2}⁹^{to Decembe}^{r 16. Four}^{United States vessels}
^{demonstrated and landed various}^{parties (one of}²⁰^{0 marines}^and^{sailors) to}
^{discourage piracy a}^{nd the slave t}^r^{ade along the Ivory coast, and to}^punis^h
^{attacks by t}^he^{natives on Americ}^{an seame}^{n and s}^hipping.
¹⁸⁴⁴^Mexico.^{President Tyler deployed}^{U.S. forces to protect Texas against Me}^xico,
^{pending Senate a}^p^p^{roval of a trea}^{ty of anne}^{xation. (Later rejected.) He}
^{defended his action against a Sen}^{ate resolution of inquiry.}
¹⁸⁴^6-48^{Mexican War. On May 13, 18}^{46, the Uni}^{ted Stat}^{es recogn}^{ized the}
^exis^{tence of a state of w}^ar^{with Mexico.}^{After the an}^nexation^{of Texas in}
¹⁸⁴^{5, the U}^{nited States and Me}^{xico failed to resolve a boundary dispute a}^nd
^{President Polk said that it was necessary to deploy forces in}^Me^{xico to meet a}
^threaten^{ed invasion.}
¹⁸⁴⁹^Smyrna.^{In July a}^{naval force gaine}^{d release of an America}^{n seized by Aust}^rian
^officials.
¹⁸⁵¹^Turkey.^{After a massacre of foreig}^{ners (including Ame}^{ricans) at Ja}^ff^{a in Jan}^uary,
^{a demonstration by t}^he^Mediterr^{anean Sq}^{uadron was}^{ordered along the}
^{Turkish (Leva}^{nt) coast.}
¹⁸⁵¹^{Johanns Island (east of Africa).}^Aug^{ust. Forces from t}^{he U.S. sloop o}^f^war^Dale
^{exacted redres}^{s for t}^{he u}^nlawful^{imprisonment of t}^{he ca}^{ptain of a}ⁿ^American
^{whaling brig.}
¹⁸⁵^2-5³^Argentina.^{February 3}^{to 12,}¹⁸^52;^Septembe^{r 1}^{7, 18}⁵²^{to April 18}^{53. Marin}^es
^{were landed and maintained in B}^{uenos Aires to p}^{rotect America}ⁿ^interests
^{during a revolution.}
¹⁸⁵³^Nicaragua.^{March 1}¹^{to 1}^{3. U.S. forces landed to protect America}^{n lives and}
^{interests du}^{ring political disturbances.}
¹⁸⁵^3-5⁴^Japan.^{Commodore Perry and his}^{naval ex}^{pedition made a display of force}
^{leading to the “opening of Ja}^pan.”
¹⁸⁵^3-5⁴^{Ryukyu and Bonin Islan}^ds.^{Commodore Perry on th}^{ree visits be}^fore^{going to}
^{Japan a}^{nd while waiting for a re}^{ply from Ja}^{pan made a}^{naval demon}^stration,
^{landing marines twice, and sec}^ure^{d a coaling concession from the}^r^{uler of}
^{Naha on}^{Okinawa; he also demo}^{nstrated in t}^{he Bonin Islands}^with^{the p}^u^r^pose
^{of securing}^{facilities for commerce.}
¹⁸⁵⁴^China.^{April 4 to June}^{15 to}^{17. A}^{merican and}^{English s}^{hips landed}^{forces to}
^{protect America}^{n interest}^{s in an}^{d near Sha}^{nghai during}^Chinese^{civil strife.}
¹⁸⁵⁴^Nicaragua^{. July 9 to 15. Naval for}^{ces bomba}^{rded and b}^u^r^{ned San J}^{uan del}
^{Norte (Greytow}^{n) to avenge a}ⁿ^{insult to the A}^merican^{Minister to}^Nicaragua.
¹⁸⁵⁵^China.^{May 19 to 2}^{1. U.S. forces p}^{rotected American inter}^{ests in S}^{hanghai a}^nd,
^{from Augu}^{st 3 to}^{5 foug}^{ht pirates}^{near Ho}^{ng Kong.}
¹⁸⁵⁵^{Fiji Islands.}^September¹²^{to Nove}^mber^{4. An Ame}^{rican na}^{val force}^{landed to}
^{seek repa}^{rations for dep}^{redations on American}^{residents a}^{nd sea}^men.
¹⁸⁵⁵^Uruguay.^{November 2}⁵^{to 2}^{9. Un}^{ited States and Europ}^ean^{naval forces landed}
^{to protect American i}^{nterests d}^u^{ring an attem}^{pted revolution in}^Montevideo.
¹⁸⁵⁶^{Panama, Republic of New Grenada}^{. Septembe}^{r 1}⁹^{to 2}^{2. U.S. forces landed to}
^{protect America}^{n interest}^{s durin}^{g an insu}^rrection.
¹⁸⁵⁶^China.^{October 22 to Decem}^ber^{6. U.S. forces landed to protect American}
^{interests at Ca}^{nton during}^{hostilities between t}^{he British a}^{nd the}^{Chinese, and}
^{to avenge an a}^{ssault u}^{pon a}ⁿ^uⁿ^a^{rmed boat displaying the U}^{nited States flag.}
¹⁸⁵⁷^Nicaragua.^{April to May, Novemb}^{er to December. I}ⁿ^Ma^{y Comma}^{nder C.H.}
^{Davis of the United States Navy,}^{with some marines, received t}^he^surre^{nder of}
^Will^{iam Walker, who had been a}^{ttempting to get cont}^{rol of the c}^{ountry, and}
^{protected his me}^{n from t}^{he r}^{etaliation of native allies who had bee}^{n fighting}

^{Walker. In Novembe}^{r and Dece}^{mber of t}^{he same}^{year U}^{nited States vessels}
^Saratoga^,^Wabash^{, and}^Fulton^{opposed another attem}^{pt of William}^{Walker on}
^{Nicaragua. Commodore Hiram Paulding’s act of landing marines a}^nd
^{compelling the removal of Walker to the United States, was tacitly disavowed}
^{by Secretar}^{y of State Lewis Cass,}^{and Paulding was forced into reti}^rement.
¹⁸⁵⁸^Uruguay.^January^{2 to 2}^{7. Forces f}^{rom two United States warships l}^{anded to}
^{protect America}^{n pro}^{perty d}^urin^{g a revolution in Montevideo.}
¹⁸⁵⁸^{Fiji Islands.}^October^{6 to 1}^{6. A m}^{arine ex}^{pedition chastised natives}^{for the}
^{murder of two Ame}^{rican citizens}^{at Waya.}
¹⁸⁵^8-5⁹^Turkey.^{The Secretary of State re}^{quested a display of}^{naval force al}^{ong the}
^{Levant afte}^{r a mas}^{sacre of Ame}^{ricans at Ja}^{ffa and}^mistreatment^{elsewhere “to}
^{remind the a}^{uthorities (of Turke}^{y) of the power}^{of the U}^{nited States.”}
¹⁸⁵⁹^Paraguay.^{Congress authorized a naval squad}^{ron to seek red}^{ress f}^{or an attack}
^{on a naval vessel in t}^{he Para}^{na River during}¹⁸^{55. A}^{pologies were made after a}
^{large display of force.}
¹⁸⁵⁹^Mexico.^{Two hu}^{ndred United Stat}^{es soldiers crossed the Rio Gran}^{de in pu}^rsuit
^{of the Me}^xican^{bandit Cortina.}
¹⁸⁵⁹^China.^{July 31 to Aug}^ust^{2. A nava}^{l force landed to protect Americ}^{an interests}
^{in Shanghai.}
¹⁸⁶⁰^{Angola, Portuguese We}^{st Africa}^{. March}^{1. American r}^{esidents at Kiss}^{embo called}
^{upon Ame}^{rican a}^{nd British ships}^{to protect lives and pro}^{perty d}^u^r^{ing problems}
^{with natives.}
¹⁸⁶⁰^{Colombia(Bay of Panama).}^Septem^ber^{27 to Octo}^ber^{8. Naval force}^{s landed to}
^{protect America}^{n interest}^{s durin}^{g a revolution.}
¹⁸⁶³^Japan.^{July 1}^{6. The}^{U.S.S. Wy}^omin^g^{retaliated against a firing on the}^American
^vessel^Pembroke^{at Shimonoseki.}
¹⁸⁶⁴^Japan.^{July 1}⁴^{to Augu}^{st 3. Na}^{val f}^{orces protected t}^{he United State}^{s Minister}
^{to Japan w}^hen^{he visited Yedo to negotiate concerning}^{some Ame}^{rican claims}
^{against Japa}^{n, and to make his}^ne^gotiati^{ons easier by imp}^{ressing t}^h^e^Japan^ese
^{with American}^power.
¹⁸⁶⁴^Japan.^September^{4 to 1}^{4. Naval f}^{orces of the U}^{nited States, Great}^Britain,
^{France, and th}^{e Net}^{herlands com}^{pelled Japan a}^{nd the Princ}^{e of Na}^{gato in}
^{particular to pe}^{rmit the Straits of}^{Shimonoseki to be used b}^y^forei^{gn ship}^ping
^{in accordance with t}^{reaties alrea}^{dy signed.}
¹⁸⁶⁵^Panama.^Marc^{h 9}^{and 1}^{0. U.S. forces protected t}^{he lives and p}^rope^{rty of}
^{American residents}^{during a}^revo^lution.
¹⁸⁶⁶^China.^{From June 2}⁰^{to July}^{7, U.S. forces pu}^{nished a}ⁿ^{assault on}^th^{e American}
^{consul at New}^chwa^ng.
¹⁸⁶⁶^Mexico.^{To protect Ame}^{rican re}^{sidents, Gene}^{ral Sedgwick and 10}⁰^{men in}
^{November o}^{btained su}^rrende^{r of}^{Matamoras. After t}^{hree days}^he^was
^{ordered by U.S. Governme}^{nt to withdraw. His act was re}^{pudiated by th}^e
^President.
¹⁸⁶⁷^Nicaragua.^{Marines occu}^{pied Man}^{agua and Leon.}
¹⁸⁶⁷^Formosa.^J^une^{13. A}^{naval force la}^{nded and b}^urn^{ed a n}^umbe^{r of h}^u^{ts to pu}^nish
^{the mu}^{rder of t}^{he crew}^{of a wre}^{cked American ves}^sel.
¹⁸⁶⁸^{Japan (Osaka, Hiolo, Nagasaki, Yok}^{ohama, and Negata).}^Febr^uary^{4 t}^o^{8, April 4}
^{to May 1}^{2, Jun}^{e 1}²^and^{13. U.S. forces were landed to protect}^A^merican
^{interests du}^{ring the}^{civil war in Ja}^pan.
¹⁸⁶⁸^Uruguay.^February^{7 and}^{8, 1}⁹^{to 26. U.S. forces protected foreign}^residents
^{and the c}^ustomhou^{se during}^{an i}^nsur^{rection at Mo}^ntevideo.

¹⁸⁶⁸^Colombia.^{April. U.S. forces protected passe}^{ngers a}^{nd treas}^{ure in t}^{ransit at}
^{Aspinwall during the a}^bse^{nce of l}^{ocal police or troops on the occasion of the}
^{death of the Pre}^{sident of Colombia.}
¹⁸⁷⁰^Mexico.^J^une¹⁷^{and 1}^{8. U.S. forces destroyed the}^{pirate ship}^Forward^{, which}
^{had bee}^{n r}^{un agro}^{und abo}^{ut 4}⁰^{miles up the}^{Rio Tecapan.}
¹⁸⁷⁰^Hawaiia^{n Islands.}^September²^{1. U.S. forces placed the American}^f^{lag at half}
^{mast upo}^{n the}^{death of Q}^ueen^{Kalama, when the A}^{merican co}^nsul^at
^{Honolulu would not assume}^resp^{onsibility for so do}^ing.
¹⁸⁷¹^Korea.^June¹⁰^{to 12. A U.S. naval force attacked and}^capt^{ured five}^{forts to}
^punis^{h natives}^{for depredations o}ⁿ^American^{s, particularly for m}^u^r^{dering the}
^{crew of the}^{General Sherman}^and^bur^{ning t}^{he sc}^{hooner, and for lat}^{er firing on}
^{other American}^{small boats takin}^{g soundings}^{up t}^{he Salee River.}
¹⁸⁷³^{Colombia (Bay of Panama).}^May^{7 t}^o^{22, Septemb}^{er 2}³^{to Octob}^er^{9. U.S.}
^{forces protected Am}^{erican inte}^r^{ests during}^{hostilities between local groups}
^{over control of the gover}^nment^{of the State of Panama.}
¹⁸⁷^3-9⁶^Mexico.^{United States troops c}^{rossed the M}^exican^{border re}^peate^{dly in purs}^uit
^{of cattle thieves and othe}^{r b}^rigan^{ds. There were some}^reciprocal^purs^{uits by}
^{Mexican t}^{roops into border te}^rri^{tory. Mexico protested fr}^eq^uentl^{y. Notable}
^cas^{es were at Remolina in Ma}^{y 1}⁸⁷³^{and at La}^{s Cueva}^{s in 1}⁸⁷^5.^Washington
^{orders often s}^u^p^{ported these}^ex^{cursions. Agreeme}^nts^between^M^{exico and}
^{the United States, the first}^{in 1}⁸⁸^{2, finally legitim}^{ized such raids. They}
^{continued intermitte}^{ntly, with minor disputes, u}^{ntil 18}^96.
¹⁸⁷⁴^Hawaiia^{n Islands.}^Februa^{ry 1}²^to^{20. Detachme}^{nts f}^{rom American}^{vessels were}
^{landed to preserve order}^{and p}^r^{otect American lives and intere}^st^{s during t}^he
^{coronation of a new king.}
¹⁸⁷⁶^Mexico.^May¹^{8. An America}^{n for}^{ce was landed to police the town}^of
^{Matamoras tem}^{porarily while it was without other gove}^rnme^nt.
¹⁸⁸²^Egypt.^{July 1}⁴^{to 1}^{8. American for}^{ces landed to protect America}^{n interests}
^{during warfa}^{re bet}^{ween British a}^{nd Egy}^{ptians and looting of the ci}^{ty of}
^{Alexandria by Ara}^bs.
¹⁸⁸⁵^{Panama (Colon).}^Ja^nuary¹⁸^and¹^{9. U.S. forces were used to gua}^{rd the}
^{valuables in tra}^{nsit over the}^Pana^{ma Railroad}^{, and the safes a}^{nd va}^{ults of the}
^{company du}^{ring re}^{volutionary ac}^{tivity. In March, A}^{pril, and May in}^{the cities of}
^{Colon and Panama, the forces}^he^{lped reestablish f}^{reedom of transi}^{t during}
^{revolutionary activity.}
¹⁸⁸⁸^Korea^{. June. A naval force wa}^{s se}^{nt ashore to}^{protect Ame}^{rican r}^{esidents in}
^{Seoul during uns}^{ettled political c}^{onditions, when an out}^{break of t}^{he pop}^ulace
^{was expe}^cted.
¹⁸⁸⁸^Haiti.^{December 2}^{0. A display of f}^{orce pers}^{uaded the}^{Haitian Gove}^rnme^{nt to}
^{give up a}ⁿ^American^steamer^whi^{ch had}^been^{seized on the c}^harge^{of breac}^h
^{of blockade.}
¹⁸⁸^8-8⁹^Samoa.^Novembe^{r 1}^{4, 1}⁸⁸^{8, to March}²^{0, 18}^{89. U.S. forces were}^{landed to}
^{protect America}^{n citizens and t}^h^e^{consulate duri}^{ng a native civil war.}
¹⁸⁸⁹^Hawaiia^{n Islands.}^{July 3}⁰^and^31.^{U.S. forces protected American i}^{nterests at}
^{Honolulu during a}^revolution.
¹⁸⁹⁰^Argentina.^{A naval party landed to protect U.S. consulate and legation in}
^{Buenos Aires.}
¹⁸⁹¹^Haiti.^U.S^{. forces sought to prote}^{ct American lives and}^prope^{rty on Navas}^sa
^Island.
¹⁸⁹¹^{Bering St}^rait^{. July 2 to October 5.}^{Naval forces soug}^{ht to stop seal}^poaching.

¹⁸⁹¹^Chile^{. August 28}^{to 30. U.S. forces protected th}^{e American}^consul^{ate and the}
^{women and c}^{hildren who had tak}^{en ref}^{uge in it du}^{ring a revolution}ⁱⁿ
^Valparaiso.
¹⁸⁹³^Hawaii^{. January}¹⁶^{to April 1. Ma}^{rines were landed oste}^{nsibly to p}^rotect
^{American lives and p}^roperty,^but^{many b}^{elieved actually to promote a}
^{provisional government}^{under Sa}^{nford B. Dole.}^{This action was di}^{savowed by}
^{the United States.}
¹⁸⁹⁴^Brazil^{. January. A display of naval f}^{orce sought to}^{protect America}ⁿ^commerce
^{and ship}^{ping at Rio de Janeiro du}^{ring a Brazilian civil war.}
¹⁸⁹⁴^Nicaragua^{. July 6 to August}^{7. U.S. forces sought to}^{protect Ameri}^{can interest}^s
^{at Bluefields foll}^{owing a revolutio}^n.
¹⁸⁹^4-9⁵^China.^{Marines were stationed at}^{Tientsin and pe}^{netrated to Pekin}^{g for}
^{protection pu}^{rposes d}^{uring t}^{he S}^{ino-Japanese War.}
¹⁸⁹^4-9⁵^China.^{A naval vessel was beac}^he^{d and used as a}^{fort at New}^chwa^{ng for}
^{protection of American}^nationals.
¹⁸⁹^4-9⁶^Korea^{. July 24, 1}⁸⁹⁴^{to April 3, 1}⁸^{96. A gua}^{rd of marines}^{was se}^{nt t}^o^protect
^{the American}^{legation and Ameri}^{can lives and intere}^{sts at Seoul during and}
^follow^{ing the Sino-Japanese War.}
¹⁸⁹⁵^Colombia^{. March}^{8 to 9. U.S. forces protected Ame}^{rican intere}^sts^{during an}
^{attack on the tow}^{n of Bocas del Toro by a bandit chieftain.}
¹⁸⁹⁶^Nicaragua^{. May 2 to 4. U.S. forces protected America}^{n interest}^{s in}^Corinto
^{during political unrest.}
¹⁸⁹⁸^Nicaragua^{. February 7 a}^{nd 8. U.S. forces protected Am}^{erican lives}^and
^property^{at San J}^{uan del Sur.}
¹⁸⁹⁸^{The Spanish-America}^{n W}^ar.^{On A}^{pril 25, 18}^98,^{the Unite}^{d States}
^{declared wa}^{r with Spain.}^The^{war followed a Cuban ins}^urrectio^{n against}
^{Spanish r}^{ule and t}^{he sinking of t}^h^e^{U.S.S. Maine}^{in the}^har^{bor at H}^avana.
¹⁸⁹^8-9⁹^China^{. November}^{5, 18}⁹⁸^{to Mar}^{ch 1}^{5, 1}⁸⁹^{9. U.S. forces provided}^{a guard for}
^{the legation at Peking and th}^{e consulate at Tientsin d}^{uring conte}^st^between
^{the Dowager Em}^press^and^{her so}^n.
¹⁸⁹⁹^Nicaragua.^{American and British n}^{aval forces were landed to p}^{rotect national}
^{interests at San}^Jua^{n del Norte, Februa}^{ry 2}²^{to Ma}^rch^{5, and at Bl}^{uefields a}
^{few weeks later in}^{connection wi}^{th the in}^sur^{rection of Ge}^{n. Jua}ⁿ^{P. Reyes.}
¹⁸⁹⁹^Samoa^{. February-}^{May 1}^{5. Americ}^{an and British}^{naval forces we}^{re landed to}
^{protect national interest}^{s and to}^{take part in}^{a bloody contention}^{over the}
^{succession to th}^{e thro}^ne.
¹⁸⁹^9-1⁹⁰¹^{Philippine Islands.}^{U.S. forces prot}^{ected American inte}^{rests followi}^{ng the wa}^r
^{with Spain and con}^que^{red the isla}^{nds by def}^{eating the Filipinos in t}^{heir war for}
^independenc^e.
¹⁹⁰⁰^China^{. May 24}^{to Septembe}^{r 2}^8.^{American troops}^{participated in}^{operations to}
^{protect foreign lives duri}^{ng the B}^{oxer rising, particularly at Peking.}^{For many}
^{years after}^{this e}^xperie^{nce a}^per^{manent legation gua}^{rd was maint}^{ained in}
^{Peking, and was strengt}^he^{ned at t}^{imes as trouble t}^hreate^ned.
¹⁹⁰¹^{Colombia (State of Panama)}^{. Nove}^mber^{20 to Decem}^ber^{4. U.S. forces}
^{protected American}^prop^{erty on}^{the Ist}^hmu^{s and ke}^{pt tra}^{nsit lines open}
^{during serious}^{revolutionary disturba}^nces.
¹⁹⁰²^Colombia^{- April 16}^{to 23. U.S. forces p}^{rotected American lives an}^{d property}
^{at Bocas del Toro during a civil w}^ar.

¹⁹⁰²^{Colombia (State of Panama)}^{. Septe}^mber^{17 to}^November¹^{8. The U}^{nited States}
^{placed armed guards o}ⁿ^{all trains}^{crossing the}^Isthm^{us to kee}^{p the}^{railroad l}^ine
^{open, and stationed ships}^{on bot}^{h sides of Panama to p}^revent^the^{landing of}
^{Colombian troops.}
¹⁹⁰³^Honduras^{. March 23}^{to 30}^{or 3}^{1. U.S. forces protected the Americ}^{an cons}^ulate
^{and the stea}^{mship w}^har^{f at Puert}^{o Cortez during a period of revolutionary}
^activity.
¹⁹⁰³^{Dominican Republic}^{. March}³⁰^to^{April 21. A detach}^{ment of ma}^rine^{s was landed}
^{to protect American i}^{nterests i}ⁿ^{the city of Santo Domingo during}^a
^{revolutionary outbrea}^k.
¹⁹⁰³^Syria.^{September 7 to}^{12. U.S. forces protected t}^{he America}^{n cons}^{ulate in}
^{Beirut when}^{a local Moslem upris}^{ing was feared.}
¹⁹⁰^3-0⁴^Abyssinia.^{Twenty-five marines}^we^{re sent to A}^{byssinia to protect}^th^{e U.S.}
^{Consul Gene}^{ral while he}^{negotiated a treaty.}
¹⁹⁰^3-1⁴^Panama.^{U.S. forces sought to pr}^{otect American intere}^{sts and live}^{s during a}^nd
^follow^{ing the revolution for inde}^penden^{ce from Colombia over c}^onstruction
^{of the Ist}^{hmian Canal. With b}^rief^{intermissions, United States Marines were}
^{stationed on the Ist}^hmu^{s from}^N^ovember^{4, 19}^{03, to Jan}^uary²^{1, 191}^{4, to}
^{guard American}^interests.
¹⁹⁰⁴^{Dominican Republic}^{. Janua}^{ry 2}^{to Februa}^{ry 1}^{1. American}^{and British}^{naval forces}
^{established an area}^{in whic}^{h no fi}^{ghting would be allowed and prot}^ected
^{American intere}^{sts in Pue}^{rto Plata and Sosua and Santo Domingo City during}
^{revolutionary fighting.}
¹⁹⁰⁴^{Tangier, Morocco.}^{“We want eithe}^{r Perdicaris alive or Raisula dead.}^{” A}
^{squadron demo}^{nstrated to force}^{release of a kidnapped A}^merican.^Marines
^{were landed to protect t}^{he cons}^{ul general.}
¹⁹⁰⁴^Panama^{. November}^{17 to}^{24. U.S. forces protected Ame}^{rican lives and}
^property^{at Anco}^{n at the}^{time of}^{a threate}^{ned insu}^rrection.
¹⁹⁰^4-0⁵^Korea^{. January}^{5, 19}^{04, to Novem}^ber^{11, 1}⁹⁰^{5. A guard of}^Marines^{was sent to}
^{protect the}^{American legation in}^{Seoul during the Rus}^so-Japanese^War.
¹⁹⁰^6-0⁹^Cuba^.^September¹⁹^{06 to Ja}^nua^ry^{23, 1}⁹⁰^{9. U.S. forces sought to r}^estore
^{order, protect foreigners, a}^{nd est}^{ablish a stable gover}^nment^{after s}^erious
^{revolutionary activity.}
¹⁹⁰⁷^Honduras.^March^{18 to J}^une^{8. To protect Ame}^{rican intere}^{sts duri}^{ng a war}
^between^Hondura^{s and}^Nicaragu^{a, troops were stationed in Trujillo, Ce}^iba,
^{Puerto Cortez, San Pedro, Lagun}^{a and Choloma.}
¹⁹¹⁰^Nicaragua^{. May 19 to Septem}^ber^{4. U.S. forces protected America}^{n interests}^at
^Bluefields.
¹⁹¹¹^Honduras^{. January 2}^{6. American}ⁿ^{aval detachments w}^{ere landed to}^protect
^{American lives and intere}^{sts duri}^{ng a civil war in Hondu}^ras.
¹⁹¹¹^China.^{As the nationalist revolutio}^{n ap}^{proached, in Octob}^{er a}ⁿ^ensi^{gn and}¹⁰
^{men tried to ente}^{r Wuc}^{hang to r}^{escue missionaries b}^{ut r}^{etired on}^being
^{warned away, and a s}^{mall landing force guarded Ame}^{rican p}^rivate^property^and
^{consulate at Ha}^{nkow. Marines w}^{ere deployed in Novembe}^{r to gu}^{ard the ca}^ble
^{stations at Shanghai; landing force}^{s were se}^{nt for}^{protection in Na}^nking,
^{Chinkiang, Taku and elsewh}^ere.
¹⁹¹²^Honduras.^{A small force landed to}^preve^{nt seizure}^{by t}^{he gover}^nm^{ent of an}
^{American-owned railroad at Puer}^{to Cortez. The forces were with}^{drawn after}
^{the United States disapp}^{roved th}^{e action.}
¹⁹¹²^Panama.^{Troops, on req}^{uest of b}^{oth political parties, supervised elections}
^{outside the Canal Zone.}

¹⁹¹²^Cuba^{. June 5 to Aug}^{ust 5. U.S. forces protected Ame}^{rican inte}^rests^{on the}
^{Province of Oriente, and in}^Hava^na.
¹⁹¹²^China^{. August 2}⁴^{to 2}^{6, on Kent}^u^{cky Island, and Aug}^ust^{26 to}^{30 a}^t^Camp
^{Nicholson. U.S}^{. forces protected}^{Americans and A}^{merican inte}^rest^{s during}
^{revolutionary activity.}
¹⁹¹²^Turkey.^{November 1}⁸^{to Decemb}^{er 3. U.S. forces guarded the}^Am^erican
^{legation at Constantinople during}^{a Balkan War.}
¹⁹¹^2-2⁵^Nicaragua.^{August to Novemb}^er¹⁹¹^{2. U.S. forces protected Ame}^rican
^{interests du}^{ring an att}^{empted r}^e^v^{olution. A small force, serving as a legation}
^{guard and seeki}^{ng to promote pe}^{ace and stability, remained u}^{ntil August}^5,
¹⁹²^5.
¹⁹¹^2-4¹^China.^{The disorders which began}^{with the overt}^{hrow of t}^{he dynas}^{ty during}
^{Kuomintang re}^{bellion in 191}^{2, w}^{hich were}^{redirected by}^{the in}^vas^{ion of China}
^{by Ja}^{pan, led to demonstrations a}^{nd landing parties for}^the^protect^{ion of U.S.}
^{interests in C}^{hina contin}^{uously a}^{nd at many}^{points f}^{rom 1}⁹¹²^on^{to 194}^{1. The}
^{guard at Peking and along t}^{he rou}^{te to the sea was}^{maintained u}^{ntil 194}^{1. In}
¹⁹²^{7, the U}^{nited States had 5,6}⁷⁰^{troops as}^{hore in China}^and⁴⁴^{naval vessels}
^{in its waters. In}¹⁹^{33 t}^{he U}^{nited States had 3,0}^{27 ar}^{med men}^ash^{ore. The}
^{protective action was ge}^{nerally b}^{ased on treaties with China}^concl^{uded from}
¹⁸⁵^{8 to 1}⁹⁰^1.
¹⁹¹³^Mexico^{. Septembe}^{r 5 to}^{7. A few}^{marines landed at Ciaris Estero t}^o^{aid in}
^{evacuating Ame}^{rican citizens and}^{others from t}^{he Yaq}^{ui Valley, ma}^de
^{dangerous for}^foreigners^{by civil strife.}
¹⁹¹⁴^Haiti^{. January 2}⁹^{to Febr}^uary^{9, Februa}^{ry 2}⁰^{to 2}^{1, Octobe}^{r 1}^{9. In}^termittently
^{U.S. naval forces protected Amer}^{ican nationals in a time of rioting and}
^revolution.
¹⁹¹⁴^{Dominican Republic.}^Ju^{ne a}^{nd July.}^{During a revolutionary}^movemen^{t, United}
^{States naval forces}^{by gu}^{nfire sto}^{pped t}^{he bom}^bardment^{of Puert}^{o Plata, and}
^{by th}^{reat of force}^{maintained San}^{to Domingo City as a neutral zone.}
¹⁹¹^4-1⁷^Mexico.^Undeclared^Mexican-Am^{erican hostilities foll}^{owed the Do}^{lphin affair}
^{and Villa}^{’s raids and included capt}^{ure of Vera Cr}^{uz and later Per}^shi^ng’s
^{expedition into norther}ⁿ^Mexico.
¹⁹¹^5-3⁴^Haiti^{. July 28, 19}^{15, to Aug}^{ust 1}⁵^,¹⁹^{34. U.S. forces maintained order during a}
^{period of chronic political instabil}^ity.
¹⁹¹⁶^China.^{American forces landed to quell a riot taking place on Am}^er^ican
^property^{in Na}^nking.
¹⁹¹^6-2⁴^{Dominican Republic}^{. May 1}⁹¹⁶^to^September¹^{924. Ame}^rican^{naval forces}
^{maintained order during a}^{period of chronic a}^{nd threate}^{ned ins}^urr^ection.
¹⁹¹⁷^China.^{American troops were lan}^{ded at Chungking}^{to protect Am}^{erican lives}
^{during a political crisis.}
¹⁹¹^7-18^World^War^{I. On}^{April 6, 1917, the Uni}^{ted Stat}^{es declared war}^with
^{Germany and}^{on December}^{7, 19}^{17, wi}^{th Austria-Hungar}^y.^Entran^ce
^{of the United States into the wa}^r^{was pre}^{cipitated by G}^erman^{y’s s}^ubmari^ne
^{warfare against}^ne^{utral ship}^ping.
¹⁹¹^7-2²^Cuba.^U.^{S. forces protected Ame}^{rican interests}^{during a}ⁿ^ins^urre^c^{tion and}
^subse^que^nt^{unsettled conditions. Most of the U}^{nited States armed}^{forces left}
^Cuba^{by Aug}^ust¹⁹^{19, b}^{ut two c}^{ompanies remained at Ca}^maguey^until
^Februar^{y 1}⁹²^2.
¹⁹¹^8-1⁹^Mexico.^After^{withdrawal of the P}^{ershing e}^{xpedition, U.S. tro}^{ops entered}
^{Mexico in p}^urs^{uit of bandits at le}^{ast three times}^{in 1}⁹¹⁸^{and si}^{x times in 1}⁹¹^9.
^{In Aug}^ust¹⁹^{18 Am}^{erican a}^{nd Me}^{xican troops fo}^{ught at}^Nogales.

¹⁹¹^8-2⁰^Panama.^{U.S. forces were used fo}^{r police duty according to treaty}^{stipulations,}
^{at Chiriqui, during election distur}^bances^{and s}^ubse^que^nt^unre^st.
¹⁹¹^8-2⁰^{Soviet Russia.}^Ma^{rines we}^{re lande}^{d at and near}^Vladivostok^{in June}^{and July to}
^{protect the}^American^{consulate a}^{nd other}^{points in the}^fighting^bet^{ween the}
^{Bolshevik troops and the Czech}^{Army whic}^{h had tra}^{versed Siberi}^{a from the}
^western^{front. A joint proclamation of emergen}^{cy gover}^{nment a}ⁿ^d^neutrality
^{was issued by}^{the Ame}^{rican, Japa}^{nese, British, French, a}^{nd Czech}^commanders
^{in July. In A}^ugust^7,0^{00 m}^{en we}^re^{landed in Vladivost}^{ok and remained un}^til
^Janua^{ry 1}⁹²^{0, as pa}^{rt of an allied occupation force. I}ⁿ^Septem^ber¹^918,^5,00⁰
^{American troops joined the allied intervention forc}^{e at Arc}^hangel^and
^{remained u}^{ntil June}¹⁹^{19. Thes}^e^{operations were in}^respon^{se to t}^{he Bolshevik}
^{revolution in Russia and were}^pa^{rtly sup}^{ported by}^{Czarist or Ker}^ensky
^elements.
¹⁹¹⁹^Dalmatia.^U.S^{. forces were landed}^{at Trau at t}^{he re}^ques^{t of Italian}^authorities
^{to police order between t}^{he Italians and Ser}^bs.
¹⁹¹⁹^Turkey.^{Marines from the}^{U.S.S. Arizona}^{were landed to guard the U}^.S.
^{Consulate during t}^{he G}^{reek occ}^u^{pation of Constantinople.}
¹⁹¹⁹^Honduras^{. September 8 to 1}^{2. A landing force was s}^{ent as}^{hore to}^maintain
^{order in a ne}^{utral zone during}^an^{attempted revolution.}
¹⁹²⁰^China^{. March}^{14. A landing force}^{was sent as}^{hore for a}^few^hours^{to protect}
^{lives during a disturba}^{nce at Kiuki}^ang.
¹⁹²⁰^Guatemala.^{April 9 to 27. U.S. forces protected t}^{he America}^{n Lega}^{tion and}
^{other American}^{interests, s}^uch^as^{the ca}^{ble station, during a pe}^{riod of fighting}
^{between U}^{nionists and th}^{e Gove}^rnme^{nt of G}^uatemala.
¹⁹²^0-2²^Ru^{ssia (Siberia)}^{. February}^{16, 1}⁹²⁰^,^{to November 1}^{9, 1}⁹²^{2. A Marin}^{e guard was}
^{sent to protect}^{the U}^{nited States radio station and property}^{on R}^{ussian Island,}
^{Bay of Vladiv}^ostok.
¹⁹²¹^{Panama - Costa Rica.}^Am^erican^na^{val squadrons demo}^{nstrated in A}^{pril on both}
^{sides of the Ist}^hmus^{to preve}^{nt w}^{ar betwee}^{n the}^{two count}^{ries over a}
^{boundary disp}^ute.
¹⁹²²^Turkey^{. September and}^October.^{A landing force was se}^{nt as}^hore^{with consent}
^{of both G}^{reek and T}^{urkish a}^utho^{rities, to protect American lives and prope}^rty
^{when t}^{he Tu}^{rkish Nationalists en}^{tered Smyrna.}
¹⁹²^2-2³^China.^{Between April 192}^{2 a}^{nd N}^ovember¹⁹^{23 ma}^{rines wer}^{e land}^{ed five}
^{times to protect American}^{s durin}^{g periods of un}^rest.
¹⁹²⁴^Honduras^{. February 2}⁸^{to Mar}^ch^{31, Septem}^ber^{10 to}^{15. U.S. forces}
^{protected American}^{lives and int}^{erests duri}^{ng election hostilities.}
¹⁹²⁴^China^{. September. Marin}^{es were}^{landed to protect America}^{ns and}^other
^{foreigners in Sha}^{nghai du}^{ring Chi}^{nese factional hostilities.}
¹⁹²⁵^China^{. January}¹⁵^{to Augu}^{st 2}^{9. Fighting of Chinese}^{factions accom}^{panied by}
^{riots and demonstrations in Sha}ⁿ^{ghai broug}^{ht the}^{landing of Ameri}^{can forces}
^{to protect lives and pro}^{perty in}^t^{he Int}^{ernational Settlement.}
¹⁹²⁵^Honduras.^{April 19 to 21. U.S. forces protected foreign}^{ers at}^{La C}^{eiba during a}
^politica^{l upheaval.}
¹⁹²⁵^Panama^{. October 1}²^{to 2}^{3. Strikes and re}^{nt riots led to the landin}^{g of about}
⁶⁰⁰^American^{troops to keep}^{order and p}^{rotect American int}^ere^sts.
¹⁹²^6-3³^Nicaragua^{. May 7 to June}^{5, 1}⁹²⁶^;^August^27,¹⁹^{26 to Ja}^nua^{ry 3,}¹⁹^{33. The}
^{coup d’etat of Ge}^{neral Chamorr}^{o aroused revolutionary activities leading to}
^{the landing of American}^marines^{to protect the int}^{erests of t}^{he U}^{nited States.}
^{United States forces came a}^{nd w}^{ent intermitte}^{ntly until Jan}^uary^3,¹⁹^33.

¹⁹²⁶^China^{. August and Se}^ptembe^{r. Th}^{e Nationalist attack on Hankow}^brought^the
^{landing of American na}^{val forces}^{to protect American}^{citizens. A small guard}
^{was maintained at the}^{consulate g}^{eneral even}^{after Se}^ptembe^{r 1}^6,^{when t}^he
^{rest of the}^{forces we}^{re withdraw}^{n. Likewise, when Nationalist for}^{ces capt}^ured
^{Kiukiang, naval forces were lande}^{d for the p}^{rotection of foreigners}^November
^{4 to 6.}
¹⁹²⁷^China^{. February. Fighting at Sha}^ng^{hai caused America}^{n naval forc}^es^{and marines}
^{to be increased. I}ⁿ^Mar^{ch a}^naval^{guard was stationed at t}^{he Ameri}^can
^{consulate at Na}^{nking afte}^{r Nationalist forces capt}^{ured t}^{he city. American and}
^{British destroyers later us}^{ed shell fire to protect Ame}^{ricans a}^{nd other}
^{foreigners. Subse}^que^{ntly additional forces of marines a}^{nd naval ves}^{sels were}
^{stationed in the vicinity of Shang}^h^{ai and Tientsin.}
¹⁹³²^China.^{American forces were land}^{ed to protect American i}^nterests^{during th}^e
^Japanes^{e occu}^{pation of Shang}^hai.
¹⁹³³^Cuba.^{During a revolution against President Gera}^{rdo Machado nav}^{al forces}
^{demonstrated b}^{ut no landing was}^made.
¹⁹³⁴^China.^{Marines landed at Foochow to protect the}^{American Con}^s^ulate.
¹⁹⁴⁰^{Newfoundland, Bermuda, St. L}^{ucia, Bahamas, Jamaica, Antigua, Trinid}^a^{d, and British}
^Guiana.^Tro^{ops were sen}^{t to gua}^{rd air and naval ba}^{ses obtained}^b^y^negotiation
^{with Great Britain. These we}^{re s}^{ometimes called lend-}^{lease bases.}
¹⁹⁴¹^Greenland.^{Greenland was taken}^under^{protection of the}^{United States in April.}
¹⁹⁴¹^{Netherlands (Dutch Guian}^a).^{In No}^{vember t}^{he President}^{ordered A}^merican
^{troops to occupy D}^utch^Guiana,^but^{by agree}^{ment with}^the^Nethe^rlands
^government^{in exile, Brazil coope}^{rated to protect alumin}^{um ore s}^upply^from
^{the ba}^{uxite mines}^{in Surina}^m.
¹⁹⁴¹^Iceland.^{Iceland was taken}^unde^{r t}^{he p}^{rotection of the United State}^{s, with}
^{consent of its gover}^{nment, for}^st^{rategic reasons.}
¹⁹⁴¹^Germany.^{Sometime in the spring}^{the President ordered t}^{he Nav}^{y t}^o^patrol
^{ship lanes to}^Europ^{e. By July U.S. warships we}^{re convoying a}^{nd by}^September
^{were attacking}^Germa^{n su}^bmarin^{es. In Novem}^{ber, the}^Ne^{utrality Act was}
^{partly re}^{pealed to protect U.S. military aid t}^o^Britain.
¹⁹⁴^1-45^World^War^{II. On Decembe}^{r 8, 194}^{1, the Unit}^{ed Stat}^es^declared
^war^{with Japan, o}ⁿ^Decembe^{r 11 with Germany and}^Italy,^{and o}ⁿ
^{June 5, 194}^{2, with Bulgaria,}^{Hungary an}^{d Rum}^ania.^{The U}^{nited States}
^{declared war against Japa}^{n afte}^{r t}^{he su}^rprise^{bombing of Pea}^{rl Har}^{bor, and}
^{against Germa}^{ny a}^{nd Italy after}^t^{hose nations, u}^{nder the}^{dictators Hitler and}
^{Mussolini, declared war against th}^{e United States. The U.S. declare}^{d war}
^{against Bulgaria, Hungary}^{and Ru}^{mania in res}^{ponse to the}^{declarations of war}
^{by those}^{nations against t}^{he Unit}^{ed States.}
¹⁹⁴⁵^China.^{In October}^50,0^{00 U.S. Ma}^{rines were}^{sent to}^{North Chi}^{na t}^o^assist
^{Chinese Nationalist authorities in}^{disarming and re}^{patriating the}^Ja^{panese in}
^{China and in con}^{trolling ports, railroads}^{, and airfields. This was in additi}^{on to}
^{approximately}^60,0^{00 U.S. forces}^{remaining in C}^{hina at th}^{e end of}^{World War}
^II.
¹⁹⁴⁶^Trieste.^{President Truma}^{n ordere}^{d the augme}^{ntation of U.S. troops along the}
^{zonal occupation line and the}^reinforceme^{nt of air forces}^{in nort}^h^{ern Italy}
^{after Yugoslav forces s}^{hot down}^{an u}^{narmed U.S. Army tran}^sport^{plane flying}
^{over Venezia Giulia. Earlier U.S}^{. naval units}^{had bee}^{n dispatc}^{hed t}^o^{the scene.}
¹⁹⁴⁸^Palestine.^{A marine}^cons^{ular guar}^{d was sent to Je}^{rusalem to p}^{rotect the U.S.}
^{Consul Gene}^ral.

¹⁹⁴⁸^Berlin.^{After the Soviet Union est}^{ablished a land blockade of the U.S., Brit}^ish,
^{and Frenc}^{h sectors of}^{Berlin on J}^une^{24, 1}⁹⁴^{8, the U}^{nited States and its allies}
^{airlifted supplies to Berlin until af}^{ter the}^{blockade was lifted in Ma}^{y 19}^49.
¹⁹⁴^8-4⁹^China.^{Marines were dispatc}^{hed t}^o^{Nanking to p}^{rotect the A}^meric^{an Em}^bassy
^{when t}^{he city fell to Communist}^{troops, and to Shanghai to aid in the}
^{protection and evac}^{uation of Am}^ericans.
¹⁹⁵^0-5³^{Korean War.}^{The United States re}^{sponded to North Korea}^{n invasi}^{on of South}
^{Korea by going to its assistance,}^purs^uant^{to United Nations Secu}^{rity Council}
^{resolutions. U.S}^{. forces deployed in Korea exceeded 3}^00,0^{00 d}^urin^{g the last}
^{year of the}^{conflict. Over 3}^6,60⁰^{U.S. mi}^{litary were killed}^{in action.}
¹⁹⁵^0-5⁵^{Formosa (Taiwan).}^{In J}^uⁿ^e¹⁹⁵⁰^at^{the begin}^{ning of t}^{he Korean War}^{, President}
^{Truman ordered t}^{he U.S. Seventh Fleet to preve}^{nt Chine}^{se Communist}
^{attacks u}^{pon Formosa and Chin}^e^{se Nationalist operations against}^mainland
^China.
¹⁹⁵^4-5⁵^China.^{Naval units evacuated U.S. civilians and military personnel fr}^{om the}
^{Tachen Islands.}
¹⁹⁵⁶^Egypt.^{A marine bat}^{talion evacuat}^{ed U.S. nati}^{onals and other pe}^rso^{ns from}
^{Alexandria during t}^{he Suez crisis.}
¹⁹⁵⁸^Lebanon.^{Marines were}^{landed in}^Lebanon^{at the i}^{nvitation of its governme}^nt
^{to help protect again}^{st th}^reatene^{d insurrection s}^u^p^{ported from t}^h^e^outside.
^{The President’s action was su}^ppo^{rted by a Cong}^{ressional resolution passed in}
¹⁹⁵^{7 t}^{hat aut}^{horized such a}^{ctions in that ar}^{ea of the}^world.
¹⁹⁵^9-6⁰^{The Carib}^bean.^{2d Marine G}^round^{Task Force was deployed to pro}^{tect U.S.}
^{nationals during the}^Cuba^{n c}^risis.
¹⁹⁶²^Thailand.^{The 3d Marine E}^{xpeditionary Unit landed on May}¹^{7, 19}^{62 to}
^sup^{port that}^countr^{y during}^{the t}^{hreat of Commu}^{nist p}^ressu^{re f}^{rom outside;}
^{by J}^{uly 30}^the^5,00^{0 mari}^{nes had}^{been withdra}^wn.
¹⁹⁶²^Cuba.^{On October}^{22, President}^{Kennedy instituted a “}^qua^rantine^{” on the}
^shipment^{of offensive}^{missiles to Cuba f}^{rom the Soviet Union. He}^{also warned}
^{the Soviet Union that the}^launc^{hing of any}^{missile from Cuba again}^{st any}^nation
^{in the Wester}^{n He}^misphe^{re wou}^{ld bring about U.S. nuclear}^{retaliation on the}
^{Soviet Union. A negotiated settle}^{ment was ac}^{hieved in a few}^days.
¹⁹⁶^2-7⁵^Laos.^{From Octobe}^{r 1}⁹⁶²^u^{ntil 1}^{975, t}^{he United States played a}ⁿ^important
^{role in military support of a}^{nti-Communist forces}^{in Laos.}
¹⁹⁶⁴^Congo.^{The United States se}^{nt fo}^{ur tra}^nsport^{planes to}^{provide airlift for}
^{Congolese troops during a re}^belli^{on and to trans}^{port Belgian parat}^{roopers to}
^{rescue foreigners.}
¹⁹⁶^4-7³^{Vietnam War.}^{U.S. mi}^{litary adviser}^{s had bee}^{n in Sout}^{h Vietnam for}^{a decade,}
^{and their}^num^bers^{had bee}^{n inc}^r^{eased as the military position of the Saigon}
^government^became^{weaker. Aft}^{er citing what}^{he term}^{ed were at}^{tacks on U.S.}
^{destroyers in th}^{e Tonkin G}^{ulf, President Johnson}^{asked in Aug}^ust¹⁹⁶^{4 for a}
^{resolution expre}^{ssing U.S. determination to support}^{freedom and}^protect
^{peace in South}^{east Asia. Congres}^{s responded with t}^{he Tonkin}^Gul^{f Resolution,}
^expre^{ssing s}^u^p^{port for “all neces}^{sary meas}^{ures” t}^{he President}^{might take to}
^{repel armed attack}^{against U.S. forces and}^preve^{nt f}^urt^{her aggre}^ssion.
^Foll^{owing this resolution, and foll}^{owing a Communist attack on a}^U.S.
^{installation in central Vietnam, the United States escalated its participation in}
^{the war to a}^{peak of}⁵⁴^3,00^{0 military per}^sonnel^{by Ap}^{ril 196}^9.
¹⁹⁶⁵^{Dominican Republic.}^{The United St}^{ates interve}^{ned to protect lives a}^{nd prope}^rty
^{during a Dominican revolt and se}^{nt more troops as}^fears^{grew t}^h^a^t^the
^{revolutionary forces we}^{re comin}^{g increasingly u}^{nder Commu}^nist^control.

¹⁹⁶⁷^Congo.^{The United States se}^{nt th}^r^{ee military transport airc}^{raft with}^{crews to}
^{provide the Congo cent}^{ral gover}^{nment wit}^{h logistical support dur}^{ing a revolt.}
¹⁹⁷⁰^Cambodia.^{U.S. tro}^{ops were ordered into Cambodia to clean out Communist}
^sanctua^{ries from w}^{hich Viet Cong and North}^{Vietnamese attacked}^{U.S. and}
^{South Vietnamese forces}^{in Vietn}^{am. The object of this attack, whi}^{ch lasted}
^{from April 3}⁰^{to Ju}^{ne 3}^{0, was to}^ensu^{re the}^continuing^{safe withdr}^{awal of}
^{American forces}^{from South Viet}^{nam and to assist t}^{he p}^{rogram of}
^Vietnamizati^on.
¹⁹⁷⁴^{Evacuation from Cyprus.}^{United St}^{ates naval forces e}^{vacuated U.S. civil}^ians
^{during hostilities between Tu}^{rkish and}^{Greek Cy}^{priot forces.}
¹⁹⁷⁵^{Evacuation from Vietnam.}^{On April}^{3, 19}^{75, President Ford re}^porte^{d U.S. naval}
^{vessels, helicopters, and marines}^{had bee}^{n sent}^{to assist in evac}^uat^{ion of}²
^refugees^{and U.S. nationals from Vietnam.}
¹⁹⁷⁵^{Evacuation from Cambodia.}^{On Ap}^{ril 12, 19}^{75, President Ford re}^{ported that}^he
^{had ordered U.S. mil}^{itary forces to proceed with the}^plann^{ed evac}^{uation of}
^{U.S. cit}^{izens from Cambodia.}
¹⁹⁷⁵^{South Vietnam.}^{On Ap}^{ril 30, 1}⁹⁷^{5, President Ford reported that}^{a f}^{orce of 70}
^{evacuation helicopters a}^{nd 8}⁶⁵^m^{arines had evac}^{uated abo}^{ut 1,4}⁰⁰^U.S.
^{citizens and 5,50}^{0 t}^{hird countr}^y^{nationals and South Vietnamese}^f^{rom landing}
^{zones near t}^{he U.S. Embassy}^{in Saigon and the Tan Son}^Nh^{ut Airfield.}
¹⁹⁷⁵^{Mayaguez incident.}^{On May 1}^{5, 19}^{75, President Ford re}^{ported he}^h^{ad ordered}
^{military forces to retake the}^{SS Mayaguez}^{, a merchant vessel e}ⁿ^r^{oute from}
^{Hong Kong to Thailand with a U.S. citi}^{zen crew whic}^{h was seized}^by
^{Cambodian naval patrol boats in i}^{nternational waters}^{and forced t}^o^{proceed to}
^{a near}^{by island.}
¹⁹⁷⁶^Lebanon.^{On July}^{22 a}^{nd 2}^{3, 1}⁹⁷⁴^,^{helicopters from five U.S. naval vessels}
^{evacuated ap}^{proximately 2}⁵⁰^Am^{ericans and}^Eu^ropeans^{from Le}^ba^{non during}
^{fighting betwee}^{n Le}^banes^{e factions after}^{an overland co}^{nvoy evac}^{uation had}
^been^{blocked by hostilities.}
¹⁹⁷⁶^Korea.^Additi^{onal forces were sen}^{t to Korea after two American}^s^old^{iers were}
^{killed by North Korean soldiers in the demilitarized zone between}^{North a}^nd
^{South Korea while cutting down}^{a tree.}
¹⁹⁷⁸^Zaire.^{From May 1}⁹^th^rough^Ju^ne¹⁹⁷^{8, the U}^{nited States utilized}^military
^transport^{aircraft to}^{provide logis}^{tical support to Belgian and Fre}^nc^{h resc}^ue
^{operations in Zaire.}
¹⁹⁸⁰^Iran.^{On April 26,}¹⁹^{80, Presiden}^{t Carter re}^{ported the}^{use of}^six^U.S.
^transport^{planes a}^{nd eight}^{helicopters in a}ⁿ^uns^uccess^{ful attem}^{pt t}^o^rescue
^{American hostages}^being^{held in I}^ran.
¹⁹⁸¹^{El Salvador.}^{After a guerilla offensive against the gove}^rnme^{nt of}^{El Salvador,}
^additi^{onal U.S}^{. mil}^{itary advisers were sent}^{to El Salvador, bringing the total to}
^{approximately}^{55, to assist in trai}^{ning governm}^{ent for}^{ces in cou}^nt^erinsurge^ncy.
¹⁹⁸¹^Libya.^{On August}¹^{9, 19}^{81, U.S. planes based on t}^{he ca}^rrier^U.S.S.^Nimitz^shot
^{down two Libyan jets over t}^{he G}^{ulf of Sidra after one of t}^{he Libya}^{n jets had}
^{fired a heat-seeking missile. The United States periodically held freedom of}
^{navigation exercises in t}^he^{Gulf o}^f^{Sidra, claimed by Libya as territ}^{orial waters}
^{but con}^{sidered international wat}^{ers by t}^{he U}^{nited States.}

²^T^h^{is a}^{nd su}^bse^que^{nt m}^e^ntions^of^P^r^e^s^ideⁿ^tia^l^re^{ports or notif}^ic^a^tio^ns^re^f^e^{r to re}^{ports t}^h^e^P^r^e^s^ideⁿ^{t h}^a^{s subm}^itte^{d to}
^C^ong^r^e^s^s^r^e^la^te^{d to t}^h^e^W^a^r^Pow^e^r^s^R^e^s^o^luti^{on (}^P^.L^{. 9}¹^-¹^48,^N^o^v^e^m^b^e^r^{7, 19}⁷³⁾^.^For^a^dis^c^us^sⁱ^on^o^f^the^W^a^r^P^o^w^e^r^s
^R^e^s^o^lutio^{n a}ⁿ^{d v}^a^rⁱ^o^u^s^ty^pe^s^of^r^e^por^ts^r^e^q^u^ir^e^d^un^de^r^it,^s^e^e^C^R^S^R^e^por^{t R}^L³³⁵³^2,^Wa^{r Po}^wers^Reso^lu^ti^oⁿ^:
^Pre^s^ideⁿ^tial^Comp^lia^nc^e^,^b^y^Ri^ch^ard^F^.^G^rⁱ^mmet^t^.

¹⁹⁸²^Sinai.^{On Marc}^{h 1}^{9, 19}^{82, Preside}^{nt Reagan re}^{ported the}^{deployment of}
^{military personnel and e}^quip^ment^{to participate in t}^{he M}^{ultinational Force and}
^Observe^{rs in t}^{he Sinai. Participati}^{on had bee}^{n aut}^{horized by t}^{he M}^ultinational
^{Force and Obse}^rvers^Resolution,^{P.L. 97-13}^2.
¹⁹⁸²^Lebanon.^{On Aug}^{ust 2}^{1, 1}⁹⁸^{2, President Reagan re}^{ported the disp}^{atch of 8}⁰
^{marines to serve}^{in the}^{multinational force to assist in the withdra}^{wal of}
^members^{of the Palestine Lib}^{eration force from Beir}^{ut. The Marin}^e^s^left
^September²^{0, 19}^82.
¹⁹⁸^2-1⁹⁸³^Lebanon.^{On Septem}^ber^{29, 1}⁹⁸²^,^{President Reagan reported t}^he^deployment
^{of 12}^{00 ma}^{rines to ser}^{ve in a te}^{mporary m}^{ultinational force to facilitate the}
^{restoration of Leba}^{nese gover}^nm^{ent sovereignty. O}ⁿ^{Sept. 2}^{9, 1}⁹⁸^{3, Congress}
^{passed the}^{Multinational Force in}^Lebano^{n Resolution (P.L. 98-119}^{) authorizing}
^{the contin}^{ued participation for ei}^{ghteen mo}^nths.
¹⁹⁸³^Egypt.^{After a Libya}ⁿ^{plane bom}^b^{ed a city in Sudan on}^Marc^{h 1}^{8, 1}^{983, a}^nd
^{Sudan and Eg}^{ypt a}^{ppealed for assi}^{stance, the U}^{nited States dispatched an}
^{AWACS electronic surveillance p}^{lane to Egypt.}
¹⁹⁸^3-8⁹^Honduras.^{In July}¹⁹⁸^{3 t}^{he United}^{States undertook a series of}^exe^{rcises in}
^{Honduras t}^{hat some}^{believed might lead to conflict with Nicaragua}^{. On Mar}^ch
^{25, 1}⁹⁸^{6, una}^{rmed U.S. military helicopters and crewme}^{n fe}^{rried Honduran}
^{troops to the Nicarag}^uan^border^{to repel Nicarag}^{uan troops.}
¹⁹⁸³^Chad.^{On August}^{8, 1}⁹⁸^{3, President Reagan re}^{ported the}^{deployment of two}
^{AWACS electronic surveillance p}^{lanes and eight F-1}^{5 fighte}^{r plane}^{s and}
^{ground logistical support forces}^t^o^{assist Chad against Libya}^{n and r}^{ebel forces.}
¹⁹⁸³^Grenada.^{On October 2}^{5, 1}⁹⁸^{3, President Reagan re}^{ported a landing on}
^Grenada^{by Ma}^{rines a}^{nd Army ai}^{rborne t}^{roops to protect lives a}ⁿ^d^{assist in}
^{the restoration of law and order}^{and at the}^req^{uest of five m}^embe^{rs of the}
^{Organization of Easter}^{n Carib}^bea^{n States.}
¹⁹⁸⁴^{Persian Gulf.}^{On Ju}^{ne 5,}¹⁹^{84, Sau}^{di Arabian jet fighter}^{planes, aided by}
^{intelligence from a U.S. AWACS}^{electronic surveillance aircraft}^an^{d fueled by a}
^{U.S. KC}^{-10 tanker, s}^{hot down tw}^{o Iranian fighte}^{r plane}^{s over a}ⁿ^a^{rea of the}
^{Persian Gulf}^{proclaimed as a prot}^{ected zone for ship}^ping.
¹⁹⁸⁵^Italy.^{On Octobe}^{r 1}^{0, 19}^{85, U.S. Navy pilots interce}^{pted an}^Egypti^{an airliner}
^{and forced it to land in Sicily.}^{The airliner was carrying}^the^hijacker^{s of the}
^{Italian cruise s}^hip^{Achille Lauro}^wh^{o had killed an American citizen during the}
^hijacking.
¹⁹⁸⁶^Libya.^{On Marc}^{h 2}^{6, 1}⁹⁸^{6, President Reagan r}^{eported to Congres}^{s that, on}
^March²⁴^and^{25, U.S. forces, while engaged in freedom of na}^{vigation exercises}
^{around the}^G^{ulf of Sidra, had bee}^{n attacked b}^y^Libya^{n missiles and}^{the United}
^{States had respo}^{nded with missiles.}
¹⁹⁸⁶^Libya.^{On April 16,}¹⁹^{86, President Reagan re}^{ported that}^{U.S. air}^{and naval}
^{forces had cond}^{ucted bom}^{bing st}^{rikes on terrorist facilities and military}
^{installations in Libya.}
¹⁹⁸⁶^Bolivia.^U.S^{. Army person}^{nel and}^{aircraft assisted Bolivia in anti-dr}^ug
^operations.
¹⁹⁸^7-8⁸^{Persian Gulf.}^{After the I}^ran-Ira^q^{War resulted in sev}^{eral military incidents in t}^he
^{Persian Gulf, th}^{e United States in}^{creased U.S. jo}^{int military forces operations}
^{in the Persian}^{Gulf a}^{nd adopted a}^{policy of reflagging and escorting}^{Kuwaiti oil}
^{tankers t}^hroug^{h the}^G^{ulf. President Reagan re}^{ported that}^{U.S. Navy ships}^had
^been^{fired upo}^{n or str}^{uck mine}^s^{or taken other}^{military action on September}
^{23, Octobe}^{r 1}^{0, and Octob}^{er 2}⁰^,¹⁹^{87 a}^{nd April 1}^{9, July}^{4, and Jul}^{y 14,}¹⁹^88.
^{The United States gradually redu}^{ced its forces after}^{a cease-fire}^b^{etween Ira}ⁿ
^{and Iraq}^{on Aug}^ust^{20, 1}⁹⁸^8.

¹⁹⁸⁸^Panama.^{In mid-Marc}^{h a}^{nd April}¹⁹⁸^{8, during a}^{period of instability in Panama}
^{and as p}^ressu^{re grew}^{for Panama}^{nian military leader General}^Man^{uel Noriega}
^{to resign, the United States se}^nt^1,00^{0 troops to Panama, to “f}^urt^{her safeg}^uard
^{the canal, U.S. lives}^{, property a}ⁿ^d^{interests in t}^{he area.” The}^force^s
^sup^plemented^10,0^{00 U.S. militar}^{y person}^{nel already in Panama.}
¹⁹⁸⁹^Libya.^{On Jan}^uary^{4, 19}^{89, two U.S. Navy F-14 aircraf}^{t based on}^th^e^{U.S.S. John}
^{F. Kennedy}^{shot down two Libyan}^{jet fighters over t}^{he M}^editerrane^{an Sea}
^{about 7}⁰^{miles nort}^{h of Libya. Th}^{e U.S. pil}^{ots said the Libyan}^plane^{s had}
^{demonstrated hostile intentions.}
¹⁹⁸⁹^Panama.^On^May^{11, 1}⁹⁸^{9, in res}^{ponse to Ge}^{neral Noriega’s disre}^{gard of the}
^{results of th}^{e Panama}^{nian election, President Bush}^{ordered a b}^rigade-sized
^{force of ap}^{proximately 1,9}^{00 t}^{roops to augment}^{the e}^{stimated 11,}⁰⁰⁰^U.S.
^{forces already in the}^area.
¹⁹⁸⁹^{Andean Initiati}^{ve in War on Drugs.}^{On Septem}^ber^15,¹⁹^{89, Preside}^{nt Bus}^h
^annou^{nced that}^{military and law enforceme}^{nt assistanc}^{e would be}^{sent to help}
^{the Andea}^{n nations of Colombia, Boliv}^{ia, and Peru combat illicit dr}^ug
^{producers a}^{nd traf}^{fickers. By mid-September t}^{here w}^ere^50-1^{00 U}^{.S. mi}^litary
^{advisers in Colombia in connection with tran}^{sport a}^{nd training in}^{the use}^of
^{military equipment,}^{plus seve}^{n Sp}^{ecial Forces teams of 2-1}^{2 pe}^{rsons to train}
^{troops in the t}^hree^count^ries.
¹⁹⁸⁹^Philippines.^Oⁿ^Decem^ber^{2, 19}⁸⁹^{, President Bush r}^{eported that}^{on Decembe}^r
^{1 U.S. fighter planes f}^{rom Clark}^{Air Base in the Philippines}^{had as}^{sisted the}
^{Aquino govern}^{ment to r}^{epel a co}^{up attem}^{pt. In}^{addition, 100 mari}^{nes were}
^{sent from t}^{he U.S. Navy bas}^{e at S}^{ubic Bay to p}^{rotect the U.S. Emb}^{assy in}
^Manila.
¹⁹⁸^9-9⁰^Panama.^{On Decem}^ber²^{1, 19}^89,^{President Bush}^{reported t}^hat^he^had
^{ordered U.S. mi}^{litary forces to Panama to protect t}^{he lives of Am}^erican
^{citizens and bring}^Gene^{ral Noriega to justice. By February}^13,¹⁹⁹^{0, all the}
^{invasion forces had}^been^withdra^wn.
¹⁹⁹⁰^Liberia.^{On August}^{6, 19}^{90, Presid}^{ent Bus}^{h re}^{ported that a}^reinforc^{ed rifle}
^company^{had bee}^{n se}^{nt to provid}^{e additional security to the U.S. Embassy in}
^{Monrovia, and that h}^{elicopter tea}^{ms had evac}^{uated U.S. citizens from Liberia.}
¹⁹⁹⁰^{Saudi Ar}^abia.^{On August}^{9, 1}⁹⁹^{0, President Bush}^{reported t}^{hat he}^{had ordered}
^{the forward de}^{ployment of su}^bst^{antial elements of the U.S. armed forces into}
^{the Persian}^{Gulf r}^{egion to help d}^{efend Saudi Arabia afte}^{r the A}^u^g^{ust 2 i}^nvasion
^{of Kuwait by Ira}^{q. On}^Novem^ber^{16, 1}⁹⁹^{0, he}^{reported t}^{he contin}^{ued buildup}
^{of the forces to e}^nsu^{re an}^adequ^{ate offensive military option.}
¹⁹⁹¹^Iraq.^{On Jan}^uary^{18, 1}⁹⁹^{1, President Bus}^{h re}^{ported that}^he^{had directed U.S.}
^{armed forces to comme}^{nce com}^{bat operations on}^Jan^uary^{16 agai}^{nst Ira}^qi
^{forces and military targets in}^Ira^q^{and Kuwait, in conjunction with}^{a coaliti}^{on of}
^{allies and U.N. Security Council resolutions. On Jan}^uary^{12 Cong}^r^{ess had}
^{passed the}^Aut^{horization for Use of Military Force against Iraq}^{Resolution (P.L}^.
^102-^{1). Combat operations wer}^e^susp^{ended on Feb}^ruar^{y 2}^{8, 1}⁹⁹¹^.
¹⁹⁹¹^Iraq.^{On May}^{17, 1}⁹⁹^{1, President}^{Bush stated in a}^status^report^{to Congress}
^{that the}^{Iraqi r}^epre^{ssion of the K}^{urdish peo}^{ple had ne}^{cessitated a}^limited
^{introduction of U.S. forces into northern}^Iraq^{for eme}^rgency^{relief pur}^poses.
¹⁹⁹¹^Zaire^{. On Septembe}^{r 2}^5-2^{7, 19}⁹¹^{, after widespread looting and rioting broke}
^{out in Kinshasa, U.S. Air Force C-141s}^trans^{ported 1}⁰⁰^{Belgian troops and}
^equipme^{nt into Kinsha}^{sa. U.S. pla}^{nes also carried 3}^{00 Fre}^nc^{h troops into the}
^{Central African Re}^pu^{blic and haul}^{ed back America}^{n citizens and t}^{hird country}
^{nationals from locations outside Zaire.}
¹⁹⁹²^{Sierra Leone.}^On^{May 3,}¹⁹^{92, U.S. military planes evacuated Ameri}^{cans from}
^{Sierra Leone, where}^{military lead}^{ers had overt}^{hrown t}^{he gover}^nm^ent.

¹⁹⁹²^Kuwait.^{On August}^{3, 1}⁹⁹^{2, the U}^{nited States began a}^{series of military}
^{exercises in K}^{uwait, follow}^{ing Iraqi refusal to recog}^{nize a new}^{border drawn}
^up^{by th}^{e United Nations a}^{nd ref}^{usal to cooperate with U.N. insp}^ection
^teams.
¹⁹⁹²^Iraq.^{On Septembe}^{r 1}^{6, 1}⁹⁹^{2, President Bush stat}^{ed in a statu}^{s re}^p^{ort to}
^{Congress that}^he^{had ordered U.S. participation in the en}^forceme^{nt of a}
^{prohibition against Ira}^{qi flights in}^{a specified zone in southe}^rn^Iraq,^{and aerial}
^reconnaissan^{ce to monitor Ira}^{qi compliance with the}^{cease-fire re}^solution.
¹⁹⁹²^Somalia.^{On Decem}^ber^10,¹⁹^92,^{President Bush}^{reported t}^{hat he}^had
^{deployed U.S}^{. armed forces to Somalia in response to a h}^umanita^{rian crisis and}
^{a U.N. Security Council Resoluti}^{on determining that}^the^{situation constituted a}
^{threat to inter}^{national peace. This operation, called Operation Restore Hope,}
^{was part of a U.S.-led United Nations Unified Task Force (UNITAF) and came}
^{to an end on}^{May 4,}¹⁹^{93. U.S. forces contin}^{ued to participate in t}^he
^{successor U}^{nited Nations Op}^era^{tion in Somalia (}^{UNOSOM II), w}^{hich the}^U.N.
^{Security Council authorized to as}^{sist Somalia}^{in politica}^{l reconciliat}^{ion and}
^{restoration of peace.}
¹⁹⁹³^Iraq.^{On Jan}^uary^{19, 1}⁹⁹^{3, President Bus}^{h said in a statu}^{s re}^{port t}^{hat on}
^December^{27, 1}⁹⁹^{2, U.S. aircraft had shot down an}^Ira^{qi aircraft in}^the
^{prohibited zone; on Jan}^uary¹³^{aircraft f}^{rom the U}^{nited States and}^coaliti^on
^partne^{rs had atta}^{cked missile bas}^{es in southe}^rn^{Iraq; a}^{nd f}^urthe^r^military
^{actions had occur}^{red on Ja}^nuary^{17 a}^{nd 1}^{8. Administration official}^{s said the}
^{United States was deploying a bat}^{talion task force to Kuwait to un}^{derline the}
^{continuing U.S. commitment to Kuwaiti independence.}
¹⁹⁹³^Iraq.^{On Jan}^uary^{21, 1}⁹⁹^{3, shortly}^{after his ina}^ugu^{ration, President Clinton said}
^{the United States would continue}^{the Bus}^{h policy on Ira}^{q, and U.S. aircraft}
^{fired at targets in I}^{raq a}^fter^{pilots sensed I}^{raqi radar or a}^nti-aircraf^{t fire}
^{directed at them.}
¹⁹⁹³^Bosnia.^{On Fe}^brua^ry^{28, 1}⁹⁹^{3, th}^{e United States began a}ⁿ^airdrop^{of relief}
^sup^{plies aimed at Muslims su}^rrou^{nded by Ser}^{bian forces i}ⁿ^Bosnia.
¹⁹⁹³^Bosnia.^{On A}^{pril 13,}¹⁹^{93, President Clinton reported U.S. forces}^were
^{participating in a}^{NATO air action to enforce}^{a U.N. ban o}ⁿ^{all un}^authorized
^{military flights over Bosnia-Hercegovina.}
¹⁹⁹³^Iraq.^{In a status}^{report o}ⁿ^Ira^{q of}^{May 2}^{4, President Clinton said th}^{at on April}
^{9 and A}^{pril 18 U.S. planes had}^bo^{mbed or fired missiles at Ira}^{qi ant}^i-aircraft
^{sites that had t}^{racked U.S. aircraft.}
¹⁹⁹³^Somalia.^{On J}^une¹^{0, 19}^{93, Presid}^{ent Clinton reported t}^{hat in}^resp^{onse to}
^{attacks against U.N. forces in So}^{malia by a factional leader, the U.S. Quick}
^{Reaction Force in the area}^{had p}^{articipated in military action to quell the}
^{violence. On July 1}^{President Clinton reported f}^urt^{her air a}^{nd grou}^{nd military}
^{operations on Ju}^ne^{12 a}^{nd J}^une¹⁷^{aimed at ne}^{utralizing military capabilities}
^{that had impeded U.N. efforts}^{to deliver humanitarian}^{relief and p}^r^omote
^{national reconstru}^{ction, and additional instances occur}^{red in the}^f^oll^owing
^months.
¹⁹⁹³^Iraq.^{On Ju}^{ne 2}^{8, 19}^{93, President}^{Clinton reported that o}ⁿ^Ju^ne²⁶^{U.S. naval}
^{forces had lau}^{nched missiles against the}^Ira^{qi Intelligence Service’s}
^headqua^{rters in}^{Baghdad in res}^{ponse to an}^uns^ucces^{sful attem}^{pt to}^assassinate
^{former President Bu}^{sh in K}^uwait^{in April 19}^93.
¹⁹⁹³^Iraq.^{In a status}^{report of}^July^22,¹⁹⁹^{3, President Clinton said on J}^une^{19 a}
^{U.S. a}^{ircraft had fired a missile at}^{an Ira}^{qi anti-aircraft site displayin}^{g hostile}
^{intent. U.S. planes also bombed an Ira}^{qi missile battery on A}^ugust^{19, 1}⁹⁹^3.

¹⁹⁹³^Macedonia.^{On J}^{uly 9, 1}⁹⁹^{3, President Clinton reported t}^{he deploy}^{ment of 3}⁵⁰
^{U.S. so}^ld^{iers to the former}^{Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia to pa}^{rticipate in}
^{the U.N. Protection Force to help maintain sta}^{bility in the area of}^former
^Yugoslavia.
¹⁹⁹³^Haiti.^{On October}^20,¹⁹^{93, Pres}^{ident Clinton reported that U.S. ships had}
^begu^{n to enforce}^{a U.N. embarg}^{o against Haiti.}
¹⁹⁹⁴^Bosnia.^{On Fe}^brua^ry^{17, 1}⁹⁹^{4, Pr}^{esident Clinton reported that}^the^United
^{States had ex}^{panded its participat}^{ion in United Nations and NATO}^{efforts to}
^{reach a}^peacef^{ul solution to the c}^{onflict in former Yugoslavia and t}^{hat 6}⁰^U.S.
^{aircraft were a}^{vailable for participation in the a}^{uthorized NATO}^missions.
¹⁹⁹⁴^Bosnia.^On^Marc^{h 1,}¹⁹^{94, President Clinton reported t}^{hat on Fe}^b^ruary²⁸
^{U.S. planes patrolling the “no-fly zone” in former Yugoslavia unde}^r^{the Nort}^h
^{Atlantic Treaty Organization (N}^{ATO) shot down 4 Ser}^{bian Gale}^{b planes.}
¹⁹⁹⁴^Bosnia.^{On A}^{pril 12,}¹⁹^{94, President Clinton reported t}^{hat on A}^p^r^{il 10 and 1}^1,
^{U.S. warplanes under}^{NATO co}^{mmand had fired against}^Bosnian^{Serb forces}
^{shelling the “safe”}^{city of Gorazde.}
¹⁹⁹⁴^Rwanda.^{On April 12,}¹⁹^{94, Presi}^{dent Clinton reported t}^{hat comb}^at-equipped
^{U.S. mi}^{litary forces had bee}^{n depl}^{oyed to Burundi to conduct}^{possible non-}
^{combatant evac}^{uation operations}^{of U.S. cit}^{izens and other third-c}^ountry
^{nationals from Rwanda, where wi}^{despread fighting}^{had broke}^{n out.}^By
^September³^{0, 19}^{94, all U.S. troo}^{ps had de}^{parted from Rwa}^{nda an}^d
^surrou^{nding nations. I}ⁿ^the^Defe^{nse Ap}^prop^{riations Act for FY19}^{95 (P.L. 10}^3-
^{335, signed Se}^ptembe^{r 3}^{0, 1}⁹⁹^{4), Congress ba}^rred^{use of f}^unds^{for U.S.}
^{military participation in or aroun}^{d Rwanda after Octobe}^{r 7,}¹⁹^94,^except^for
^{any action ne}^{cessary to}^protect^{U.S. cit}^izens.
¹⁹⁹⁴^Macedonia.^{On Ap}^{ril 19, 1}⁹⁹^{4, Pr}^{esident Clinton reported that}^the^U.S.
^{contingent in t}^{he forme}^{r Yugoslav Repu}^{blic of Macedonia had bee}^{n augme}^nted
^{by a rein}^{forced compa}^{ny of 2}⁰⁰^person^nel.
¹⁹⁹⁴^Haiti.^{On April 20,}¹⁹^{94, President Clinton reported t}^{hat U.S. naval forces had}
^{continued en}^forceme^{nt of the U.}^{N. embargo in t}^{he waters}^arou^{nd Haiti and}
^{that 7}^{12 v}^{essels had}^been^boarde^{d since October}²^{0, 19}^93.
¹⁹⁹⁴^Bosnia.^{On A}^ugust²^{2, 19}^{94, Presi}^{dent Clinton reported t}^{he u}^{se on}^August⁵
^{of U.S. a}^{ircraft u}^{nder NATO to a}^{ttack Bosnian Serb}^{heavy wea}^pon^{s in the}
^{Sarajevo heavy weapons}^exclusio^{n zone u}^{pon re}^que^{st of the}^{U.N. Protection}
^Forces.
¹⁹⁹⁴^Haiti.^{On Septembe}^{r 2}^{1, 1}⁹⁹^{4, President Clinton reported the}^dep^{loyment of}
^1,50^{0 troops to Haiti to restore}^{democracy in Haiti. The troop level was}
^subse^que^{ntly increas}^{ed to 20,0}⁰⁰^.
¹⁹⁹⁴^Bosnia.^On^Novembe^{r 2}^{2, 19}^94,^{President Clinton reported th}^{e u}^{se of U.S.}
^{combat aircraft on}^Novem^ber²¹^{, 199}^{4, unde}^{r NATO, to attack b}^{ases used}^by
^{Serbs to attack t}^{he town of Bihac}^{in Bosnia.}
¹⁹⁹⁴^Macedonia.^{On Decem}^ber^{22, 1}⁹^{94, President Clinton re}^{ported t}^{hat the U.S.}
^{Army continge}^{nt in t}^{he former}^{Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia co}^{ntinued its}
^peacekeepi^{ng mission and that}^th^{e curr}^{ent con}^{tingent would soon}^{be re}^placed^rd^th^st
^{by about}⁵^{00 soldiers from t}^{he 3}^Battali^{on, 5}^{Cavalry Regiment, 1}
^{Armored Division from Kirchgons, German}^y.
¹⁹⁹⁵^Somalia.^On^March^{1, 1}⁹⁹^{5, President Clinton reported t}^{hat on Fe}^brua^{ry 2}^7,
¹⁹⁹^{5, 1,8}⁰⁰^combat-eq^{uipped U.}^{S. armed forces per}^{sonnel bega}ⁿ^deployment
^{into Mogadishu, Somalia}^{, to assist}^{in the withdrawal of U.N. forces}^assigned
^{there to th}^{e United Nations O}^p^e^{ration in Somalia (UNOSOM II). This mission}
^{was completed on Mar}^ch^{3, 19}⁹⁵^.

¹⁹⁹⁵^Haiti.^{On Marc}^{h 2}^{1, 1}⁹⁹^{5, President Clinton reported t}^{hat U.S. military forces}
^{in Haiti as part of a U.N. M}^{ultinational Force had been r}^{educed to}^{just unde}^r
^5,30^{0 pe}^{rsonnel. He}^{noted that a}^s^{of Marc}^{h 3}^{1, 1}⁹⁹^{5, app}^{roximately 2,500}
^{U.S. personnel would remain in}^{Haiti as part of the}^{U.N. Mission in Haiti}
^(UNMIH).
¹⁹⁹⁵^Bosnia.^On^May^{24, 1}⁹⁹^{5, President Clinton reported t}^{hat U.S. combat-}
^equip^{ped fighter airc}^{raft a}^{nd othe}^{r aircraft conti}^{nued to contrib}^ute^{to NATO’s}
^enforceme^{nt of the}^{no-fly zone in}^{airspace over Bosnia-Herzegovin}^{a. U.S}^.
^{aircraft, he noted, were also available for close air sup}^{port of U.N. forces in}
^{Croatia. R}^{oughly 50}^{0 U.S. sold}^{iers continued to be}^{deployed in th}^{e former}
^{Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia}^{as part of t}^{he U.N. Preven}^{tive Deployment}
^{Force (UNPREDEP). U.S}^{. forces continued to su}^{pport U.N. re}^fug^{ee and}
^{embargo operations in t}^{his region.}
¹⁹⁹⁵^Bosnia.^{On Se}^ptembe^{r 1,}¹⁹^{95, Pr}^{esident Clinton reported that}^{“U.S. combat}
^{and su}^{pport aircra}^{ft” had}^been^us^{ed beginning on}^Aug^{ust 2}^{9, 1}⁹⁹^{5, in a series}
^{of NATO air strikes against Bosn}^{ian Serb Army}^{(BSA) forces in Bosnia-}
^{Herzegovina that we}^{re th}^reateni^{ng the U.N.-declared safe area}^{s of Sarajevo,}
^{Tuzla, and Gorazde. He noted that during th}^{e first day of ope}^{rations, “some}
³⁰⁰^{sorties were}^{flown against 2}³^{targets in}^{the vicinity of Sarajev}^{o, Tuzla}^,
^{Gorazde and Mostar.”}
¹⁹⁹⁵^Haiti.^{On Septembe}^{r 2}^{1, 1}⁹⁹^{5, President Clinton reported that}^cu^r^{rently the}
^{United States had 2,40}^{0 military}^person^{nel in Haiti as participa}^nts^{in the U.N.}
^{Mission in Haiti (UNMIH). In addi}^{tion, 260 U.S. military personnel}^were
^{assigned to the U.S. Support G}^{roup Haiti.}
¹⁹⁹⁵^Bosnia.^{On Dece}^mber^{6, 1}⁹⁹^{5, Pr}^{esident Clinton reported to Con}^{gress, that}
^{he had “ordered t}^{he deployment}^{of approximately}^1,50^{0 U.S. mil}^it^ary
^person^{nel” to Bosnia-Herzegovina and Croatia as part of a}^NATO^“enabling
^{force” to lay the grou}^{ndwork for}^{the p}^{rompt a}^{nd safe de}^ployment^{of the}
^{NATO-led Implementation Force}^{(IFOR),” which would be used t}^o^implement
^{the Bosnian p}^{eace agree}^{ment a}^f^t^{er its signing. The President also}^{noted that he}
^{had authorized deployment of}^{roughly 3,0}⁰⁰^{other U.S. military personnel to}
^Hunga^{ry, Italy, and Croatia to establish infrastr}^uct^{ure for t}^{he e}^nabl^{ing force}
^{and the IFOR.}
¹⁹⁹⁵^Bosnia.^{On Dece}^mber²^{1, 19}^{95, P}^{resident Clinton reported to Congress t}^hat
^{he had ordered t}^{he deployment}^{of approximately}^20,0^{00 U.S. mili}^tary
^person^{nel to participate in t}^{he N}^{ATO-led Implementation Force (IFOR) in the}
^{Republic of Bosnia-Herzegovina, and app}^{roximately 5,0}^{00 U.S. mili}^tary
^person^{nel would be deployed in}^{other former}^{Yugoslav states, pri}^{marily in}
^{Croatia. In additi}^{on, about 7,00}⁰^{U.S. support forces would be}^dep^{loyed to}
^Hunga^{ry, Italy and Croatia and ot}^{her regional states in}^su^{pport of}^I^FOR’s
^mission.
¹⁹⁹⁶^Haiti^{. On March}^21,¹⁹^{96, President Clinton reported to Congr}^es^{s that}
^{beginning in}^Jan^uary¹⁹⁹⁶^there^h^{ad been a “}^phas^{ed reduction” in t}^{he n}^umbe^r
^{of United States person}^{nel assign}^{ed to the United Nations Mission}^{in Haiti}
^{(UNMIH). As of Ma}^rch^21,³⁰^{9 U}^{.S. personnel remained a}^{part of}^UNMIH.
^{These U.S. force}^{s were “eq}^uippe^{d for combat.”}
¹⁹⁹⁶^Liberia.^{On April 11, 1}⁹⁹^{6, President Clinton reported to Congr}^es^{s that on}
^{April 9, 19}^{96 d}^{ue to the “dete}^{rioration of the sec}^{urity situation a}ⁿ^d^the
^{resulting th}^{reat to American}^{citizens” in Libe}^{ria he}^{had ordered U.S. mil}^itary
^{forces to evacuate}^{from t}^{hat cou}^{ntry “}^{private U.S. citizens and certain third-}
^country^{nationals who had take}ⁿ^{refuge in}^{the U.S. Embas}^{sy comp}^ound....”

¹⁹⁹⁶^Liberia.^{On May 2}^{0, 19}^{96, Preside}^{nt Clinton reported to Congre}^ss^the
^{continued deployment of U.S. military forces in Libe}^{ria to evacuate}^both
^{American citizens and othe}^{r forei}^{gn pe}^{rsonnel, and to res}^{pond to}^various
^{isolated “attacks on the America}^{n Em}^bassy^{complex” in}^{Liberia. The President}
^{noted that the}^{deployment of U.S. forces would continue}^{until ther}^{e was no}
^{longer any n}^{eed for en}^han^{ced sec}^{urity at the}^Em^{bassy a}^{nd a re}^quir^{ement to}
^{maintain an evac}^{uation capa}^{bility in the cou}^ntry.
¹⁹⁹⁶^{Central A}^{frican Republic.}^{On May 2}^{3, 19}^{96, President Clinton re}^port^{ed to}
^{Congress the}^{deployment of U.S. military personnel to Bang}^{ui, Central African}
^{Republic, to conduct the}^evacua^{tion from that}^count^{ry of “p}^rivate^{U.S. cit}^izens
^{and certain U.S. Governme}^{nt em}^{ployees,” and to provide “enha}^nc^{ed security}
^{for the Ame}^{rican E}^mbass^{y in Ban}^gui.”
¹⁹⁹⁶^Bosnia^{. On Ju}^ne^{21, 1}⁹⁹^{6, President Clinton reported to Congre}^ss^{that United}
^{States forces totaling about 1}^7,00^{0 remain de}^{ployed in Bosnia “un}^{der NATO}
^{operational command and contro}^{l” as part of t}^{he NATO}^Impleme^ntation
^{Force (IFOR). In addition, about}^5,50^{0 U.S. mil}^{itary person}^{nel wer}^{e deployed}
^{in Hu}^{ngary, Italy and Croatia, and}^{other regional states to p}^{rovide “logist}^ical
^{and other s}^u^p^{port to IFOR.” The}^{President noted that it was t}^{he i}^ntention
^{that IFOR would complete the}^w^{ithdrawal of all troops in the wee}^{ks after}
^December^{20, 1}⁹⁹^{6, on a sc}^hedul^{e “set by}^{NATO comma}^{nders co}^nsistent
^{with the safe}^{ty of troops a}^{nd the}^logist^{ical requirements}^{for an}^orderly
^{withdrawal.” He also noted that a U.S. Army contingent (of about}⁵⁰^{0 U.S.}
^{soldiers) remained in the Former}^{Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia}^{as part of}
^{the United Nations Preve}^{ntive D}^{eployment Force (UNPREDEP).}
¹⁹⁹⁶^{Rwanda and Zai}^re.^{On Decem}^ber^{2, 19}^{96, President Clinton re}^port^{ed to}
^{Congress that}^{to sup}^{port t}^{he h}^u^{manitarian efforts}^{of the U}^{nited Nations}
^{regarding ref}^{ugees in Rwa}^{nda and}^{the G}^{reat Lakes}^{Region of Easte}^{rn Zaire, he}
^{had authorized the}^{use of U.S. pe}^{rsonnel and airc}^{raft, including AC}^-130U
^{planes to help i}ⁿ^su^{rveying t}^{he re}^{gion in sup}^{port of h}^umanitarian^operations,
^{although fighting s}^{till was occurring in the}^{area, and U.S. aircraft h}^{ad been}
^{subject to fire w}^hen^{on flight dut}^y.
¹⁹⁹⁶^Bosnia.^{On Dece}^mber²^{0, 19}^{96, P}^{resident Clinton reported to Congress t}^hat
^{he had a}^{uthorized U.S. participati}^{on in an IFOR}^follow-^{on force in}^Bosnia,
^{known as SFOR (Stabilizati}^{on Force), under NATO}^{command. The}^President
^{said the U.S. forces contribution}^{to SFOR was to be “about}^8,50⁰^”^person^nel
^{whose primary}^{mission is to deter or pre}^{vent a}^resu^{mption of}^hostilit^{ies or}
^{new th}^{reats to peac}^{e in Bosnia. SFOR’s duration in Bosnia is expe}^{cted to be}
^{18 mont}^{hs, with}^{progressive red}^{uctions and eve}^{ntual withdrawal.}
¹⁹⁹⁷^Albania.^{On Marc}^{h 1}^{5, 19}^{97, Pres}^{ident Clinton reported to Congr}^{ess that on}
^March¹^{3, 19}^{97, h}^e^had^utilized^{U.S. mi}^{litary forces to evacuate c}^{ertain U.S.}
^Governme^{nt em}^{ployees and p}^{rivate U.S. cit}^{izens from Tirana, Albania, and to}
^enha^{nce sec}^{urity for t}^{he U.S. Em}^{bassy in t}^{hat city.}
¹⁹⁹⁷^{Congo and Gabon.}^{On Marc}^h^27,¹⁹⁹^{7, President Clinton re}^{ported to Congress}
^{that, on Marc}^h^{25, 1}⁹⁹^{7, a stand}^b^y^{evacuation force}^{of U.S. mil}^{itary person}^nel
^{had bee}^{n deployed to Congo and Gabon to}^{provide enha}^{nced sec}^{urity for}
^{American p}^{rivate citizens, govern}^{ment em}^{ployees, and selected third country}
^{nationals in Zaire, and to be available for any}^necessa^{ry evac}^uation^operation.
¹⁹⁹⁷^{Sierra Leone.}^On^{May 3}^{0, 1}⁹⁹^{7, President Clinton reported to Con}^{gress that}
^{on May}^{29 a}^{nd May}^30,¹⁹^{97, U.S. military personnel were de}^{ployed to}
^{Freetown, Sierra Leone, to pre}^pa^{re for and}^undertak^{e the}^evacuati^{on of}
^{certain U.S. government em}^{ployees and p}^{rivate U.S. citi}^zens.
¹⁹⁹⁷^Bosnia.^On^Ju^{ne 2}^{0, 19}^{97, Preside}^{nt Clinton reported to Congre}^ss^{that U.S.}
^{Armed Forces contin}^{ued to sup}^p^{ort peacekee}^{ping operations in B}^{osnia and}
^{other states in t}^{he r}^{egion in su}^pp^{ort of the NATO-led Stabilizati}^oⁿ^Force
^(SFOR)^{. He reported tha}^{t cu}^rren^{tly most U.S. mi}^{litary personnel involved in}
^{SFOR were in Bosnia, near Tuzla, and about}^2,80^{0 U.S. troops wer}^{e deployed}

^{in Hu}^{ngary, Croatia, Italy, and ot}^{her regional states to}^{provide log}^{istics and}
^{other su}^{pport to SFOR. A U.S. A}^{rmy contine}^{nt of abou}^{t 5}^{00 also}^{remained in}
^{the Former Yugoslav Rep}^{ublic of}^{Macedonia as part of}^{the U.N. Pr}^eventive
^{Deployment Force (UNPREDEP).}
¹⁹⁹⁷^Cambodia.^{On J}^{uly 11,}¹⁹^{97, Presi}^{dent Clinton reported to Congre}^{ss that in a}ⁿ
^{effort to ens}^{ure t}^{he sec}^{urity of A}^{merican citizens in Cam}^{bodia during a period}
^{of domestic conflict there, he}^ha^{d deployed a Task Force of about}⁵⁵^{0 U.S.}
^{military personnel to Utapao Air}^{Base in Thailand. These person}^ne^{l were to be}
^{available for possible emergenc}^y^{evacuation operations in Cam}^bo^{dia as}
^{deemed necessar}^y.
¹⁹⁹⁷^Bosnia.^{On Dece}^mber¹^{9, 19}^{97, P}^{resident Clinton reported to Congress t}^hat
^{he intended “in}^{principle” to ha}^v^e^{the United States}^{participate in}^{a security}
^prese^{nce in Bosnia wh}^{en t}^{he NA}^{TO SFOR contingent withdrew i}ⁿ^the
^summer^{of 1}⁹⁹^8.
¹⁹⁹⁸^{Guinea-Bissau.}^{On J}^une^{12, 1}⁹⁹^8,^{President Clinton reported to C}^{ongress that,}
^{on Ju}^{ne 1}^{0, 19}^{98, in}^respon^{se to}^{an army}^{mutiny i}ⁿ^G^uinea-Bissau^endangering
^{the U.S. Embassy, U.S. governme}^{nt employees a}^{nd citizens in that}^{country, h}^e
^{had deployed a standby}^{evacuation force of U.S. military personnel}^{to Dakar,}
^{Senegal, to remove such individu}^{als, as well as selected third country nationals,}
^{from the city of Bissau. The}^{deployment contin}^{ued u}^{ntil the neces}^sary
^{evacuations were}^completed.
¹⁹⁹⁸^Bosnia.^On^Ju^{ne 1}^{9, 19}^{98, Preside}^{nt Clinton reported to Congre}^ss^regarding
^{activities in the last six month}^{s of}^combat-equip^{ped U.S. forces in s}^upport^of
^{NATO’s SFOR in Bosnia and sur}^{rounding areas}^{of former Y}^ugoslavia.
¹⁹⁹⁸^{Kenya and Tan}^zani^a.^{On Aug}^{ust 1}^{0, 19}^{98, President Clinton re}^port^{ed to}
^{Congress that}^he^{had deployed, on August}^{7, 1}⁹⁹^{8, a Joint Task F}^{orce of U.S.}
^{military personnel to Nairobi, Kenya, to coordinate the medical an}^{d disaster}
^{assistance related to the}^bombing^{s of the U.S. Embassies in Ke}^nya^and
^{Tanzania. He also reported that t}^{eams of 5}^0-10^{0 sec}^urity^personⁿ^{el had}
^{arrived in Nairobi, Kenya, and Da}^{r es Salaam, Tanzania, to enhance}^the
^{security of t}^{he U.S. Embassies an}^{d citizens there.}
¹⁹⁹⁸^Albania.^{On August}^18,¹⁹^{98, Pre}^{sident Clinton reported to Cong}^{ress that}^he
^{had, on August}¹^{6, 19}^{98, deploye}^{d 200}^{U.S. Marines and 1}⁰^Navy^{SEALS to}
^{the U.S. Embassy com}^{pound in Ti}^{rana, Albania, to enha}^{nce sec}^urit^{y against}
^{reported th}^{reats against U.S. per}^sonnel.
¹⁹⁹⁸^{Afghanistan an}^{d Suda}^n.^{On Aug}^ust^{21, 1}⁹⁹^{8, by letter, President Clinton}^th
^{reported to Congress t}^hat^{he ha}^{d authorized airstrikes on Aug}^ust²⁰^against
^{camps a}^{nd installations in Afghani}^{stan and Suda}^{n used}^{by t}^{he Osa}^{ma bin Lade}ⁿ
^{terrorist organization. The President did so based on what}^{he view}^{ed as}
^{convincing information t}^{hat the}^b^{in Laden organization was res}^pon^{sible for the}
^{bombings, on Aug}^ust^{7, 19}^{98, of}^{the U.S. Embassies in Ke}^{nya and}^Tanzania.
¹⁹⁹⁸^Liberia.^{On September}²^{9, 19}^98,^{President Clinton reported to C}^{ongress that}
^{on Septembe}^{r 2}^{7, 19}⁹⁸^he^{had, due to political instability and civi}^l^{disorder in}
^{Liberia, deployed a stand-by res}^p^{onse and evac}^{uation force of}³⁰^{U.S. mi}^litary
^person^{nel to augment}^{the s}^ecu^{rity force at t}^{he U.S. Embassy in}^Mo^{nrovia, and}
^{to provide for a rapid evac}^{uation capability, as needed, to remove U.S. cit}^izens
^{and governme}^{nt p}^erson^{nel from}^{the cou}^ntry.
¹⁹⁹⁸^Iraq.^{During the pe}^{riod from December}^16-^{23, 1}⁹⁹^{8, the U}^{nited States,}
^{together with t}^{he United Kingdom, conducted a bom}^{bing cam}^{paign, termed}
^{Operation Desert Fox, against}^Ir^{aqi industrial facilities deemed ca}^{pable of}
^{producing wea}^{pons of mas}^{s destr}^{uction, and against other}^Ira^{qi military and}
^{security target}^s.

¹⁹⁹^8-1⁹⁹⁹^Iraq.^{Beginning in late December}¹⁹⁹^{8, and contin}^{uing du}^{ring 1}⁹⁹⁹^,^{the United}
^{States, together with forces of t}^h^e^coaliti^{on enforcing t}^{he “no-fly”}^{zones over}
^{Iraq, conduct}^{ed military operations against t}^{he Ira}^{qi air defens}^{e sy}^{stem on}
^nume^{rous occasions in r}^espons^e^{to actual or potential threats agai}^{nst aircraft}
^{enforcing t}^{he “no-fly” zones in}ⁿ^{orthern a}^{nd sout}^her^{n Ira}^q.
¹⁹⁹⁹^Bosnia.^On^Jan^uary^{19, 1}⁹⁹^{9, Pres}^{ident Clinton reported to Congr}^{ess that}^he
^{was continuing to a}^{uthorize the}^u^{se of combat-eq}^{uipped U.S. Armed Forces in}
^{Bosnia and other states in}^the^re^{gion as participants i}ⁿ^{and s}^u^p^por^{ters of the}
^{NATO-led Stabil}^izati^{on Force (SFOR). He noted that the U.S. SFOR military}
^person^{nel totaled about 6,90}^{0, w}^{ith about}^2,30^{0 U.S. mil}^{itary pers}^onnel
^{deployed to Hungary, Croatia, Italy and other regional states. Also some 35}⁰
^{U.S. mi}^{litary personnel remain de}^{ployed in the Former Yugoslav R}^epu^{blic of}
^{Macedonia (FYROM) as part of t}^{he U.N. Preventive Deployme}^nt^Force
^(UNPREDEP).
¹⁹⁹⁹^Kenya.^{On Febr}^uary^25,¹⁹^{99, Pr}^{esident Clinton reported to Con}^{gress that}^he
^{was continuing to de}^{ploy U.S. mi}^l^{itary person}^{nel in that}^count^{ry to}^{assist in}
^{providing security for t}^{he U.S. embassy a}^{nd American}^{citizens in}^Nairobi,
^{pending completion of re}^{novations of the}^American^embass^{y facility in Nairobi,}
^{subject of a te}^{rrorist bom}^{bing in}^August¹⁹^98.
¹⁹⁹⁹^Yugoslavia.^On^Marc^{h 2}^{6, 1}⁹⁹^{9, President Clinton reported to Congress t}^hat,
^{on Marc}^{h 2}^{4, 1}⁹⁹^{9, U.S. mi}^{litary forces, at his direction, and in coaliti}^{on with}
^{NATO allies, had commenced air strikes against Yugoslavia in res}^p^{onse to the}
^{Yugoslav government’s cam}^paign^{of violence and repre}^{ssion agains}^{t the et}^hnic
^{Albanian pop}^{ulation in Kosovo.}
¹⁹⁹⁹^{Yugoslavia/Albania.}^{On April 7, 19}^{99, President Clinton re}^{ported t}^o^Congress,
^{that he}^{had ordered additional U.}^{S. mil}^{itary forces to Albania, including rotary}
^{wing aircraft, artillery, and tactical missiles systems to enha}^{nce NA}^{TO’s ability}
^{to conduct effective air o}^peration^{s in Yugoslavia. About 2,50}^{0 soldiers and}
^{aviators are to be deployed as pa}^{rt of this task}^{force. The President also}
^{reported the}^{deployment of U.S. military forces to Albania and Ma}^{cedonia to}
^sup^{port h}^{umanitarian disaster}^rel^{ief operations for Kosovar ref}^uge^es.
¹⁹⁹⁹^{Yugoslavia/Albania.}^{On May 2}^{5, 1}⁹^{99, President Clinton re}^{ported t}^o^Congress,
^{“consistent with t}^{he war Powers}^{Resolution” that he had directed}
^{“deployment of additional aircraft and forces to s}^u^p^{port NATO’s}^ongoing
^{efforts [against Yugoslavia], including several thousa}^{nd additional}^{U.S. Armed}
^{Forces person}^{nel to Albania in s}^u^{pport of t}^{he deep}^{strike force loc}^{ated there.”}
^{He also directed that additional}^{U.S. forces be deployed to the re}^{gion to assist}
^{in “huma}^{nitarian operations.”}
¹⁹⁹⁹^{Yugoslavia/Kosovo.}^On^Ju^{ne 1}^{2, 1}⁹^{99, President Clinton re}^{ported t}^o^Congress,
^{“consistent with t}^{he War Power}^{s Resolution” that he}^{had directed the}
^{deployment of about “}^7,00^{0 U.S. military personnel as t}^{he U.S. contribution to}
^{the ap}^{proximately 5}^0,00^0-mem^b^{er, NATO-led security force (KF}^OR)”
^curre^{ntly being a}^{ssembled in Kos}^{ovo. He also noted that about “1,}⁵⁰⁰^U.S.
^{military personnel, unde}^{r sepa}^rat^{e U.S. command and control, wil}^l^{deploy to}
^{other count}^{ries in the}^{region, as}^{our national su}^{pport eleme}^{nt, in}^sup^{port of}
^KFOR.”
¹⁹⁹⁹^Bosnia.^On^{July 1}^{9, 1}⁹⁹^{9, President Clinton reported to Congre}^ss^{“consistent}
^{with the War Powers Resolution}^{” that about}^6,2^{00 U.S. military personnel}
^{were continui}^{ng to participate in}^{the NATO-led Stabilizati}^{on Force (SFOR) in}
^{Bosnia, and that another}^2,2⁰⁰^p^{ersonnel were}^su^{pporting SFOR}^operations
^{from Hu}^{ngary, Croatia, and Italy. He also noted that U.S. mil}^{itary p}^ersonnel
^{remain in th}^{e Former Yugoslav R}^epu^{blic of Macedonia to sup}^port^the
^{international security}^prese^{nce in}^{Kosovo (KFOR}^).
¹⁹⁹⁹^{East Timor.}^On^October^{8, 1}⁹⁹^{9, President Clinton reported to C}^ongress
^{“consistent with t}^{he War Power}^{s Resolution” that he}^{had directed the}
^{deployment of a limited numbe}^r^{of U.S. mi}^{litary forces to East Timor to}

^sup^{port the U.N. m}^{ultinational force (INTERFET) aimed at restori}^{ng peace}^to
^{East Timor. U.S. support has}^bee^{n limited initia}^{lly to “communicati}^ons,
^logist^{ics, planning assistance}^{and t}^{ransportation.” The President}^fu^r^ther^noted
^{that he}^{had aut}^{horized deployment of the a}^m^p^{hibious ship USS BE}^LLEAU
^{WOOD, together with its helicopters a}^{nd her}^complement^{of pe}^r^{sonnel from}^st
^{the 3}¹^Ma^rine^Ex^{peditionary Un}^{it (Special Operations Capable) (MEU SOC)}
^{to the East Timor region, to prov}^{ide helicopter airlift and search a}^{nd resc}^ue
^sup^{port to the m}^{ultinational operation. U.}^{S. participation was anticipated to}
^continue^{until the tra}^{nsition to a U.N. peacekeeping ope}^{ration wa}^{s complete.}
¹⁹⁹⁹^{Yugoslavia/Kosovo.}^On^Decembe^r^{15, 1}⁹⁹^{9, President Clinton repo}^{rted to}
^{Congress “consisten}^{t with th}^{e W}^{ar Powers Resolution” that U.S.}^combat-
^equip^{ped military person}^{nel continued to serv}^{e as pa}^{rt of th}^{e NAT}^O-led
^{security force}^{in Kosovo (KFOR)}^{. He noted that t}^{he America}^{n contribution to}
^{KFOR in Kosovo was “approxim}^{ately 8,500}^{U.S. mil}^{itary person}^ne^l.”U.^S.
^{forces were de}^{ployed in a sector}^{centered a}^{round “Urosevac}^{in t}^{he easter}ⁿ
^{portion of Kosovo.” F}^{or U.S}^{. KF}^{OR forces, “maintaining p}^{ublic se}^{curity is a}
^{key task.” Othe}^{r U.S. mil}^{itary per}^{sonnel are deployed to other co}^{untries in}
^{the region to serve}^{in administrat}^{ive and logistics support roles for}^{U.S. forces}
^{in KFOR. Of these forc}^{es, about}^1,50^{0 U.S. mil}^{itary person}^{nel are}ⁱⁿ
^{Macedonia and Gre}^{ece, and occa}^{sionally in Albania.}
¹⁹⁹^9-2⁰⁰⁰^Iraq.^{At various times during 1}⁹⁹^{9, and continui}^{ng thro}^ughout²⁰⁰⁰^{the U}^nited
^{States, together with forces of t}^h^e^coaliti^{on enforcing t}^{he “no-fly”}^{zones over}
^{Iraq, conduct}^{ed military operations against t}^{he Ira}^{qi air defens}^{e sy}^{stem on}
^nume^{rous occasions in r}^espons^e^{to actual or potential threats agai}^{nst aircraft}
^{enforcing t}^{he “no-fly” zones in}ⁿ^{orthern a}^{nd sout}^her^{n Ira}^q.
²⁰⁰⁰^Bosnia.^On^Jan^uary^{25, 2}⁰⁰^{0, Pres}^{ident Clinton reported to Congr}^ess
^{“consistent with t}^{he War Power}^{s Resolution” that the U.S. continued to}
^{provide combat-equip}^{ped U.S. Armed Forces to Bosnia-Herzegovi}^{na and}
^{other states in t}^{he r}^{egion as part}^{of the NATO led Stabilization Fo}^{rce (SFOR).}
^{The President noted that}^{the U.S. force contribution was}^being^re^{duced from}
^{“approximately}^6,20^{0 to 4,6}⁰⁰^pe^{rsonnel,” with the U.S. forces ass}^{igned to}
^{Multinational Divisi}^{on, North, centered arou}^{nd the}^{city of Tuzla. He added}
^{that ap}^{proximately 1,5}^{00 U.S. military person}^{nel were de}^{ployed to Hunga}^ry,
^{Croatia, and Italy to provide “log}ⁱ^{stical and other su}^{pport to SFOR}^{,” and that}
^{U.S. forces continue to sup}^{port S}^{FOR in “efforts to ap}^pre^hend^per^sons
^{indicted for war crimes.”}
²⁰⁰⁰^{East Timor.}^{On Fe}^br^uary^{25, 2}⁰⁰⁰^,^{President Clinton reported to Congress}
^{“consistent with t}^{he War Power}^{s Resolution” that he}^{had aut}^{horized the}
^{participation of a small num}^{ber o}^f^{U.S. mil}^{itary personnel in s}^u^p^p^o^{rt of the}
^{United Nations Transitional Administration in East Timor (UNTAET), which}
^{has a ma}^{ndate to maintain law an}^{d order throug}^{hout East}^{Timor, and to}
^{facilitate establishment of an e}^ffec^{tive administration there, delivery of}
^huma^{nitarian assistance}^{and s}^u^p^p^{ort the b}^{uilding of self-governme}^{nt. The}
^{President reported t}^{hat the}^U.S.^{contingent was}^{small: three military}
^{observers, and o}^{ne judge advocate. To facil}^{itate and coordinate U.}^{S. mil}^itary
^{activities in East Timor, the President also authorized the deploym}^{ent of a}
^sup^{port grou}^{p (USGET), consisting of 3}⁰^{U.S. personnel. U.S. personnel would}
^{be tempora}^{rily deployed to East Timor, on a rotational basis, and}^through
^{periodic ship visits, during which}^{U.S. forces would conduct “huma}^{nitarian and}
^{assistance activities throug}^{hout E}^{ast Timor.” Rotat}^{ional activit}^{ies should}
^{continue t}^hrough^the^summe^{r of}²⁰⁰^0.
²⁰⁰⁰^{Sierra Leone.}^On^{May 1}^{2, 2}⁰⁰^{0, President Clinton, “consistent with}^{the War}
^{Powers Resolution” reported to Congress that}^he^{had ordered a}^{U.S. Navy}
^{patrol craft to deploy to Sierra L}^{eone to be ready to s}^u^p^{port evac}^uation
^{operations from that}^count^{ry if}ⁿ^{eeded. He also authorized a U.S}^{. C-17}
^{aircraft to deliver “ammunition, and other s}^u^p^{plies and eq}^uipment^{” to Sierra}
^{Leone in su}^pport^{of United Nations pea}^{cekeeping o}^{perations th}^er^e.

²⁰⁰⁰^{Yugoslavia/Kosovo.}^On^Ju^{ne 1}^{6, 2}⁰^{00, President Clinton re}^{ported t}^o^Congress,
^{“consistent with t}^{he War Power}^{s Resolution,” that the U.S. was continuing to}
^{provide military personnel to the}^{NATO-led KFOR security force}^{in Kosovo.}
^{U.S. forces were num}^{bered at}^7,500,^{but w}^{ere sc}^{heduled to be}^re^{duced to}
^6,00^{0 whe}^{n ongoing troop rotati}^{ons were com}^{pleted. U.S}^{. forces in Kosovo}
^{are assigned to a sector ce}^ntered^near^{Gnjilane in easter}^{n Kosovo. Other U.S.}
^{military personnel are de}^{ployed to other count}^{ries serving in}^{administrative}
^{and logistics support roles, with a}^pproximately^1,00^{0 U.S. personn}^{el in}
^{Macedonia, Albania and Greec}^e.
²⁰⁰⁰^Bosnia.^On^{July 2}^{5, 2}⁰⁰^{0, President Clinton reported to Congre}^{ss, “consistent}
^{with the War Powers Resolution}^{,” that combat-eq}^{uipped U.S. mili}^tary
^person^{nel continued to}^participat^{e in the}^{NATO-led Stabili}^{zation F}^orce
^{(SFOR) in Bosnia-Herzegov}^{ina, being deployed to Bosnia, and other states in}
^{the region in s}^u^p^{port of pea}^ceke^{eping efforts}^{in former}^{Yugoslavia. U.S}^.
^{military personnel levels have}^be^{en redu}^{ced from 6,}²⁰^{0 to 4,6}^00.^{Apart from}
^{the forces in}^{Bosnia, approximate}^{ly 1,000}^{U.S. personnel contin}^ue^{to be}
^{deployed in support}^{roles in Hu}ⁿ^{gary, Croatia, and Italy.}
²⁰⁰⁰^{East Timor.}^{On A}^ugust²^{5, 20}^00,^{President Clinton reported to}
^{Congress,”consistent with t}^{he W}^{ar Powers Resolution,” that the}^United
^{States was cur}^{rently cont}^ributing^{three military obser}^{vers to t}^he^United
^{Nations Transitional Administration in East Timor (UNTAET) that}^{is charged}
^{by the}^{U.N. with restoring a}^{nd m}^{aintaining peace a}^{nd sec}^{urity the}^r^{e. He also}
^{noted that the}^{U.S. was maintaining a military prese}^{nce in}^{East Timor separate}
^{from UNTAET, comprised of ab}^{out 30 U.S. person}^{nel who facilitate and}
^{coordinate U.S}^{. mil}^{itary activities}^{in East Timor and rotational oper}^{ations of}
^{U.S. forces there. U.S. forces cur}^{rently conduct}^h^{umanitarian a}^nd^civic
^{assistance activities for East Timor’s citizens. U.S}^{. rotational presence}
^{operations in East Timor are}^pre^{sently ex}^{pected, the President}^{said, to}
^{continue t}^hrough^Decembe^{r 2}⁰⁰^0.
²⁰⁰⁰^Yemen.^Oⁿ^Octo^ber^{14, 2}⁰⁰^{0, Pr}^{esident Clinton reported to Con}^gress,
^{“consistent with t}^{he War Power}^{s Resolution,” that on October}¹^{2, 20}^{00, in}
^{the wake of a}ⁿ^{attack on t}^{he USS COLE in t}^he^{port of Aden, Yem}^{en, he}^had
^{authorized deployment of about}^{45 military per}^{sonnel f}^{rom U.S.}^{Naval Forces}
^{Central Command to Aden to p}^r^{ovide “medical}^{, security, and disaster}
^{response a}^{ssistance.” The Pre}^{sident fu}^rthe^{r re}^{ported that on}^Oct^{ober 1}^3,
²⁰⁰^{0 a}^{bout 5}⁰^{U.S. military secur}^{ity person}^{nel arrived in Aden, an}^{d that}
^additi^{onal “security elements” ma}^{y be deployed to the a}^{rea, to enh}^{ance the}
^{ability of the U.S. to ensure the}^s^{ecurity of th}^{e USS COLE a}^{nd the}^person^nel
^{responding to the}^{incident. In ad}^{dition, tw}^{o U.S}^{. Navy surfa}^{ce co}^mbatant
^{vessels are operating}^{in or n}^{ear Y}^{emeni territorial waters to provi}^de
^{communications and othe}^{r s}^uppo^{rt, as req}^uired.
²⁰⁰⁰^{Yugoslavia/Kosovo.}^On^Decembe^r^{18, 2}⁰⁰^{0, President Clinton repo}^{rted to}
^{Congress, “consistent with}^the^{War Powers Resolution,” that th}^{e United}
^{States was continuing to}^{provide approximately}^5,60^{0 U.S. mil}^{itary person}^nel
^{in sup}^{port of p}^eacekeepi^{ng effort}^{s in Kosovo as part of th}^{e NATO}^-led
^{international security}^{force in Ko}^{sovo (KFOR)}^{. An additi}^{onal 500}^{U.S. mi}^litary
^person^{nel are deployed as the}^N^{ational Support Elemen}^{t in Mac}^e^{donia, with}
^{an occasional prese}^{nce in Alba}^{nia and Gree}^{ce. U.S. forces are assigned to a}
^{sector cente}^{red around}^Gnjilane^{in the easte}^rn^{portion of Kosovo.}^The
^{President noted that t}^{he mission}^{for these U.S. military forces is maintaining a}
^{safe and sec}^{ure e}^nvironme^{nt t}^h^r^{ough conducti}^{ng “sec}^{urity pat}^{rols in ur}^ban
^{areas and in t}^{he cou}^{ntryside th}^{roughout t}^{heir sector.”}
²⁰⁰¹^{East Timor.}^On^Marc^{h 2,}²⁰^{01, Pr}^{esident George W. Bush}^reporte^{d to}
^{Congress, “consistent with}^the^{War Powers Resolution,” that U. S. armed}
^{forces were co}^{ntinuing to s}^u^p^por^{t the United Nations}^peacekee^{ping effort in}
^{East Timor aimed at providing security and maintai}^{ning law and or}^{der in East}
^{Timor, co}^{ordinating delivery of humanitarian assista}^{nce, and}^helpin^{g establish}
^{the basis for}^{self-governme}^{nt in}^E^{ast Timor. The U.S}^{. currently}^has^three

^{military observers attac}^{hed to th}^{e United Nations Transitional Administration}
^{in East Timor (UNTAET). The United States also has a sepa}^{rate m}^ilitary
^prese^{nce, the U.S. Support}^Grou^{p East Timor (USGET), of app}^rox^{imately 12}
^{U.S. personnel, including a securi}^{ty detachme}^{nt, which “fa}^{cilitates and}
^{coordinates” U.S. m}^{ilitary activit}ⁱ^{es in East Timor.}
²⁰⁰¹^{Yugoslavia/Kosovo.}^On^May^{18, 2}⁰^{01, President}^{George W. Bush}^re^{ported to}
^{Congress, “consistent with}^the^{War Powers Resolution,”that the United}
^{States was continuing to}^{provide approximately}^6,00^{0 U.S. mil}^{itary person}^nel
^{in sup}^{port of p}^eacekeepi^{ng effort}^{s in Kosovo as part of th}^{e NATO}^-led
^{international security}^{force in Ko}^{sovo (KFOR)}^{. An additi}^{onal 500}^{U.S. mi}^litary
^person^{nel are deployed as the}^N^{ational Support Elemen}^{t in Mac}^e^{donia, with}
^{an occasional prese}^{nce in}^Greece^{and Albania. U.S. forces in Koso}^{vo are}
^{assigned to a sector cent}^{ered aro}^{und G}^{njilane in the east}^ern^portion.
^{President Bush}^{noted that t}^{he mi}^{ssion for these U.S. military forces is}
^{maintaining a safe a}^{nd sec}^{ure e}ⁿ^v^{ironment th}^rough^conducting^sec^{urity patrols}
^{in ur}^{ban ar}^{eas and in t}^{he cou}^ntry^{side through t}^{heir sector.}
²⁰⁰¹^Bosnia.^On^{July 2}^{5, 2}⁰⁰^{1, President George W. Bus}^{h re}^{ported to}^Congress,
^{“consistent with t}^{he War Power}^{s Resolution, about 3,80}^{0 combat}^-equipped
^{U.S. Armed Forces continued to be deployed in Bosnia-Herzegovina, and}
^{other regional states as}^{part of t}^h^e^{NATO-led Stabili}^{zation Force (}^SFOR).
^{Most were}^{based at Tuzla in Bosnia. About 5}^{00 othe}^{rs were}^base^{d in Hunga}^ry,
^{Croatia, and Italy, providing l}^ogist^{ical and other su}^pport.
²⁰⁰¹^Iraq.^{At various times throug}^hout²⁰^{01, the}^{United States, together with}
^{forces of the}^{coalition enforcing the “no-fly” zones over I}^{raq, cond}^ucted
^{military operations against the I}^r^a^{qi air defense s}^{ystem on}^nu^mero^{us occasions}
^{in respons}^{e to actual or pote}^{ntial threats again}^{st aircraft e}^nforcing^{the “no-fly”}
^{zones in northe}^{rn a}^{nd sout}^hern^I^raq.
²⁰⁰¹^{East Timor.}^{On A}^ugust³^{1, 20}^01,^{President George W. Bus}^{h re}^{ported to}
^{Congress, “consistent with}^the^{War Powers Resolution,” that U. S. armed}
^{forces were co}^{ntinuing to s}^u^p^por^{t the United Nations}^peacekee^{ping effort in}
^{East Timor aimed at providing security and maintai}^{ning law and or}^{der in East}
^{Timor, co}^{ordinating delivery of humanitarian assista}^{nce, and}^helpin^{g establish}
^{the basis for}^{self-governme}^{nt in}^E^{ast Timor. The U.S}^{. currently}^has^three
^{military observers attac}^{hed to th}^{e United Nations Transitional Administration}
^{in East Timor (UNTAET). The United States also has a sepa}^{rate m}^ilitary
^prese^{nce, the U.S. Support}^Grou^{p East Timor (USGET), of app}^rox^{imately 20}
^{U.S. personnel, including a securi}^{ty detachme}^{nt, which “fa}^{cilitates and}
^{coordinates” U.S. m}^{ilitary activit}ⁱ^{es in East Timor, as well as a rota}^tional
^prese^{nce of U.S. forces throug}^{h t}^{emporary de}^{ployments to East}^{Timor. The}
^{President stated that U.S. forces}^{would continue a p}^resen^{ce th}^rou^gh
^December²⁰^{01, while options fo}^{r a U.S. presence in}²⁰⁰²^are^{being reviewed,}
^{with the President’s objective b}^{eing redeployment}^{of USGET p}^ers^{onnel, as}
^circumstan^{ces p}^ermit.
²⁰⁰¹^{Terrorism threat.}^{On Septembe}^{r 2}^{4, 20}^{01, President}^{George W. Bu}^{sh re}^ported
^{to Congress, “consistent with t}^h^e^{War Powers Resolution,” and “Senate Joint}
^{Resolution 23” that in}^respo^{nse t}^o^{terrorist attacks on t}^{he World Trade}
^{Center a}^{nd the Pe}^{ntagon he}^had^{ordered the “deployment of}^{various combat-}
^equip^{ped and combat}^su^pport^for^{ces to a nu}^mbe^{r of foreign}^{nations in the}
^{Central and Pacific Command ar}^{eas of operations.” The President}^{noted in}
^{efforts to “pre}^{vent a}^{nd deter te}^r^{rorism” he might}^{find it necessa}^r^y^{to order}
^additi^{onal forces into these and o}^{ther area}^{s of the}^world..^{..” He stated that he}
^{could not now predict “the}^scop^{e and duration of t}^{hese deploym}^{ents,” or the}
^{“actions necessar}^{y to counte}^{r th}^{e terrorist th}^{reat to the U}^{nited States.”}
²⁰⁰¹^Afghanistan.^{On October}^{9, 20}^01,^{President George W. Bus}^{h re}^{ported to}
^{Congress, “consistent with}^the^{War Powers Resolution,” and “S}^{enate Joint}
^{Resolution 23” that on}^October^{7, 20}^{01, U.S. Armed Forces “beg}^{an combat}
^{action in Afghanista}^{n against Al Q}^{aida terrorists and their Taliban s}^upporte^rs.”

^{The President stated that}^he^had^{directed this military action in response to}
^{the Septem}^ber^{11, 2}⁰⁰¹^attack^s^{on U.S. “territory, our citizens, a}^{nd our way}
^{of life, and to the continuing t}^hre^{at of terrorist acts against}^{the U}ⁿ^{ited States}
^{and our f}^{riends and allies.”This military action was “part of our ca}^mpaign
^{against terrorism” and wa}^{s “designed to disrupt t}^{he u}^{se of Afg}^hani^{stan as a}
^{terrorist base of op}^erations.”
²⁰⁰¹^{Yugoslavia/Kosovo.}^On^Novemb^er^{19, 2}⁰⁰^{1, President George W. B}^ush
^{reported to Congress, “consiste}ⁿ^t^{with the War}^{Powers Resolutio}^{n,” that the}
^{United States was continuing to}^{provide appro}^{ximately 5,50}^{0 U.S. military}
^person^{nel in su}^{pport of}^peacekee^{ping efforts}^{in Kosovo as part of}^{the NATO-}
^{led international security force i}ⁿ^{Kosovo (KFOR}^{). An addit}^{ional 500 U.S.}
^{military personnel are de}^{ployed as the Na}^{tional Support}^{Element i}ⁿ
^{Macedonia, with an occasional pr}^{esence in}^Greec^{e and Alba}^{nia. U.}^{S. forces in}
^{Kosovo are assigned to a sector centered aro}^{und G}^{njilane in the}^eastern
^{portion. President Bush}^{noted th}^{at the mission for t}^{hese U.S. milit}^{ary forces is}
^{maintaining a safe a}^{nd sec}^{ure e}ⁿ^v^{ironment th}^rough^conducting^sec^{urity patrols}
^{in ur}^{ban ar}^{eas and in t}^{he cou}^ntry^{side through t}^{heir sector.}
²⁰⁰²^Bosnia.^On^Jan^uary^{21, 2}⁰⁰^{2, Pres}^{ident George W. Bush}^reported^{to Congress,}
^{“consistent with t}^{he War Power}^{s Resolution,” that about 3,1}⁰⁰^c^ombat-
^equip^{ped U.S. Armed Forces continued to be deployed in Bosnia-Herzegovina,}
^{and other regional states as}^part^{of the NATO-led Stabilizati}^{on Fo}^{rce (SFOR).}
^{Most American for}^{ces were}^base^{d at Tuzla in Bosnia. About 500}^{others we}^re
^{based in H}^ungar^{y, Croatia, and Italy, providing log}^{istical and other sup}^port.
²⁰⁰²^{East Timor.}^{On Fe}^br^uary^{28, 2}⁰⁰²^,^{President George W. Bush}^repo^{rted to}
^{Congress, “consistent with}^the^{War Powers Resolution,” that U. S. Armed}
^{Forces were contin}^{uing to su}^ppo^{rt the U}^{nited Nations peacek}^eepi^{ng effort in}
^{East Timor aimed at providing security and maintai}^{ning law and or}^{der in East}
^{Timor, co}^{ordinating delivery of humanitarian assista}^{nce, and}^helpin^{g establish}
^{the basis for}^{self-governme}^{nt in}^E^{ast Timor. The United States cur}^{rently has}
^{three military observe}^{rs attac}^hed^{to the United Nations Tra}^nsitio^nal
^{Administration in East Timor (UNTAET). The United States also has a}
^{separate military pr}^{esence, t}^{he U}^{.S. Support Grou}^{p East}^{Timor (USGET),}
^{comprised of app}^{roximately 1}⁰^U^{.S. personnel, including a security}
^{detachment, w}^{hich “facilitates an}^{d coordinates” U.S}^{. mil}^{itary activi}^{ties in East}
^{Timor, as well as a rotati}^{onal presence of U.S. forces thro}^{ugh tem}^porary
^{deployments to East Timor. The}^{President stated that U.S. forces}^would
^{continue a}^prese^{nce t}^hroug^{h 2}⁰⁰^{2. The President noted}^{his objective was to}
^{gradually reduce th}^{e “rotational prese}^{nce operations,” and to r}^edeploy
^{USGET person}^{nel, as circum}^stan^{ces per}^mitted.
²⁰⁰²^{Terrorism threat.}^{On Marc}^{h 2}^{0, 20}^{02, President}^{George W. Bush}^re^{ported to}
^{Congress, “consistent with}^the^{War Powers Resolution,”on U.S}^.^{efforts in t}^he
^{“global war on Terrorism.” He n}^{oted that the “}^{heart of t}^{he al-Qaeda training}
^{capability” had bee}^{n “seriously de}^{graded,” and that the}^remainder^{of the}
^{Taliban and the al-Qaeda fighters}^{were being}^{“actively pu}^{rsued a}ⁿ^d^{engaged by}
^{the U.S., coa}^liti^{on and Afghan}^for^{ces.” The U.S. was also conducting “maritime}
^{interception opera}^tions...to^locat^{e and detain sus}^{pected al-Qaeda}^{or Taliban}
^{leadership fleeing Afgha}^nistan^by^{sea.” At the Philippine}^Governme^nt’s
^{invitation, the President had ordered deployed “combat-equip}^ped^{and combat}
^sup^{port forces to t}^{rain with, advise, and assist” the Philippines’ Ar}^{med Forces}
^{in enha}^{ncing t}^{heir “existing cou}^nt^{erterrorist capa}^{bilities.” The strength of U.S.}
^{military forces working with the}^{Philippines was projected to be}⁶⁰⁰
^person^{nel. The President noted t}^{hat he wa}^{s “assessing}^{options” fo}^{r assisting}
^{other nations, including Georgia}^{and Yemen, in en}^han^{cing their}
^“counterte^{rrorism capa}^{bilities, in}^{cluding training and e}^quip^{ping th}^e^{ir armed}
^{forces.” He stated that}^{U.S. com}^bat-equip^{ped and com}^{bat s}^u^p^{port forces}
^{would be necessa}^{ry for t}^{hese e}^f^f^{orts, if undertake}^n.

²⁰⁰²^{Yugoslavia/Kosovo.}^On^May^{17, 2}⁰^{02, President}^{George W. Bush}^re^{ported to}
^{Congress, “consistent with}^the^{War Powers Resolution,” that th}^{e U.S. mi}^litary
^{was continuing to s}^u^p^{port pea}^ce^{keeping effort}^{s of the}^{NATO-led international}
^{security force}^{in Kosovo (KFOR)}^{. He noted that t}^{he cu}^rre^{nt U.S. contribution}
^{was about}^5,10^{0 military person}ⁿ^{el, and an additional 468 per}^sonn^{el in}
^{Macedonia; with an occasional pr}^{esence in Alba}^{nia and G}^reece.
²⁰⁰²^Bosnia.^On^{July 2}^{2, 2}⁰⁰^{2, President George W. Bus}^{h re}^{ported to}^Congress,
^{“consistent with t}^{he War Power}^{s Resolution,” that the U.S. mil}^ita^{ry was}
^{continuing to su}^pport^peaceke^epi^{ng efforts of}^the^{NATO-led Stabil}^izati^on
^{Force (SFOR) in Bosnia-Herzego}^{vina and other}^{regional states. H}^e^{noted that}
^{the cu}^rre^{nt U.S. contribution was}^“appro^{ximately 2,40}^{0 pe}^rson^{nel.” Most U.S.}
^{forces in Bosnia-Herzegovina are}^{assigned to the M}^{ultinational Div}^{ision, North}
^headqua^{rtered in Tuzla. An additional 60 U.S. military personnel ar}^{e deployed}
^{to Hungar}^{y and Croatia to provi}^{de logist}^{ical and other su}^pport.
²⁰⁰²^{Terrorism threat.}^{On Septembe}^{r 2}^{0, 20}^{02, President B}^ush^reported^to
^{Congress “consisten}^{t with th}^{e W}^{ar Powers Resolution,” that U.S.}^“combat-
^equip^{ped and combat}^su^pport^for^{ces” have}^bee^{n deployed to the P}^hilippines
^{since Jan}^uary²⁰⁰²^{to train with,}^{assist and advise the Philippines’}^Armed
^{Forces in en}^{hancing t}^{heir “cou}^nt^{erterrorist capa}^{bilities.” He adde}^{d that U.S.}
^{forces were co}^{nducting ma}^{ritime interception ope}^{rations in the}^C^{entral and}
^Europea^{n Command a}^{reas to co}^{mbat moveme}^{nt, arming or fina}ⁿ^{cing of}
^{“international terrorists.” He als}^{o noted that U.S. combat person}^{nel had bee}ⁿ
^{deployed to Georgia and Yemen}^{to help en}^hance^{the “co}^untert^err^orist
^{capabilities” of their armed force}^s.
²⁰⁰²^{Cote d’Ivoire.}^{On Septe}^mbe^{r 2}^{6, 2}^{002, President}^Bush^{reported to}^Congress
^{“consistent with t}^{he War Power}^{s Resolution,” that in respons}^{e to a rebellion}
^{in Cote d’Ivoire that he had on}^Septembe^{r 2}^{5, 2}⁰⁰²^sent^{U.S. mil}^it^ary
^person^{nel into Cote d’Ivoire to a}^{ssist in the evac}^{uation of America}^{n citizens}
^{and third count}^ry^{nationals from}^{the city of Bouake; and othe}^{rwise assist in}
^{other evac}^{uations as ne}^cessary.
²⁰⁰²^{Yugoslavia/Kosovo.}^On^Novemb^er^{15, 2}⁰⁰^{2, the President}^reported^to
^{Congress “consisten}^{t with th}^{e W}^{ar Powers Resolution” that the U}^{.S. was}
^{continuing to deploy combat e}^qui^{pped military perso}^{nnel as}^{part o}^f^the
^{NATO-led international security}^{force in Kosovo (KFOR)}^{. Curren}^{tly there are}
^{approximately}^4,35^{0 U.S. mil}^{itary person}^{nel in Kosovo, with an additional 266}
^{military personnel in}^{Macedonia. The United States also has an oc}^casional
^prese^{nce in Alba}^{nia and G}^reece,^{associated with the KFOR mission.}
²⁰⁰³^Bosnia.^On^Jan^uary^{21, 2}⁰⁰^{3, Pres}^{ident George W. Bush}^reported^{to Congress,}
^{“consistent with t}^{he War Power}^{s Resolution,” that about 1,8}^{00 U}^{.S. Armed}
^{Forces person}^{nel continu}^{ed to b}^e^{deployed in Bosnia-Herzegovina, and other}
^{regional states as part}^{of the}^NA^{TO-led Stabil}^izat^{ion Force (SFOR}^{).Most were}
^{based at Tuzla in Bosnia. About 8}⁰^others^were^{based in H}^unga^ry^{and Croatia,}
^{providing logistica}^{l and other su}^p^port.
²⁰⁰³^Terr^{orism threat.}^{On Marc}^{h 2}^{0, 20}^{03, President Bus}^{h re}^{ported to C}^ongress,
^{“consistent with t}^{he War Power}^{s Resolution,” as well as P.L}^{. 107-}^{40, and}
^“purs^uant^{to” his aut}^{hority as Commander-in-Chief, that}^{he had c}^{ontinued a}
^num^{ber of U.S. military operations globally in the war against te}^{rrorism. These}
^{military operations included ongoing U.S. acti}^{ons against al-Qaeda fighters in}
^Afghanistan;^{collaborative anti-terror operations with forc}^{es of Pak}^{istan in the}
^{Pakistan/Afghanistan}^{border a}^{rea; “maritime interception ope}^{rations on t}^he
^{high seas” in a}^{reas of re}^{sponsibility of the Ce}^{ntral and}^Europea^{n C}^{ommands to}
^preve^{nt terrorist moveme}^{nt a}^nd^{other activities; and military supp}^{ort for the}
^{armed forces of}^{Georgia and Ye}^{men in cou}^nter-ter^{rorism operat}^ions.
²⁰⁰³^{Iraq War.}^{On Marc}^{h 2}^{1, 2}⁰⁰^{3, President Bush}^{reported to Congre}^ss,
^{“consistent with t}^{he War Power}^{s Resolution,” as well as P.L}^{. 102-}^{1 and P.L.}
^107-²⁴^{3, and “p}^urs^{uant to”}^{his a}^{uthority as Commande}^{r-in-Chief, that he}^had

^{“directed U.S. Armed Forces, op}^{erating with other}^{coalition forces, to}
^{commence ope}^{rations on Ma}^rch^{19, 2}⁰⁰^{3, against Ira}^{q.” He f}^urt^he^{r stated that}
^{it was not possible to know at p}^r^{esent th}^{e duration of active com}^bat
^{operations or the s}^{cope ne}^cessar^{y to accomplish the goals of the}^operation
^{“to disarm Iraq in}^pu^{rsuit of p}^eac^{e, stability, and security both in t}^{he G}^ulf
^{region and in the}^{United States.”}
²⁰⁰³^{Yugoslavia/Kosovo.}^On^May^{14, 2}⁰^{03, President Bus}^{h re}^{ported to C}^ongress,
^{“consistent with t}^{he War Power}^{s Resolution,” that combat-equip}^{ped U.S.}
^{military personnel contin}^{ued to b}^e^{deployed as part of t}^{he NATO-}^led
^{international security}^{force in Ko}^{sovo (KFOR)}^{. He noted that abo}^{ut 2,2}^{50 U.S.}
^{military personnel were}^{deployed in Kosovo, and addit}^{ional mi}^litar^{y person}^nel
^{operated, on occasion, from Mac}^{edonia, Albania, and Greece in s}^u^{pport of}
^{KFOR operations.}
²⁰⁰³^Liberia.^{On June}^{9, 2}⁰⁰^{3, Presiden}^{t Bush}^{reported to Congress, “c}^onsistent
^{with the War Powers Resolution}^{,” that on Ju}^ne^{8 he}^{had se}^{nt abo}^{ut 3}⁵
^combat-equip^{ped U.S. mil}^{itary pe}^{rsonnel into Mon}^{rovia, Liberia, to augment}
^{U.S. Embassy secu}^{rity forces, to a}^{id in the possible evac}^{uation of U.S. cit}^{izens if}
^necessar^{y. The President also not}^{ed that he}^{had se}^{nt about}³⁴^combat-
^equip^{ped U.S. mil}^{itary person}^{nel to help secu}^{re th}^{e U.S. Embassy i}ⁿ
^{Nouakchott, Ma}^{uritania, and to assist in evacuation of Ame}^{rican ci}^{tizens if}
^{required. They we}^{re e}^{xpected to}^{arrive at the}^{U.S. embassy by}^Juⁿ^e^{10, 2}⁰⁰^3.
^{Back-up and s}^u^p^port^person^{nel were sent}^{to Dakar, Senegal, to a}^{id in any}
^necessar^{y evac}^{uation from either}^{Liberia or Ma}^uritania.
²⁰⁰³^Bosnia.^On^{July 2}^{2, 2}⁰⁰^{3, President Bus}^{h re}^{ported to Congress, “c}^onsistent
^{with the War Powers Resolution}^{,” that the U}^{nited States continue}^{d to}
^{provide about 1,8}⁰⁰^combat-eq^{uipped military perso}^{nnel in Bosnia}^-
^{Herzegovina in su}^{pport of}^NAT^{O’s Stabilizat}^{ion Force (SFOR) an}^{d its}
^peacekeepi^{ng efforts}^{in this cou}^nt^ry.
²⁰⁰³^Liberia.^{On August}^{13, 2}⁰⁰^{3, Presi}^{dent Bush}^{reported to Congr}^{ess, “consistent}
^{with the War Powers Resolution}^{,” that in res}^{ponse to conditions in Liberia,}
^{on August}¹^{1, 20}^{03, h}^e^{had a}^uth^{orized about 4,35}^{0 U.S. combat-equip}^ped
^{military personnel to ente}^{r Liberi}^{an territorial waters in s}^u^p^{port of U.N. and}
^{West African States ef}^{forts to re}^{store order and p}^{rovide huma}^nitarian
^{assistance in Libe}^ria.
²⁰⁰³^{Terrorism threat.}^{On Septembe}^{r 1}^{9, 20}^{03, President B}^ush^reported^to
^{Congress “consisten}^{t with th}^{e W}^{ar Powers Resolution,” that U.S.}^“combat-
^equip^{ped and combat}^su^pport^for^{ces” continue}^{to be deployed at}^{a num}^{ber of}
^{locations around the world as pa}^{rt of U.S. anti-terrorism efforts. American}
^{forces su}^{pport a}^{nti-terrorism eff}^{orts in the Philippines, a}^{nd maritime}
^{interception opera}^{tions continue}^{on the}^{high seas in t}^{he Ce}^{ntral, E}^uropean,
^{and Pacific Command areas of re}^{sponsibility, to “prevent t}^{he mov}^ement,
^{arming, or financing of i}^nternatio^{nal terrorists.” He also noted tha}^{t “U.S.}
^{combat eq}^{uipped a}^{nd su}^pport^for^{ces” had be}^{en de}^{ployed to Georgia and}
^{Djibouti to help in enha}^{ncing thei}^{r “counte}^{rterrorist ca}^{pabilities.”}
²⁰⁰³^{Yugoslavia/Kosovo.}^On^Novemb^er^{14, 2}⁰⁰^{3, the President}^reported^to
^{Congress “consisten}^{t with th}^{e W}^{ar Powers Resolution” that the U}^{nited States}
^{was continuing to de}^{ploy combat equip}^{ped military person}^{nel as p}^{art of the}
^{NATO-led international security}^{force in Kosovo (KFOR)}^{. Curren}^{tly there are}
^{approximately}^2,10^{0 U.S. mil}^{itary person}^{nel in Kosovo, with addit}ⁱ^onal
^{American military person}^{nel ope}^{rating out of Macedonia, Albania}^{and Greec}^e,
^{in sup}^{port of KFOR operations.}
²⁰⁰⁴^Bosnia.^On^Jan^uary^{22, 2}⁰⁰^{4, the}^{President reported to Congres}^s^{“consistent}
^{with the War Powers Resolution}^{” that the}^{United States was cont}^{inuing to}
^{deploy combat equi}^{pped military person}^{nel Bosnia and Herzegovin}^{a in sup}^port
^{of NATO’s Stabilizat}^{ion Force (S}^{FOR) and its peacekeepi}^{ng effort}^{s in this}
^{country. Abo}^{ut 1,8}^{00 U.S. perso}^{nnel are}^{participating.}

²⁰⁰⁴^Haiti.^{On Febr}^uary^{25, 2}⁰⁰^{4, the}^{President reported to Congres}^s^{“consistent}
^{with the War Powers Resolution}^{” that, on Febr}^uary^23,^{he had s}^e^{nt a combat-}
^equip^{ped “secu}^{rity force” of a}^{bout “5}^{5 U.S. mil}^{itary person}^{nel fro}^{m the U.S.}
^{Joint Forces Command” to Port-au-Prince, Haiti to augment t}^he^{U.S. Embassy}
^{security force}^{s the}^{re and to}^{protect American citizens a}^{nd prop}^er^{ty in light of}
^{the instability created b}^y^the^arm^{ed rebellion in Haiti.}
²⁰⁰⁴^Haiti.^{On Marc}^{h 2,}²⁰^{04, the}^Pres^{ident reported to Congress “}^con^{sistent with}
^{the War Powers Resolution” tha}^{t on Febr}^uary²⁹^he^{had sent a}^b^o^{ut “2}⁰⁰
^additi^{onal U.S}^{. combat-equipped,}^{military personnel from t}^{he U.S. Joint Forces}
^{Command” to Port-au-Prince, Haiti for a variety of pur}^{poses, including}
^prepa^{ring the}^{way for a U.N. M}^u^l^{tinational Interim Force, and othe}^rwise
^sup^{porting U.N. Security Coun}^{cil Resolution 152}^{9 (20}^04).
²⁰⁰⁴^{Terrorism/Bosnia and Haiti.}^{On March}^{20, 2}⁰⁰^{4, the Pre}^{sident repor}^{ted to}
^{Congress “consisten}^{t with th}^{e W}^{ar Powers Resolution,” a consoli}^{dated report}
^{giving details of multiple on-go}^{ing United States military deployments and}
^{operations “in su}^{pport of t}^{he global war on ter}^{rorism (including in}
^{Afghanistan),” as well as operatio}^{ns in Bosnia and H}^{erzegovina, Kosovo, and}
^{Haiti. In this report, th}^{e Presiden}^{t noted that U.S. anti-terror related activities}
^{were u}^{nderway in}^{Georgia, Djibo}^{uti, Kenya, Ethiopia, Yemen, and}^{Eritrea. He}
^furt^her^{noted that U.S. combat-equip}^{ped military person}^{nel contin}^{ued to be}
^{deployed in Kosovo as part of th}^{e NATO-led KFOR (1,900}^perso^{nnel); in}
^{Bosnia and Herzegovina as pa}^{rt of the}^{NATO-led SFOR (about 1,100}
^person^{nel); and app}^{roximately 1,}⁸⁰⁰^{military person}^{nel were de}^{ployed in Haiti}
^{as part of t}^{he U.N. M}^{ultinational Interim Force.}
²⁰⁰⁴^{Terrorism threat/Ho}^{rn of Africa/}^{Kosovo/Bosnia/Iraq.}^{On Novem}^ber^4,²⁰⁰^{4, the}
^{President sent to Congre}^{ss, “con}^{sistent with the}^{War Powers Res}^{olution,” a}
^{consolidated report giving details}^{of multiple ongoing United States military}
^{deployments and ope}^{rations “in s}^upport^{of the global war on}^terr^orism.”
^{These deployments, s}^u^p^{port or}^{military operations include activities in}
^{Afghanistan, Djibouti, as well as Kenya, Ethiopia, Eritrea, Bosnia and}
^{Herzegovina, and Kosovo. In this report, the Pr}^{esident noted that}^{U.S. anti-}
^{terror related activities were u}^{nderway in Djibouti, Kenya, Ethiopia, Yemen,}
^{and Eritrea. He}^furt^her^{noted tha}^{t U.S. combat-equipped military p}^ersonnel
^{continued to be de}^{ployed in Kosovo as part of the}^{NATO-led KFOR (1,800}
^person^{nel); and in Bosnia and He}^{rzegovina as part of t}^he^{NATO-led SFOR}
^{(about 1,0}⁰⁰^person^{nel). Meanw}^h^{ile, he stated that the U}^{nited States}
^{continued to deploy more tha}^{n 1}^35,0^{00 military pe}^{rsonnel in}^Iraq.
²⁰⁰⁵^{Terrorism threat/Ho}^{rn of Africa/}^{Kosovo/Bosnia.}^Oⁿ^May²^{0, 20}^{05, t}^he^President
^{sent to Congress}^{“consistent wit}^{h the Wa}^{r Powers Resolution,” a}
^{consolidated report giving details}^{of multiple ongoing United States military}
^{deployments and ope}^{rations “in s}^upport^{of the global war on}^terr^{orism,” as}
^{well as operations in Iraq, w}^here^{about 1}^39,0^{00 U.S. military personnel were}
^{deployed. U.}^{S. forces are also deployed in Kenya, Ethiopia, Yemen}^{, Eritrea, and}
^{Djibouti assisting in “enhancing}^c^{ounter-terrorism}^capa^{bilities” of}^these
^{nations. The President f}^urthe^{r no}^{ted that U.S. combat-equipped}^m^ilitary
^person^nel^{continued to}^{be deployed in Kosovo as part of the}^NA^TO-led
^{KFOR (1,700}^person^{nel). Approx}^{imately 235 U.S. person}^{nel are al}^{so deployed}
^{in Bosnia and Herzegovina as}^par^{t of the NATO}^Headq^uarters-Sar^{ajevo who}
^{assist in defense}^{reform a}^{nd pe}^rf^{orm operational tasks, such}^{as co}^unter-
^{terrorism and s}^u^p^{porting the}^Int^{ernational Criminal Court for the}^Former
^Yugoslavia.
²⁰⁰⁵^{Terrorism threat/Ho}^{rn of Africa/}^{Kosovo/Bosnia/Iraq.}^{On Decem}^ber^{7, 200}^{5, the}
^{President sent to Congre}^{ss “cons}^{istent” with the}^{War Powers Res}^{olution, a}
^{consolidated report giving details}^{of multiple ongoing United States military}
^{deployments and ope}^{rations “in s}^upport^{of the global war on}^terr^{orism,” and}
^{in sup}^{port of th}^{e M}^{ultinational Fo}^{rce in Ira}^{q, whe}^{re about}¹^60,0⁰⁰^U.S.
^{military personnel were}^{deployed. U.S}^{. forces were also deployed in the}^Horn
^{of Africa region—Kenya, Et}^{hiopia, Yemen, and Djibouti—assisting i}ⁿ

^“enha^{ncing cou}^nter-^terrorism^ca^{pabilities” of these nations. The P}^resident
^furt^her^{noted that U.S. combat-equip}^{ped military person}^{nel contin}^{ued to be}
^{deployed in Kosovo as part of th}^{e NATO-led KFOR (1,700}^perso^nnel).
^{Approximately}²²^{0 U.S. personn}^{el were also deployed in Bosnia a}^nd
^{Herzegovina as pa}^{rt of the}^NAT^{O Headq}^{uarters-Sarajevo who as}^{sist in}
^{defense re}^{form and}^perfor^{m ope}^{rational tasks, such as}^“counte^{r-terrorism and}
^sup^{porting the}^Inte^{rnational Criminal Court for the Forme}^{r Yug}^oslavia.”
²⁰⁰⁶^{Terrorism threat/Kosovo/Bosnia/Iraq}^.^{On J}^uⁿ^e¹^{5, 20}^{06, t}^{he President}^{sent to}
^{Congress “consisten}^{t” with th}^e^{War Powers Resolution, a consolidated report}
^{giving details of multiple ongoing}^{United States military deployments and}
^{operations “in su}^{pport of t}^{he wa}^{r on terror,” a}^{nd in Kosovo, Bos}^{nia and}
^{Herzegovina, and as par}^{t of the}^{Multinational Force (MNF) in Ira}^q^.^About
^131,⁰⁰^{0 military person}^{nel were}^{deployed in Iraq. U.S. forces wer}^{e also}
^{deployed in the Horn}^{of Africa re}^{gion, and in Djibouti to support n}^ecessary
^{operations against al-Qaida and other inter}^{national terrorists oper}^{ating in the}
^{region. U.S}^{. mil}^{itary person}^{nel continue to s}^u^p^{port the}^{NATO-led Kosovo}
^{Force (KFOR). The U.}^{S. contribution to KFOR was about 1,7}^{00 m}^ilitary
^person^{nel. The NATO Head}^quar^{ters-Sarajevo was established in}^November
^{22, 2}⁰⁰⁴^{as a s}^ucces^{sor to its stabilizat}^{ion operations in Bosnia-Herzegovina to}
^{continue to assist in impleme}^ntin^{g the pea}^{ce agreem}^{ent. Ap}^proxi^{mately 25}⁰
^{U.S. personnel were assigned to t}^{he NATO}^Headqua^{rters-Sarajev}^{o to assist in}
^{defense re}^{form and}^perfor^{m ope}^{rational tasks, such as}^“counte^{r-terrorism and}
^sup^{porting the}^Inte^{rnational Criminal Court for the Forme}^{r Yug}^oslavia.”
²⁰⁰⁶^Lebanon.^{On July}^{18, 2}⁰⁰^{6, the P}^r^{esident reported to Congres}^{s “c}^onsistent”
^{with the War Powers Resolution}^{, that in res}^{ponse to th}^{e sec}^urity^threat
^{posed in Leba}^{non to U.S. Embass}^{y person}^{nel and citizens and desi}^{gnated third}
^country^perso^{nnel,” he}^{had deployed combat-equip}^{ped military hel}^icopters
^{and military personn}^{el to Beirut to assist in the depa}^rture^{of the}^p^ersons
^{under t}^hreat^{from Le}^{banon. The}^{President noted that additional combat-}
^equip^{ped U.S. mil}^{itary forces may}^{be deployed “to Leba}^{non, Cypr}^u^s^{and other}
^{locations, as necessary.” to assist furt}^{her depa}^rtu^{res of p}^ersons^fro^{m Leba}^non
^{and to provide security. He}^fu^rth^{er stated that o}^{nce the}^thr^{eat to}^{U.S. cit}^izens
^{and prope}^rty^{has ended, the U.S. military forces would redeploy.}
²⁰⁰⁶^{Terrorism threat/Hor}^{n of Africa/Ko}^sovo/Bo^snia.^{On Dece}^mber¹^{5, 20}^{06, the}
^{President sent to Congre}^{ss “cons}^{istent” with the}^{War Powers Res}^{olution, a}
^{consolidated report giving details}^{of multiple ongoing United States military}
^{deployments and ope}^{rations “in s}^upport^{of the wa}^{r on te}^{rror,” in}^Kosovo,
^{Bosnia and Herzegovina, and as p}^{art of the}^{Multinational Force (MNF) in Iraq.}
^{About 1}^34,0⁰⁰^{military person}^{nel are deployed in Ira}^{q. U.S. forces were also}
^{deployed in the Horn}^{of Africa re}^{gion, and in Djibouti to support n}^ecessary
^{operations against al-Qaida and other inter}^{national terrorists oper}^{ating in the}
^{region, including Yemen. U.S. mi}^li^{tary per}^{sonnel contin}^{ue to s}^u^p^{port the}
^{NATO-led Kosovo F}^{orce (KFOR}^{). The U.S. c}^{ontribution to KFOR was about}
^1,70^{0 military person}^{nel. The NA}^{TO Headqua}^{rters-Sarajevo was e}^stablished
^{in Novembe}^{r 2}^{2, 20}⁰⁴^{as a s}^ucce^{ssor to its stabilizati}^{on operations in Bosnia-}
^{Herzegovina to continue to assist}^{in implementing t}^{he p}^{eace agree}^ment.
^{Approximately}¹⁰^{0 U.S. personn}^{el were assigned to the}^{NATO H}^eadquarte^rs-
^{Sarajevo to assist in defense refo}^{rm and}^{perform o}^{perational tasks, such as}
^{“counter-ter}^{rorism and s}^u^p^{porting the}^Inte^{rnational Criminal Court for t}^he
^{Former Yugoslavia.”}
²⁰⁰⁷^{Terrorism threat/Kosovo/Afghanista}^n.^{On J}^une^15,²⁰^{07, the}^Presiden^{t sent to}
^{Congress “consisten}^{t” with th}^e^{War Powers Resolution, a consolidated report}
^{giving details of ongo}^{ing United States military deployments and o}^{perations “in}
^sup^{port of the}^{war on te}^rror,”an^{d in sup}^{port of the}^{NATO-led Kosovo Force}
^(KFOR).^{The President reported}^{that various U.S. “combat-equip}^p^{ed and}
^combat-sup^{port forces”}^{were de}^{ployed to “a numbe}^{r of locations in the}
^{Central, Pacific, European (KFOR}^{), and Southern Comma}^{nd areas}^of
^{operation” and were e}^{ngaged in}^{combat operations against al-Qai}^{da terrorists}

^{and their s}^u^p^{porters. The U.S. is curre}^{ntly “p}^urs^{uing and e}^ngaging^remna^{nt al-}
^{Qaida and Taliban fighters in Afg}^{hanistan.” U.S. forces in Afgha}^nist^{an cu}^rrently
^{total approximately 25,9}^{45. O}^f^th^{is total, “approximately 14,34}^{0 ar}^{e assigned}
^{to the Inte}^{rnational Security Assi}^{stance Force (ISAF) in Afgha}^nista^{n.” The U.S.}
^{military continues to su}^pport^pea^{cekeeping ope}^{rations in Kosovo,}^{specifically,}
^{the NATO-led Kosovo Force (K}^{FOR). Currently, the U.S. contribution to}
^{KFOR in Kosovo is approximately 1,58}^{4 military perso}^nnel.
^{Terrorism threat/Kosovo/Afghanista}^n.^{On Decem}^ber^{14, 2}⁰⁰^{7, the Pr}^{esident sent}
^{to Congress “consistent}^{with the}^{War Powers Resolution,” a consoli}^dated
^{report giving details of ongoing United States military deployments and}
^{operations “in su}^{pport of t}^{he wa}^{r on terror,”and in}^su^{pport of t}^h^e^NATO-led
^{Kosovo Force (KFOR}^{). The Presi}^{dent reported t}^{hat various U.S. “combat-}
^equip^{ped and combat-s}^up^{port fo}^{rces” were de}^{ployed to “a num}^b^{er of}
^{locations in the Central, Pacific, European, a}^{nd Souther}^{n Comman}^{d areas of}
^{operation” and were e}^{ngaged in}^{combat operations against al-Qai}^{da terrorists}
^{and their s}^u^p^{porters. The U.S. is curre}^{ntly “p}^urs^{uing and e}^ngaging^remna^{nt al-}
^{Qaida and Taliban fighters in Afg}^{hanistan.” U.S. forces in Afgha}^nist^{an cu}^rrently
^{total approximately 25,9}^{00. O}^f^th^{is total, “approximately 15,18}^{0 ar}^{e assigned}
^{to the Inte}^{rnational Security Assi}^{stance Force (ISAF) in Afgha}^nista^{n.” The U.S.}
^{military continues to su}^pport^pea^{cekeeping ope}^{rations in Kosovo,}^{specifically,}
^{the NATO-led Kosovo Force (K}^{FOR). Currently, the U.S. contribution to}
^{KFOR in Kosovo is approximately 1,49}^{8 military perso}^nnel.
^Rⁱ^ch^{ard F. Gri}^m^m^e^tt
^Sp^{ecialist i}ⁿ^Iⁿ^terⁿ^atioⁿ^a^{l Sec}^u^rⁱ^t^y
^rg^ri^m^m^e^t^t^@^c^rs^.l^oc.g^o^v^{, 7-}⁷⁶⁷⁵