The Digital Millennium Copyright Act: Exemptions to the Prohibition on Circumvention

^Pr^ep^ar^{ed f}^o^r^M^e^m^b^ers^an^d^Com^mⁱ^t^t^ees^of^C^ong^r^e^ss

Congress passed the Digital Millennium Copyright Act (DMCA) in 1998, in part, to help
copyright owners protect their exclusive rights against infringement facilitated by digital
technologies, including the Internet. Section 1201 of the DMCA outlaws circumvention of any
access control devices, such as password codes, encryption, and scrambling, that copyright
owners may use to protect access to copyrighted works. The DMCA’s prohibition on
circumvention is not absolute, however. In addition to several statutory exceptions to the general
anti-circumvention provision, the DMCA authorizes the Librarian of Congress, upon the
recommendation of the Register of Copyrights, to grant temporary exemptions in order to ensure
that the public may be able to use certain copyrighted works in non-infringing ways, including
engaging in “fair use” of such works.
Exemptions to the prohibition on circumvention of access controls are granted every three years,
following a notice-and-comment rulemaking proceeding that the Register of Copyrights conducts.
There have been three determinations made by the Librarian of Congress to date, in 2000, 2003,
and 2006. At the conclusion of the Copyright Office’s third “§ 1201 rulemaking” proceeding, the
Librarian of Congress recognized six exemptions that are currently in effect. These exemptions,
which expire on October 28, 2009, permit the circumvention of access control devices, under
specified circumstances, in order to (1) make compilations of video clips for film and media
studies courses; (2) archive obsolete computer programs or games; (3) bypass “dongles,” or
hardware locks, that are obsolete; (4) use read-aloud functions or screen readers with e-books; (5)
connect wireless telephone handsets to communication networks; and (6) test for or correct
security flaws in works distributed on compact discs. On October 6, 2008, the Copyright Office
initiated a fourth § 1201 rulemaking by publishing a notice in the Federal Register that sought
written comments from all interested parties concerning evidence of adverse effects of the
DMCA’s circumvention prohibition on noninfringing uses of certain classes of works. Once these
proposals for exempted classes of works are received, the Copyright Office will publish a notice
of proposed rulemaking and then hold a series of hearings in the spring of 2009 in which
proponents and opponents of the proposed exemptions may present their views.
This report reviews the statutory basis for the triennial exemptions, explains the Copyright
Office’s rulemaking process pursuant to § 1201 of the DMCA, summarizes the exemptions
granted and rejected in 2006, and describes public reactions to the 2006 exemptions. In addition, ^th
it examines provisions of a bill from the 110 Congress, H.R. 1201, the Freedom and Innovation
Revitalizing U.S. Entrepreneurship Act of 2007 (FAIR USE Act of 2007), that would have
codified the 2006 exemptions and thus made them permanent. The bill would also have
authorized six additional exemptions, in which technological protection measures may be
circumvented to accomplish the following purposes: (1) instructors wishing to make a
compilation of portions of audiovisual works for educational use in a classroom; (2) consumers
wanting to skip past or avoid commercials or personally objectionable content in an audiovisual
work; (3) consumers interested in transmitting a work over a home network, but not in order to
upload that work to the Internet for mass, indiscriminate redistribution; (4) individuals wishing to
gain access to one or more public domain works that are included in a compilation consisting
primarily of works in the public domain; (5) reporters, teachers, and others wanting to gain access
to a work of substantial public interest solely for purposes of criticism, comment, news reporting,
scholarship, or research; and (6) a library or an archive needing to preserve or secure a copy or to
replace a copy in its collections that is damaged, deteriorating, lost, or stolen.

Introduc tion ..................................................................................................................................... 1
Backgr ound ..................................................................................................................................... 1
The Digital Millennium Copyright Act.....................................................................................1
The DMCA § 1201(a)(1) Rulemaking Proceeding..........................................................................3
Change in the Scope of the Term “Class of Works”..................................................................6
The 2006 Exemptions......................................................................................................................7
Exemptions Granted..................................................................................................................7
1. Audiovisual works included in the educational library of a college or university
film or media studies department when circumvention is for the purpose of
compiling portions of these works for educational use in the classroom........................7
2. Preservation or archival reproduction, by libraries or archives, of computer
programs and video games that were distributed in formats that have become
obsolete and that require the original media or hardware as a condition of
access ............................................................................................................................... 8
3. Computer programs protected by “dongles” that prevent access due to
malfunction or damage and that are obsolete..................................................................8
4. Literary works distributed in e-book format when all existing e-book editions
contain access controls that prevent enabling the read-aloud function or screen
readers ........................................................................................................................ ...... 8
5. “Firmware” computer programs that connect cellular telephones to a particular
communication network, when the circumvention is done to connect the
telephone to another network...........................................................................................9
6. Good faith testing for correcting of security flaws or vulnerabilities in sound
recordings and audiovisual works distributed in CD format...........................................9
Exemptions Denied.................................................................................................................10
Public Responses and Reactions..............................................................................................11
Legislation in the 110^th Congress..................................................................................................12
Conclusion ..................................................................................................................................... 13
Appendix. Exemptions Granted under 17 U.S.C. §§ 1201(a)(1)(B)-(C) in 2000, 2003, and
2006 ............................................................................................................................................ 14
Author Contact Information..........................................................................................................15

On November 27, 2006, the Librarian of Congress announced six exemptions to the Digital
Millennium Copyright Act’s (DMCA’s) prohibition on circumvention of technological measures
controlling access to copyrighted works. These exemptions allow users of copyrighted works to
circumvent access control devices, under certain specified conditions, for a period of three years,
in order to (1) make compilations of video clips for film and media studies courses; (2) archive
obsolete computer programs or games; (3) bypass “dongles,” or hardware locks, that are obsolete;
(4) use read-aloud functions or screen readers with e-books; (5) connect wireless telephone
handsets to communication networks; and (6) test for or correct security flaws in works ¹
distributed on compact discs. These exemptions will remain in effect until the Librarian of
Congress makes a new determination as to classes of works to be exempted from the DMCA
circumvention prohibition, which are expected to be published in fall 2009 following a
rulemaking proceeding. This report describes the statutory basis for the exemptions, the triennial
rulemaking proceeding that results in them, and the exemptions granted in 2006.

Copyright is a protection provided by U.S. law² to literary, musical, dramatic, artistic, and other ³
works that are original and fixed in a tangible medium of expression. The authors of copyrighted
works, or those to whom they transfer their copyrights, have the exclusive rights to reproduce,
distribute, and publicly perform or display the works, and to prepare derivative works based upon ⁴
them. Congress passed the Digital Millennium Copyright Act (P.L. 105-304) in 1998, in part, to
help copyright owners protect their exclusive rights against infringement facilitated by digital ⁵
technologies, including the Internet. Section 1201 of the DMCA outlaws circumvention of any
access control devices, such as password codes, encryption, and scrambling, that copyright ⁶
owners may use to protect copyrighted works. The DMCA’s prohibition on circumvention

¹^Ex^em^ption^{to t}^h^e^P^r^ohi^biti^on^oⁿ^Cⁱ^r^c^um^ve^ntion^of^C^opy^rⁱ^g^h^{t P}^r^ot^e^c^{tion Sy}^s^t^em^s^f^o^r^A^c^c^e^s^s^C^ontr^o^ls⁽^h^e^r^eⁱ^na^f^t^e^r
^“¹²⁰¹⁽^a⁾⁽¹⁾^Ex^e^m^ptions^”⁾^,⁷⁰^Fe^{d. Re}^g^{. 6}⁸^,⁴⁷²^,^68,⁴⁷^3-⁷⁷⁽^N^ov^.^27,²⁰⁰⁶⁾^,^a^v^a^ila^ble^oⁿ^D^e^c^.¹⁹^,²⁰⁰⁸^{, a}^t
^http:^//w^w^w^.c^opy^rⁱ^g^h^t.g^o^v^/^f^e^dr^eg^/200^6/^71f^r⁶⁸⁴⁷²^.h^tm^{l (}^a^m^e^nding^{37 C}^.^F.R^.^§²⁰^1.4⁰⁾^.
²^T^h^e^sourc^e^of^f^e^de^ra^{l c}^o^p^y^rig^h^{t la}^w^orig^ina^t^e^s^w^{ith the}^Co^py^rig^h^{t a}^nd^P^a^te^nt^Cla^u^se^of^the^U.^{S. C}^o^nstitutⁱ^oⁿ^{, w}^h^ic^h
^a^u^thor^iz^e^s^Cong^re^s^s^“^[^t^]^o^pr^om^ote^the^P^r^og^re^s^s^of^Sc^ie^nc^e^...^by^s^e^c^u^ring^f^o^{r lim}^ite^{d T}ⁱ^m^e^s^{to A}^u^thors^{... t}^h^e^e^x^c^l^us^iv^e
^Rig^h^{t to}^theⁱ^{r .}^{.. W}^r^iting^s^.”^U.S^.^C^ONS^T^.^a^r^{t. I, § 8}^,^c^l^.^8.
³^{17 U}^.^S.C^.^§¹⁰²⁽^a⁾^{. A}^w^o^r^k^is^s^u^f^f^ic^ie^ntl^y^“^o^rⁱ^gⁱ^na^l”^f^o^r^c^opy^rⁱ^g^h^{t pr}^ote^c^tⁱ^on^if^{it is}ⁱⁿ^de^peⁿ^d^eⁿ^tly^c^r^e^a^t^e^d^by^its
^au^t^h^o^r^an^{d po}^{ssesses a}^mⁱⁿⁱ^m^a^l^d^e^{gree o}^f^creatⁱ^vⁱ^t^y^.^Se^e^Fe^is^{t P}^u^bs^{., Inc}^.^v^.^R^u^ra^{l T}^e^{l. Se}^rv^{. Co.}^,⁴⁹⁹^U^.^S.³⁴^0,³⁴⁵
⁽¹⁹⁹¹⁾^.
⁴^{17 U}^.^S.C^.^§¹⁰^6.
⁵^T^h^e^D^M^C^A^w^a^s^s^h^a^p^e^d^b^o^th^by^c^ong^r^e^s^sⁱ^ona^{l de}^li^be^r^a^tio^ns^a^b^o^u^t^Iⁿ^te^rⁿ^e^t^c^o^py^rⁱ^g^h^{t polic}^y^a^{nd by}^U^.^{S. r}^a^tif^ic^a^tion
^of^the^W^o^r^l^{d I}ⁿ^te^lle^c^t^ua^l^P^r^ope^r^t^y^O^r^g^a^niz^a^{tion (}^W^I^P^O⁾^C^o^py^rⁱ^g^h^{t T}^r^e^a^t^y^a^{nd the}^W^I^P^O^P^e^r^f^or^m^a^nce^s^a^nd
^Pho^nog^r^a^m^s^T^r^e^a^t^y^.^Se^e^C^R^S^R^e^por^t^98-⁹⁴^3,^Di^git^a^{l M}^illeⁿⁿⁱ^u^m^Copy^rig^h^{t Ac}^t,^P.L^.¹^05-³⁰^4:^Su^mmary^and^An^aly^s^is^,
^by^D^o^r^o^thy^{M. Sc}^hr^a^d^e^r^.
⁶^{17 U}^.^S.C^.^§¹²⁰¹⁽^a⁾⁽¹⁾⁽^A⁾⁽^“^N^o^pe^r^s^{on s}^h^a^{ll c}ⁱ^r^c^um^v^e^{nt a}^te^c^hnol^og^ic^a^l^m^e^a^s^ur^e^tha^t^e^f^f^e^c^tiv^e^l^y^c^ontr^o^ls^{access t}^o^a
^w^o^rk^prote^c^t^e^d^un^de^{r th}^{is title}^.”^).^T^h^{is one}^se^nteⁿ^c^e^or^igⁱⁿ^a^lly^c^o^m^p^rise^{d t}^h^e^eⁿ^tire^t^y^of^{§ 12}^01(a⁾⁽¹⁾^{in t}^h^e^Ho^use
^Judicⁱ^a^r^y^Co^m^m^itte^e^’^{s dra}^f^{t DMCA}^{bill. How}^e^v^e^{r, the}^Hous^e^Co^m^m^e^rc^e^Com^m^itte^e^w^a^{s c}^onc^e^r^ne^{d tha}^t^this^prov^isi^on
⁽^c^onti^nue^d.^..)

extends to both the act of circumventing access control devices and trafficking in devices that ⁷
may be used for this purpose.
The DMCA’s prohibition on circumvention is not absolute, however. Much like the way in which ⁸
the Copyright Act limits copyright owners’ exclusive rights with the doctrine of fair use, the ⁹
DMCA allows for circumvention in certain limited circumstances. First, the DMCA includes
statutory exceptions, providing that circumvention is not unlawful when—
• a library, archive, or educational institution accesses a commercial work only to make ¹⁰
a decision about purchasing that work;
• a federal, state, or local law enforcement officer accesses a work in the course of a ¹¹
lawful investigation;
• a person who has lawfully obtained use of a computer program accesses a particular
portion of the program solely to identify and study elements of the program that are ¹²
necessary for interoperability and that have not been previously available to him or her;
• a person who made a good faith effort to obtain permission accesses a lawfully
obtained published work to conduct encryption research, provided that doing so does not
otherwise violate the Copyright Act or the Computer Fraud and Abuse Act (P.L. 99-¹³
474); or

^(...c^on^tin^ue^d)
^co^u^l^d^uⁿ^d^e^rmⁱⁿ^{e f}^a^{ir u}^s^{e an}^d^so^a^d^d^e^d^w^h^{at is cu}^rreⁿ^tly¹⁷^U.S.C^.^§^§¹²⁰¹⁽^a)(¹^{)(B)-(C), all}^o^wⁱⁿ^g^tem^p^o^r^ar^y
^e^x^em^ptions^to^be^c^r^e^a^t^e^d^by^r^u^le^m^a^kⁱ^ng^.^Se^e^H^.^R^e^{pt. 1}^05-⁵⁵^1,^pt.^{2, a}^t^{35 (}¹⁹⁹⁸⁾^.
⁷^{17 U}^.^S.C^.^§^§¹²⁰¹⁽^a⁾⁽¹⁾^-⁽²⁾^aⁿ^d^{§ 1}²⁰¹⁽^b⁾^.^A^vⁱ^ola^tion^of^the^D^M^C^A^’^s^aⁿ^ti-^tr^af^fⁱ^c^k^ing^pr^ov^is^{ion m}^a^y^e^x^te^{nd to}
^p^u^b^lⁱ^catⁱ^oⁿ^o^r^dⁱ^ssemⁱⁿ^a^tⁱ^oⁿ^o^fⁱⁿ^f^o^r^m^atⁱ^oⁿ^ab^ou^t^h^o^w^t^o^ci^rcu^m^veⁿ^t^an^{access co}ⁿ^t^rol^m^easu^r^e.^Se^e^Univ^e^r^sa^{l Cit}^y
^Stud^ios^,^Iⁿ^c^.^v^.^R^e^im^e^r^de^s^,¹¹¹^F.^Su^pp.²^d²⁹⁴^,³²⁵⁽^S^.D^.N^.Y^.²⁰⁰⁰⁾⁽^f^indi^ng^a^vⁱ^ola^tio^{n of}^the^D^M^C^A^w^h^e^r^e^a
^w^e^bs^ite^link^e^{d to ot}^he^r^w^e^bs^ite^s^tha^t^pr^ov^ide^d^c^o^m^pute^r^c^o^de^f^o^{r d}^e^sc^ra^m^b^ling^the^c^onteⁿ^{t sc}^ra^m^b^ling^sy^ste^m^use^d^a^s
^an^{access co}ⁿ^t^ro^l^d^e^vi^{ce o}ⁿ^DV^D^s^).
⁸^{17 U}^.^S.C^.^§¹⁰^7.^Fa^ir^us^e^r^e^c^o^gⁿⁱ^z^e^s^the^rⁱ^g^h^{t of}^the^pu^blic^to^m^a^{ke r}^e^a^s^ona^ble^us^e^s^of^c^opy^rⁱ^g^h^te^{d m}^a^te^rⁱ^a^l^s^w^ithout
^th^{e co}^p^y^rig^h^{t o}^wⁿ^e^{rs’ co}ⁿ^s^en^{t i}ⁿ^situ^atioⁿ^sⁱⁿ^v^o^l^vⁱⁿ^g^criticism^,^co^mmen^t^{, n}^e^w^s^rep^o^r^tin^g^,^teachⁱⁿ^g^,^sch^o^l^arsh^ip^,
^re^se^a^r^c^h^{, a}^{nd sim}^ila^{r a}^c^tiv^itie^s.
⁹^Fa^ir^us^e^is^only^a^de^f^e^ns^e^{to c}^l^aⁱ^m^s^of^inf^r^ing^e^m^e^{nt of}^the^c^opy^rⁱ^g^h^{t h}^o^l^d^e^r^’^s^§¹⁰^{6 r}ⁱ^g^h^ts^.^I^t^d^o^e^sⁿ^o^{t e}^x^c^u^s^e
^ci^rcu^m^ven^tⁱⁿ^{g a co}^p^y^ri^gh^t^o^wⁿ^e^r’^{s access}^coⁿ^t^ro^l^d^e^vi^{ce u}ⁿ^d^e^{r §}¹²⁰¹^.^Se^e^Un^iv^e^{rsal City}^St^ud^ios,¹¹¹^F.^Su^pp^{. 2}^d^a^t
³²²⁽^“^[^T^]^h^e^de^cⁱ^sⁱ^on^no^{t t}^o^m^a^ke^f^a^ir^us^e^a^de^f^e^ns^e^{to a}^c^l^aⁱ^m^unde^r^Se^c^tion¹²⁰¹⁽^a⁾^w^a^s^quite^de^lib^e^r^a^t^e^”^on
^C^ong^r^e^s^s^’^s^pa^r^t⁾^.^H^o^w^e^v^e^r^,^{§ 12}⁰¹^ut^iliz^e^s^f^a^c^t^or^s^lik^e^thos^e^{in t}^h^e^f^a^ir^us^e^doc^tr^ineⁱⁿ^de^te^r^m^ining^w^h^e^t^he^r^t^h^e
^Lⁱ^b^r^arian^o^f^Coⁿ^g^{ress sh}^o^u^ld^g^r^an^{t an}^ex^em^p^tioⁿ^.¹⁷^U^.^S.^C.^§^§¹²⁰¹^(a)(¹^)(C)(i)-(iv⁾^(coⁿ^sⁱ^d^erin^g^t^h^{e co}^p^y^rig^h^ted
^w^o^rk^{’s a}^v^ailab^ility^f^o^{r arch}^iv^{al, p}^r^eserv^a^tioⁿ^an^d^ed^u^catioⁿ^a^l^p^u^rp^o^s^{es; th}^{e im}^p^{act o}^f^th^{e acces}^{s co}ⁿ^t^ro^{l d}^e^vⁱ^{ce o}ⁿ
^criticism^,^co^mmen^t^{, n}^e^w^s^rep^o^r^tiⁿ^g^{, teach}ⁱⁿ^g^,^sch^o^larshⁱ^p^an^d^research^{; an}^d^t^h^{e ef}^{fect th}^{at circu}^m^v^eⁿ^tioⁿ^o^f^an^access
^c^ontr^o^{l de}^vⁱ^c^e^ha^s^oⁿ^the^m^a^r^k^e^t^f^o^r^a^w^o^r^k⁾^.^T^h^e^D^M^C^A^doe^s^not^ba^r^us^e^of^the^f^a^ir^us^e^de^f^e^ns^e^{in r}^e^s^pons^e^to
^al^l^e^gatⁱ^oⁿ^s^o^f^co^p^y^rⁱ^gh^tⁱⁿ^f^rⁱⁿ^ge^men^t^.¹⁷^U.^S^.^C^.^{§ 12}⁰¹⁽^c⁾⁽¹⁾^.
¹⁰^{17 U}^.^S.C^.^§¹²⁰¹⁽^d)^.
¹¹^{17 U}^.^S.C^.^§¹²⁰¹⁽^e⁾^.
¹²^{17 U}^.^S.C^.^§¹²⁰¹⁽^f⁾^.^C^o^m^par^e^Uⁿ^ite^d^Sta^t^e^s^v^.^Elc^o^m^L^t^{d., 20}^{3 F}^.^Su^pp.²^d¹¹¹¹^,¹¹³⁰⁽^N^.D^{. C}^a^l.²⁰⁰²⁾⁽^f^indⁱ^ng
^tha^t^c^r^e^a^ting^a^{nd m}^a^r^k^e^ting^a^pr^o^g^r^am^eⁿ^a^b^ling^e^-^book^us^e^r^s^{to r}^e^a^d^the^bo^ok^oⁿ^ot^he^r^c^o^m^pute^r^s^,^pr^{int f}^r^om^{it, a}^nd
^m^a^k^e^ba^ck^-^{up c}^opie^s^w^a^s^not^pr^ot^e^c^t^e^d^un^de^r¹⁷^U^.^S.C^.^§¹²⁰¹⁽^f⁾⁾^with^L^e^xm^a^r^k^{Int’l, Inc}^.^v^.^Sta^tic^Contr^o^l^th
^C^o^m^pone^nts^,^Iⁿ^c^.,³⁸^{7 F}^.³^d⁵²²^,⁵⁵⁰⁽⁶^Cir.²⁰⁰⁴⁾^(f^inding^t^h^a^tⁱⁿ^or^de^{r to}^pr^om^ote^inte^rope^ra^b^ilit^y^,^a^m^a^nuf^a^c^t^ure^r
^of^tone^{r c}^a^r^tridg^e^{s tha}^t^mⁱ^mⁱ^c^k^e^d^the^c^ode^a^l^l^o^wⁱ^ng^{its to}^ne^{r to w}^o^r^k^w^{ith a}^c^o^m^p^e^{titor’s pri}ⁿ^te^{rs w}^a^s^prote^c^t^e^d^un^de^r
¹⁷^U^.^S.C^.^{§ 12}⁰¹⁽^f⁾⁾^.
¹³^{17 U}^.^S.C^.^§¹²⁰¹⁽^g⁾^.^Se^e^Uⁿ^iv^e^r^s^a^{l C}^ity^Studios^{, I}ⁿ^c^.^v^.^R^e^im^e^r^de^s^,¹¹^{1 F}^.^S^u^p^p^.^2d²⁹^4,³²^{1 (}^S^.D^.^N^.Y^{. 20}⁰⁰⁾
⁽^f^inding^tha^t^a^w^e^bs^ite^ope^r^a^t^o^r^c^oul^{d n}^o^{t r}^e^ly^{on t}^h^e^pr^ote^c^tio^ns^of^{17 U}^.^S.C^.^§¹²⁰¹⁽^g⁾^w^h^eⁿ^its^lⁱⁿ^k^s^{to w}^e^bs^ite^s
^pr^ov^idiⁿ^g^cⁱ^r^c^um^v^e^nting^c^ode^w^e^r^e^not^of^the^s^o^r^t^to^pr^om^ote^r^e^s^e^a^r^c^h⁾^.

• a person identifies and disables access control devices that also collect or disseminate ¹⁴
personally identifying information about his or her activities.
Second, the DMCA establishes a rulemaking proceeding, wherein the Librarian of Congress,
acting upon the recommendation of the Register of Copyrights, may exempt for three years a ¹⁵
“particular class of copyrighted works” from the DMCA’s prohibition on circumvention.
According to the legislative history of the DMCA, the relatively short duration of these
exemptions reflects Congress’s intent that the “§ 1201 rulemaking” functions as a “fail safe,”
monitoring developments in the marketplace for copyrighted works and temporarily waiving ¹⁶
enforcement of the prohibition on circumvention in response to those market changes.
Although these triennial exemptions apply to the DMCA’s anti-circumvention provision, they do
not affect the DMCA’s prohibition on trafficking in devices that facilitate circumvention. Thus,
while the act of circumventing a technological protection measure that controls access to an
exempted class of work is not itself a violation of the DMCA during the three-year period, the
making and distribution of technology that enables that circumvention is still prohibited and the
exemptions cannot be invoked as a defense to an action brought under the DMCA’s anti-¹⁷
trafficking ban. Furthermore, the exemptions only apply to persons making noninfringing uses
of the exempted classes of works—an individual who circumvents an access control to engage in ¹⁸
copyright infringement will still be liable for those infringing acts.

Section 1201(a)(1)(C) of the DMCA provides that the Librarian of Congress and the Register of ¹⁹
Copyrights determine exemptions through a “rulemaking proceeding.” The DMCA’s legislative
history specifies that this rulemaking proceeding is to be conducted through “notice-and-²⁰
comment.” Accordingly, the Librarian and the Register provided notice of the rulemaking,
solicited initial and reply comments from the public, and conducted hearings in granting the 2000, ²¹
2003, and 2006 exemptions. On October 6, 2008, the Copyright Office initiated a fourth § 1201

¹⁴^{17 U}^.^S.C^.^§¹²⁰¹⁽ⁱ⁾^.
¹⁵¹⁷^U^.^S.C.^§^§¹²⁰¹^(a)(1^)(B)-(C).^Se^e¹²⁰¹⁽^a)⁽¹⁾^Ex^e^m^ptio^ns^,⁷⁰^Fe^{d. R}^e^g^.⁵⁷^,5²⁶^{, 5}⁷^,⁵²⁷⁽^O^c^t^.^3,²⁰⁰⁵⁾^,^a^v^a^ila^ble
^{on De}^c^.¹⁹^,²⁰⁰⁸^{, a}^t^http^://w^ww^.^c^opy^rig^h^t.g^o^v^/^fe^dre^g^/²⁰^05/^70f^r5⁷⁵²⁶^.htm^{l (no}^ting^t^h^a^t^the^e^x^e^m^{ptions a}ⁿ^no^unc^e^d^on
^Nov^e^m^b^e^r^27,²⁰^{06 w}^{ill e}^x^pire^oⁿ^Oc^tobe^r²⁷^{, 2}⁰⁰⁹^{). T}^h^e²⁰^{03 e}^x^e^m^{ptions w}^e^re^{to e}^x^pire^oⁿ^Oc^{t. 2}⁷^{, 2}⁰⁰⁶^,^bu^{t t}^h^e
^Lⁱ^bra^r^ia^{n of}^Cong^re^s^s^e^x^te^nde^{d t}^h^e^m^{on a}ⁿⁱⁿ^te^rim^ba^sⁱ^s^until^the²⁰⁰^{6 e}^x^e^m^ptions^w^e^re^a^nnounc^e^d^.^Se^e¹²⁰¹⁽^a⁾⁽¹⁾
^Ex^e^m^ptions^,⁷¹^Fe^d.^Re^g^{. 63}^,²⁴⁷⁽^O^ct^.³⁰^,²⁰⁰⁶⁾^.
¹⁶^H^.^R^e^pt.¹⁰^5-⁵^51,^pt^{. 2}^,^a^t³⁶⁽¹⁹⁹⁸⁾^.
¹⁷^Se^e¹⁷^U.^S^.^C.^§¹²⁰¹⁽^a)(¹^)(E^{) (“}^Nei^t^h^{er t}^h^{e excep}^tⁱ^o^{n u}ⁿ^d^e^{r sub}^p^aragrap^h^{(B) f}^r^o^m^t^h^{e ap}^p^lⁱ^cabⁱ^lⁱ^t^y^o^f^t^h^e
^pr^o^h^ibit^io^{n c}^o^ntaⁱ^ne^d^{in s}^u^b^p^a^r^a^g^r^a^{ph (}^A⁾^,^nor^aⁿ^y^de^te^r^m^ina^tion^m^a^de^{in a}^r^u^le^m^a^kⁱ^ng^c^onduc^te^d^unde^r^s^u^b^p^a^r^a^g^r^a^ph
^{(C), m}^a^y^be^use^d^a^s^a^de^f^e^nse^{in a}ⁿ^y^a^c^{tion to e}ⁿ^f^o^rc^e^aⁿ^y^prov^isio^{n of}^th^is^title^o^t^he^{r t}^h^aⁿ^t^h^is^pa^ra^g^r^a^ph.”⁾^.
¹⁸¹⁷^U^.^S.C.^§^§¹²⁰¹^(a)(1^)(B)-(E)^.
¹⁹^{17 U}^.^S.C^.^§¹²⁰¹⁽^a⁾⁽¹⁾⁽^C⁾^.
²⁰^H^.^Re^pt.¹⁰^5-7^96,^a^t⁶⁴⁽¹⁹^{98) (“}^{It is}^theⁱⁿ^te^nt^io^{n of}^the^c^o^nf^e^r^e^e^s^tha^t^{, a}^s^is^ty^pic^a^l^w^{ith othe}^{r r}^u^le^m^a^kⁱ^ng^unde^{r title}
^{17, a}^nd^{in re}^c^o^gⁿⁱ^tioⁿ^of^the^e^x^pe^rtis^e^of^the^Copy^rig^h^{t O}^f^fⁱ^c^e^,^the^Re^gⁱ^s^t^e^r^of^Copy^ri^g^h^ts^w^{ill c}^ondu^c^t^the^rule^m^a^kⁱ^ng^,
^inc^l^u^d^ing^pr^ov^idiⁿ^g^no^tic^e^of^the^r^u^le^m^a^kⁱ^ng^[^a^nd^]^s^e^e^k^ing^c^o^m^m^e^nts^f^r^om^the^publ^ic^.”⁾^.
²¹^Se^e^,^e^.^g.^{, 1}²⁰¹⁽^a⁾⁽¹⁾^Ex^e^m^ptions^,⁷¹^Fe^{d. Re}^g^.^9,³⁰^{2 (}^F^e^b^{. 2}³^,²⁰⁰⁶⁾^,^a^v^a^ila^ble^oⁿ^D^e^c^.¹⁹^,²⁰^08,^a^t
^http:^//w^w^w^.c^opy^rⁱ^g^h^t.g^o^v^/^f^e^dr^eg^/200^6/^71f^r⁹³^02.^htm^l⁽^notic^e^of^pu^blic^he^a^r^ing^s⁾^;¹²⁰¹⁽^a⁾⁽¹⁾^Ex^e^m^ptions^,⁷⁰^Fe^d.^Re^g^.
^57,⁵²^{6 (Oc}^t^.^3,²⁰^05),^a^v^a^ila^ble^oⁿ^De^c^.¹⁹^{, 2}⁰⁰⁸^{, a}^t^htt^p^://w^ww^.c^o^p^y^r^ig^ht.g^ov^/^f^e^d^re^g^/²⁰⁰^5/^70f^r57⁵^26.^htm^l^(re^que^st
^f^o^{r co}^mmen^t^s).

rulemaking, in order to determine the 2009 exemptions.²² Content users who are presently
affected, or likely to be affected within the next three years, may propose exemptions to the ²³
DMCA’s prohibition on circumvention. Once the proposals for exempted classes of works are
received, the Copyright Office will publish a notice of proposed rulemaking and then hold a
series of hearings in the spring of 2009 in which proponents and opponents of the proposed ²⁴
exemptions may present their views. The new exemptions are expected to be published by the
fall of 2009.
Proponents of exemptions bear the burden of proof.²⁵ Based upon its reading of the DMCA
statute and legislative history, the Copyright Office has determined that to meet this burden of
proof, proponents must (1) identify the specific technological measures causing the alleged
problems and show that these measures effectively control access to copyrighted works; (2)
explain the non-infringing activities that the prohibition adversely affects; and (3) establish that ²⁶
the prevented activities are, in fact, non-infringing under current law. Only technological
measures that restrict access are considered; non-technological measures that restrict access (e.g.,
contracts or usage agreements) are not considered, nor are technological measures that control ²⁷
things other than access (e.g., reproduction or distribution). The technological measure must
directly lead to the problems of which the exemption’s proponent complains: “[a]dverse impacts ²⁸
that flow from other sources ... are outside the scope of the rulemaking.” The problems ²⁹
complained of must be more than “isolated harm or mere inconveniences,” and the adverse ³⁰
effects must be substantial. Claims of present problems and adverse effects should be supported
by first-hand knowledge of “verifiable problems occurring in the marketplace” and, preferably, ³¹
documented by factual and quantitative data. Claims of future problems and adverse effects
should be especially well documented, because the legislative history of the DMCA provides that
future harm should only be recognized “in extraordinary circumstances in which the evidence of

²²¹²⁰¹⁽^a)⁽¹⁾^Ex^e^m^ptio^ns^,⁷³^Fe^{d. Re}^g.⁵⁸^,⁰⁷³⁽^O^c^t^.^6,²⁰⁰⁸⁾^,^a^v^a^ila^ble^oⁿ^D^e^c^.¹⁹^,²⁰^08,^a^t
^http:^//w^w^w^.c^opy^rⁱ^g^h^t.g^o^v^/^f^e^dr^eg^/200^8/^73f^r⁵⁸⁰⁷³^.p^df⁽^r^e^que^s^t^f^o^r^c^o^m^m^eⁿ^ts⁾^.
²³¹⁷^U^.^S.C.^§^§¹²⁰¹^(a)(1^)(B)-(C).
²⁴¹²⁰¹⁽^a)⁽¹⁾^Ex^e^m^ptio^ns^,⁷³^Fe^{d. Re}^g.⁵⁸^,⁰⁷³^{, 58}⁰⁷⁶⁽^O^c^t^{. 6, 20}⁰⁸⁾^.
²⁵¹²⁰¹⁽^a)⁽¹⁾^Ex^e^m^ptio^ns^,⁷⁰^Fe^{d. Re}^g^{. 6}⁸^,⁴⁷²^,^68,⁴⁷^{3 (}^N^ov^.²⁷^{, 2}⁰⁰⁶⁾^.
²⁶¹²⁰¹⁽^a)⁽¹⁾^Ex^e^m^ptio^ns^,⁷⁰^Fe^{d. Re}^g^.⁵⁷^,⁵²⁶^{, 57,}⁵²^9-³⁰⁽^O^c^t^{. 3, 2}⁰⁰⁵⁾^.
²⁷^Se^e^,^e^.^g.^{, 1}²⁰¹⁽^a⁾⁽¹⁾^Ex^e^m^ptions^,⁶⁵^Fe^{d. R}^e^g^.^64,⁵⁵^5,⁶⁴^,5^{63 a}^nd^64,⁵⁷¹⁽^O^c^{t. 2}⁷^,²⁰⁰⁰⁾^{, a}^v^a^ila^ble^{on D}^e^c^.¹⁹^,
²⁰⁰^{8, a}^t^htt^p^://w^ww^.c^op^y^r^ig^ht.g^ov^/fe^d^re^g^/²⁰^00/^65f^r64⁵⁵⁵^.^h^tm^l^(noting^t^h^a^t^“^[^m^]^aⁿ^y^of^the^c^o^m^p^la^{ints a}ⁱ^re^{d i}ⁿ^t^h^is
^ru^l^e^m^a^kiⁿ^g^act^u^a^l^l^y^rel^a^t^e^d^p^rⁱ^m^a^rⁱ^l^y^t^o^lⁱ^cen^siⁿ^g^p^r^actⁱ^{ces rat}^h^{er t}^h^an^t^echn^o^l^o^gⁱ^cal^m^e^asu^r^{es t}^h^at^coⁿ^t^r^o^l^{access t}^o
^w^o^rks^”^an^d^rej^ectⁱⁿ^{g an}^exe^m^p^tⁱ^oⁿ^f^o^{r “f}^ai^{r u}^s^e”^w^o^{rks b}^ecau^{se i}^t^s^p^r^op^on^en^t^s^co^m^p^l^aⁱⁿ^ed^,ⁱⁿ^p^a^rt^,^of^t^ec^hnolog^ic^a^l
^measu^r^{es t}^h^at^p^r^even^t^co^p^yⁱⁿ^g,^no^t^access).
²⁸^H^.^R^e^pt.¹⁰^5-⁵^51,^pt^{. 2}^,^a^t³⁷⁽¹⁹⁹⁸⁾^.
²⁹¹²⁰¹⁽^a)⁽¹⁾^Ex^e^m^ptio^ns^,⁷⁰^Fe^{d. Re}^g^{. 6}⁸^,⁴⁷²^,^68,⁴⁷^{3 (}^N^ov^.²⁷^{, 2}⁰⁰⁶⁾^.
³⁰¹²⁰¹⁽^a)⁽¹⁾^Ex^e^m^ptio^ns^,⁷⁰^Fe^{d. Re}^g^{. 5}⁷^,⁵²⁶^,^57,⁵²^{8 (Oc}^t^.^3,²⁰⁰⁵^{). T}^h^e^Copy^rig^h^{t Off}ⁱ^c^e^ha^{s be}^eⁿ^c^r^itic^iz^e^d^f^o^r
^req^uⁱ^riⁿ^g^{a “su}^b^s^tan^{tial” ad}^{verse effect,}^b^ecau^{se 1}⁷^U.^S^.^C.^§^§¹²⁰¹^(a)(1^{)(B)-(C) do}^no^{t s}^p^ecify^h^o^w^“ad^versel^y
^affect^ed^{” a u}^s^e^m^u^st^b^eⁱⁿ^o^r^d^e^r^t^o^m^e^ri^t^an^exe^m^p^tⁱ^oⁿ^.^S^ee,^e.^g^.^,^B^{ill D. He}^rm^aⁿ^&^Osc^a^r^H.^G^a^nd^y^,^C^a^tc^{h 12}^01:^A
^L^e^gⁱ^sl^a^tⁱ^{ve Hi}^st^o^r^{y a}ⁿ^d^C^oⁿ^t^ent^Aⁿ^a^l^ysi^s^o^f^t^h^{e DMCA}^E^xemp^tⁱ^{on P}^r^o^ceedⁱⁿ^g^s^{, 2}⁴^C^A^R^DOZ^O^A^RTS^&^E^NT^.^L.^J^.¹²^1,
¹⁶⁸⁽²⁰⁰^{6). T}^h^e^Co^py^rig^h^{t Off}ⁱ^c^e^de^f^e^{nds the}^su^bsta^ntia^lity^re^quire^m^e^{nt by}^re^f^e^rring^{to the}^DMCA^{’s le}^gⁱ^sla^tiv^e
^hⁱ^st^o^r^y^,^w^hⁱ^c^h^sp^{eaks o}^f^“su^b^s^t^aⁿ^tⁱ^a^l^ad^{verse i}^m^p^act^,^”^“dⁱ^s^tⁱⁿ^ct^,^veri^fⁱ^ab^l^e^,^an^d^m^easu^r^ab^l^eⁱ^m^p^act^s,^{” an}^d^m^o^{re t}^h^an^d^e
^miⁿⁱ^mi^sⁱ^m^p^a^c^t^s^.^Se^e¹²⁰¹⁽^a)⁽¹⁾^Ex^e^m^ptions^,⁶⁸^Fe^d.^Re^g^.⁶²^,0¹¹^,^62,⁰¹^{3 (}^N^ov^{. 2}⁷^,²⁰⁰⁶⁾^.
³¹¹²⁰¹⁽^a)⁽¹⁾^Ex^e^m^ptio^ns^,⁷⁰^Fe^{d. Re}^g^.⁵⁷^,⁵²⁶^{, 57,}⁵²⁸⁽^O^c^t^{. 3, 20}⁰⁵⁾^.^S^{ee a}^l^s^oⁱ^d^.^a^t^57,⁵³^{0 (}^“^I^t^[ⁱ^s^]^a^l^s^o^us^e^f^{ul f}^o^r^the
^co^mmen^t^{er t}^o^qu^an^tⁱ^f^y^t^h^{e ad}^vers^{e effect}^{s i}ⁿ^o^r^d^e^{r t}^o^exp^l^ai^{n t}^h^{e sc}^o^p^e^o^f^t^h^e^p^r^esen^t^{or l}ⁱ^k^el^y^p^r^o^b^l^e^m^.^”^{) an}^d
¹²⁰¹⁽^a)⁽¹⁾^Ex^e^m^ptio^ns^,⁷¹^Fe^{d. Re}^g^{. 9}^,³^02,^9,³⁰^{2 (}^F^e^b^.^23,²⁰⁰⁶⁾^,^a^v^a^ila^ble^{on D}^e^c^.^19,²⁰⁰⁸^{, a}^t
^http:^//w^w^w^.c^opy^rⁱ^g^h^t.g^o^v^/^f^e^dr^eg^/200^6/^71f^r⁹³^02.^htm^l⁽^“^[^F^]^a^c^t^ua^{l a}^r^g^u^m^e^nts^a^r^e^a^t^le^a^s^{t a}^sⁱ^m^por^ta^nt^a^s^le^g^a^l
^argu^m^eⁿ^t^s.^”).

likelihood is highly specific, strong and persuasive.”³² Non-infringing activities must be ³³
recognized under the current law and must not be possible by alternative means. Proponents ³⁴
arguing for the renewal of existing exemptions must make their case de novo. The existence of
an exemption that was granted in previous rulemaking proceedings does not create a presumption ³⁵
in its favor; rather, it must be justified as if it were a new exemption.
Even when proponents demonstrate that access control devices adversely affect their abilities to ³⁶
make non-infringing uses of copyrighted works, their exemptions are not automatically granted.
Rather, the Librarian of Congress and the Register of Copyrights weigh the proven harm against
other factors prescribed by statute in determining whether to grant an exemption. These factors
include
• the availability of copyrighted works generally;
• the availability of copyrighted works for nonprofit archival, preservation, and
educational purposes;
• the impact of access control devices on criticism, comment, news reporting, teaching,
scholarship, and research;
• the effect that circumvention of access control devices would have on the market for
or value of copyrighted works; and
• any other factors the Librarian deems appropriate.³⁷
These factors are intended to ensure that the Librarian and the Register balance the adverse and
positive effects of access control devices, which not only limit access but also promote copyright ³⁸
owners’ willingness to disseminate their works in new ways. The Register also must consult
with the Assistant Secretary for Communications and Information of the Department of
Commerce, who heads the National Telecommunications and Information Administration, before

³²^Ho^u^s^{e Co}^m^mⁱ^t^t^{ee o}ⁿ^t^h^{e Ju}^di^ci^ary^,¹⁰⁵^th^Cong^.,^Se^c^tion-^by^-^S^e^c^tio^{n An}^aly^s^is^of^H^.^R.²²⁸¹^as^P^a^s^s^e^{d by}^t^h^e^Uⁿ^ite^d
^State^s^H^o^us^e^of^Re^pr^e^s^eⁿ^tativ^e^s^oⁿ^Au^gus^t^4,¹⁹⁹⁸^{, a}^t^{6. A}^ltho^u^g^h^t^h^{is la}^ng^ua^g^e^c^oul^{d be}ⁱⁿ^te^rpre^te^d^a^s^ra^ising^the
^bur^de^{n of}^pr^oof^be^y^{ond a}^pr^e^p^oⁿ^d^e^r^aⁿ^c^e^of^the^e^v^ideⁿ^c^e^,^w^h^ic^{h is}^othe^r^w^is^e^the^s^t^a^nda^r^d^{in a}^D^M^C^A^{§ 120}¹
^r^u^le^m^a^kⁱ^ng^{, the}^C^opy^rⁱ^g^h^{t O}^f^fⁱ^c^e^none^t^h^e^l^e^s^s^a^pplie^s^t^h^e^pr^e^p^on^de^r^a^nc^e^s^t^a^nda^r^d^w^{ith c}^l^aⁱ^m^s^of^f^u^tur^e^pr^ob^le^m^s^or
^a^d^v^e^r^s^e^ef^f^e^c^t^s^sⁱ^nc^e^the^s^t^a^t^utor^y^la^ng^ua^g^e^pr^ov^ide^sⁿ^o^a^d^diti^ona^{l r}^e^quir^e^m^e^nts^.^Se^e¹²⁰¹⁽^a)⁽¹⁾^Ex^e^m^ptio^ns^,⁷⁰^Fe^d.
^Re^g^{. 5}⁷^,⁵²⁶⁽^O^c^t^.^3,²⁰⁰⁵⁾^.
³³^Se^e^,^e^.^g.^{, 1}²⁰¹⁽^a⁾⁽¹⁾^Ex^e^m^ptions^,⁷⁰^Fe^{d. Re}^g^.⁶⁸^,⁴⁷²^,⁶⁸^,⁴⁷⁸^(N^ov.²⁷^,²⁰⁰⁶⁾^(rej^ectⁱⁿ^{g an}^exem^p^tⁱ^oⁿ^f^o^{r sp}^ace-
^shⁱ^f^tⁱⁿ^g,^o^r^cop^yⁱⁿ^{g co}ⁿ^t^en^t^f^r^o^m^oⁿ^e^l^o^catⁱ^o^{n t}^o^aⁿ^o^t^h^e^r,^b^ecau^{se t}^h^{ere w}^a^{s n}^o^l^e^gal^p^r^eced^en^t^est^a^b^lⁱ^s^hⁱⁿ^g^sp^ace-
^s^h^if^ting^a^s^a^noni^nf^rⁱ^ng^ing^us^e⁾^;^id^.^(rej^ectⁱⁿ^{g an}^exem^p^tⁱ^oⁿ^f^o^{r regi}^oⁿ^-^cod^e^d^D^V^{Ds b}^ecau^{se “n}^u^m^ero^u^s^o^p^tⁱ^oⁿ^s^are
^avai^l^a^b^l^{e t}^oⁱⁿ^dⁱ^vi^d^u^a^l^s^seekiⁿ^{g access t}^o^coⁿ^t^en^t^f^r^o^m^o^t^h^e^{r regi}^oⁿ^s”).
³⁴^Id^a^t^68,⁴⁷^3.
³⁵^Id^.
³⁶¹²⁰¹⁽^a)⁽¹⁾^Ex^e^m^ptio^ns^,⁷⁰^Fe^{d. Re}^g^{. 5}⁷^,⁵²⁶^,^57,⁵²^{8 (}^O^c^t^.^3,²⁰⁰⁵⁾⁽^“^[^P^]^r^oof^of^ha^r^m^is^ne^v^e^r^the^oⁿ^ly^c^ons^ide^r^a^tion
^{in t}^h^e^rule^m^a^kⁱ^ng^proc^e^{ss ... the}^s^u^f^fⁱ^cⁱ^eⁿ^c^y^of^the^ha^rm^w^{ill a}^l^w^a^{ys be}^re^la^tiv^e^{to ot}^he^{r c}^o^nside^r^a^tio^ns.”^).
³⁷¹⁷^U^.^S.C.^§^§¹²⁰¹^(a)(1^)(C)(i)-(v^).
³⁸^Ho^u^s^{e Co}^m^mⁱ^t^t^{ee o}ⁿ^t^h^{e Ju}^di^ci^ary^,¹⁰⁵^th^Cong^.,^Se^c^tion-^by^-^S^e^c^tio^{n An}^aly^s^is^of^H^.^R.²²⁸¹^as^P^a^s^s^e^{d by}^t^h^e^Uⁿ^ite^d
^State^s^H^o^us^e^of^Re^pr^e^s^eⁿ^tativ^e^s^oⁿ^Au^gus^t^4,¹⁹⁹⁸^{, a}^t^{6 (“}^T^h^e^te^c^hnol^og^ic^a^l^m^e^a^s^ure^s^{... tha}^t^t^h^is^bⁱ^l^l^pro^t^e^c^t^s^c^aⁿ^be
^de^ploy^e^d^{, n}^o^{t o}ⁿ^ly^{to pr}^e^v^eⁿ^t^pir^a^cy^a^{nd ot}^he^r^e^c^onom^ic^a^lly^ha^r^m^f^u^{l u}ⁿ^a^u^t^hor^iz^e^d^us^e^s^of^c^opy^rⁱ^g^h^te^{d m}^a^te^rⁱ^a^l^s^,^but
^a^l^{so to s}^u^p^port^ne^w^wa^y^s^o^f^disse^mⁱ^na^ting^c^opy^ri^g^h^te^{d m}^a^te^ria^l^{s to use}^r^{s, a}ⁿ^d^{to sa}^f^e^g^u^a^r^{d the}^a^v^a^ila^bility^of^le^g^iti^m^a^te
^us^e^s^of^thos^e^m^a^te^rⁱ^a^l^s^b^y^indivⁱ^d^u^a^l^s^.^”⁾^.

recommending exemptions to the Librarian in order to ensure that the market benefits of both ³⁹
access control devices and potential exemptions are fully considered.
In granting exemptions, the Librarian of Congress and the Register of Copyrights must consider
to what “class of works” the exemption will apply. The DMCA states that an exemption may be
granted only for “a particular class of copyrighted works” upon a sufficient showing of adverse ⁴⁰
effects. The statute does not define what constitutes a “class of works.” The Register sought ⁴¹
comments on this issue in the 1999-2000 rulemaking and concluded that a “class of works” was
to be defined in relation to the categories of copyrighted works in § 102 of the Copyright Act of ⁴²
1976, namely, literary works; musical works; dramatic works; pantomimes and choreographic
works; pictorial, graphic, and sculptural works; motion pictures and other audiovisual works; ⁴³
sound recordings; and architectural works. However, the Register cited legislative history that
expressed the view that the § 102 categories were too broad to serve as the basis for a “class of ⁴⁴
works.” After consulting this legislative history and reviewing the statutory language, the
Register determined that a “class of works” was to be a subcategory of the § 102 categories that
was “based upon attributes of the works themselves, and not by reference to some external ⁴⁵
criteria such as the intended use or users of the works.” The Copyright Office applied this
definition of “class of works” in terms of the works’ attributes in granting the 2000 and 2003 ⁴⁶
exemptions. It also described “class of works” in terms of works’ attributes when seeking ⁴⁷
comments proposing exemptions for 2006.
However, in granting the 2006 exemptions, the Copyright Office for the first time expanded ⁴⁸
“class of works” to include classes defined in relation to their uses or users. The Copyright
Office implicitly justified this shift by describing how adhering to the prior definition of “class of
works” could harm either users or copyright owners in situations where class definitions are

³⁹^{17 U}^.^S.C^.^§¹²⁰¹⁽^a⁾⁽¹⁾⁽^C⁾^.^B^a^s^e^{d u}^p^oⁿ^m^a^r^k^e^t^f^a^c^t^or^s^,^prⁱ^o^r^A^s^sⁱ^staⁿ^{t Se}^c^r^e^t^a^r^ie^s^ha^v^e^pr^om^ote^d^e^x^em^ptions^t^h^a^t^t^h^e
^Re^gⁱ^ste^r^ultim^a^t^e^l^y^de^nie^d^aⁿ^d^q^u^e^stione^d^or^op^pose^d^e^x^e^m^{ptions t}^h^a^t^the^Re^gⁱ^ste^r^ultⁱ^m^a^te^l^y^g^r^aⁿ^te^d.^S^ee,^e.^g^.^,
¹²⁰¹⁽^a)⁽¹⁾^Ex^e^m^ptio^ns^,⁶⁵^Fe^d.^R^e^g^.⁶⁴⁵^55,⁶⁴⁵^{62 (}^O^c^t^.²⁷^,²⁰⁰⁰⁾^,^a^v^a^ila^ble^{on D}^e^c^.^19,²⁰⁰⁸^{, a}^t
^h^t^t^p^:^/^/^www^.^c^o^p^y^ri^gh^t^.^go^v/^f^e^d^r^e^g^/²⁰⁰⁰^/⁶⁵^f^r6⁴⁵⁵⁵^.^h^t^m^l^(Assi^st^an^t^S^ecret^ar^y^ad^vo^catⁱⁿ^{g a “fai}^{r u}^s^{e” e}^x^e^m^p^tⁱ^oⁿ^t^h^at^w^a^s
^de^nie^d⁾^;¹²⁰¹⁽^a)⁽¹⁾^Ex^e^m^pti^ons^,⁷⁰^Fe^{d. R}^e^g^.⁶⁸^,⁴⁷²^,^68,⁴⁷^6-⁷⁷⁽^N^ov^{. 27}^{, 2}⁰⁰⁶⁾⁽^A^s^sⁱ^s^t^aⁿ^{t Se}^c^r^e^t^a^r^y^que^s^tioning^t^h^e
^e^x^em^{ption f}^o^r^wⁱ^r^e^le^s^s^te^le^phone^ha^nds^e^t^s^g^r^aⁿ^te^{d i}ⁿ²⁰⁰⁶⁾^.
⁴⁰¹⁷^U^.^S.C.^§^§¹²⁰¹^(a)(1^)(B)-(C).^S^{ee a}^l^so¹⁷^U^.^S.C^.^§¹²⁰¹⁽^a⁾⁽¹⁾⁽^D⁾⁽^notiⁿ^g^tha^t^aⁿ^e^x^em^ption^c^aⁿ^be^f^o^r^“^aⁿ^y^c^l^a^s^s
^of^c^opy^rⁱ^g^h^te^{d w}^o^r^k^s^”⁾^.
⁴¹¹²⁰¹⁽^a)⁽¹⁾^Ex^e^m^ptio^ns^,⁶⁴^Fe^{d. Re}^g^{. 6}⁶^,¹³⁹^,^66,¹⁴^{3 (}^N^ov^.²⁴^{, 1}⁹⁹⁹⁾^,^a^v^a^ila^ble^{on D}^e^c^.^19,²⁰⁰⁸^{, a}^t
^http:^//w^w^w^.c^opy^rⁱ^g^h^t.g^o^v^/^f^e^dr^eg^/199^9/^64f^r⁶⁶¹³⁹^.p^df^.
⁴²¹⁷^U^.^S.C.^§^§¹⁰²⁽^a)(¹^)-(8^).
⁴³¹²⁰¹⁽^a)⁽¹⁾^Ex^e^m^ptio^ns^,⁶⁵^Fe^{d. Re}^g^{. 6}⁴^,⁵⁵⁵^,^64,⁵⁶^{0 (}^O^c^t^.²⁷^{, 2}⁰⁰⁰⁾^.
⁴⁴^H^.^R^e^pt.¹⁰^5-⁵^51,^pt^{. 2}^,^a^t³⁸⁽¹⁹⁹⁸⁾⁽^“^T^h^e^C^o^m^m^itte^e^inte^nds^t^h^a^t^the^‘^p^a^r^tic^ula^r^c^l^a^s^s^of^c^opy^rⁱ^g^h^te^{d w}^o^r^k^s^’^be^a
^na^r^r^o^w^a^{nd f}^o^c^u^s^e^{d s}^u^bs^e^t^of^the^br^oa^{d c}^a^t^e^g^or^ie^s^of^w^o^r^k^s^of^a^u^thor^s^h^ip^[^t^ha^t^a^r^e^]ⁱ^d^eⁿ^tif^ie^{d i}ⁿ^s^e^c^tⁱ^on¹⁰^{2 of}^the
^Copy^rig^h^{t A}^c^t.”⁾^.
⁴⁵¹²⁰¹⁽^a)⁽¹⁾^Ex^e^m^ptio^ns^,⁶⁵^Fe^{d. Re}^g^{. 6}⁴^,⁵⁵⁵^,^64,⁵⁵^{9 (}^O^c^t^.²⁷^{, 2}⁰⁰⁰⁾^.
⁴⁶^Id^.^at⁶⁴^,⁵⁷²^(rej^ectⁱⁿ^{g an}^exe^m^p^tⁱ^o^{n f}^o^{r m}^a^t^e^ri^al^{s t}^h^at^canⁿ^o^t^b^e^a^r^chⁱ^v^ed^o^r^p^r^eserved^b^ecau^{se i}^t^dⁱ^d^no^t^co^rrespoⁿ^d
^t^o^an^y^cl^{ass o}^f^w^o^rks);¹²⁰¹⁽^a)⁽¹⁾^Ex^e^m^ptions^,⁶⁸^Fe^d^.^Re^g^{. 6}²^,⁰¹¹^,⁶²^,0¹⁴⁽^O^c^t^{. 3}¹^,²⁰⁰³⁾^,^a^v^a^ila^ble^{on D}^e^c^.¹⁹^,
²⁰⁰^{8, a}^t^htt^p^://w^ww^.c^op^y^r^ig^ht.g^ov^/fe^d^re^g^/²⁰^03/^68f^r20¹¹^.^p^d^f^(re^je^c^ting^aⁿ^e^x^e^m^{ption f}^o^{r “}^p^e^r^se^e^d^uc^a^tiona^{l f}^a^{ir use}
^w^o^rks^”^b^ecau^{se i}^t^d^e^fⁱⁿ^e^d^t^h^{e cl}^{ass o}^f^w^o^rk^{s i}ⁿ^ref^e^ren^{ce t}^oⁱ^t^s^u^s^{es an}^d^u^s^ers).
⁴⁷¹²⁰¹⁽^a)⁽¹⁾^Ex^e^m^ptio^ns^,⁷⁰^Fe^{d. Re}^g^.⁵⁷^,⁵²⁶^{, 57,}⁵²⁹⁽^O^c^t^{. 3, 20}⁰⁵⁾^.
⁴⁸¹²⁰¹⁽^a)⁽¹⁾^Ex^e^m^ptio^ns^,⁷⁰^Fe^{d. Re}^g^{. 6}⁸^,⁴⁷²^,^68,⁴⁷^{3 (}^N^ov^.²⁷^{, 2}⁰⁰⁶⁾^.

necessarily broad but harmed users are few in number.⁴⁹ For example, in 2006, film and media
studies professors described how their inability to circumvent access controls in order to make
compilations of DVD clips for use with their students harmed their teaching. The class here
cannot be defined more narrowly than in terms of “motion pictures and other audiovisual works”
on DVD. However, granting such an exemption would harm the copyright owners unduly by
allowing anyone to copy any film on DVD. Failing to grant such an exemption would harm the ⁵⁰
professors and their students, though. Thus, the Copyright Office reached a compromise
consistent with the congressional intent in enacting § 1201(a)(1) by allowing a “class of works” ⁵¹
to be defined in terms of its uses or users. While several commentators noted that the Copyright
Office essentially changed the meaning of “class of works” in the middle of the rulemaking ⁵²⁵³
process, its doing so will likely not affect the status of the exemptions.

As a result of the most recent § 1201(a)(1) rulemaking process, the Librarian of Congress granted
the following six exemptions.

Before this exemption, film and media studies professors who wanted to show segments of DVDs
to their students could not create compilations of those segments because copying them into a
compilation would require bypassing the content scrambling systems (CSSs) protecting DVDs.
Thus, professors and students previously lost 30 seconds of class time, or more, every time a new

⁴⁹^Id^.
⁵⁰^Id^.
⁵¹^Iⁿ^f^a^c^t^{, w}^h^eⁿ^a^r^rⁱ^vⁱ^ng^a^t^its^na^r^r^o^w^e^{d de}^fⁱ^{nition of}^“^c^l^a^s^s^of^w^o^r^k^s”^{in te}^r^m^s^of^the^w^o^r^k^s^’^a^ttr^ibute^sⁱⁿ¹⁹^99-²⁰^00,
^the^Co^py^rig^h^{t Off}ⁱ^c^e^note^d^t^h^a^t^th^e^DMCA^sta^t^ute^a^ppa^re^ntly^a^llowe^{d a}^broa^de^{r de}^fⁱ^nitioⁿ^of^“^c^l^a^{ss of}^w^o^rk^s”^{in te}^r^m^s
^of^the^w^o^r^k^s^’^us^e^s^a^{nd us}^e^r^s^.^Se^e¹²⁰¹⁽^a)⁽¹⁾^Ex^e^m^ptio^ns^,⁶⁵^Fe^{d. Re}^g^{. 6}⁴^,⁵⁵⁶^,^64,⁵⁵^{9 (}^O^c^t^.²⁷^{, 2}⁰⁰⁰⁾⁽^“^[^T^]^h^e^s^t^a^t^utor^y
^la^ng^ua^g^e^is^a^r^g^u^a^b^l^y^am^big^uous^,^a^{nd o}ⁿ^e^c^o^uld^im^a^g^ine^aⁿ^inte^rpre^ta^tion^of^s^e^c^{tion 1}²⁰¹^(a⁾⁽¹⁾^tha^t^p^e^r^m^itte^{d a}^c^l^a^s^s^of
^w^o^rk^{s to be}^de^fⁱ^ne^{d in}^te^rm^{s of}^c^r^ite^ria^ha^vⁱ^ng^not^hi^ng^to^{do w}^ith^t^h^e^intriⁿ^sic^q^u^a^litie^{s of}^the^w^o^rk^s.”⁾^.
⁵²^S^ee,^e.^g^.^,^A^l^e^x^Curtis^,^D^M^C^A^Ex^e^m^ptions²⁰^06:^The^G^o^o^d^{, t}^h^e^B^a^{d, a}ⁿ^d^the^Be^w^ilde^rⁱⁿ^g⁽^N^ov^{. 27}^{, 200}⁶⁾^,^a^v^a^ila^ble
^{on D}^e^c^.¹⁹^,²⁰⁰⁸^{, a}^t^http^://w^w^w^.p^ublic^kⁿ^o^w^l^e^d^g^e^.org^/ⁿ^o^d^e^/^734.
⁵³^A^s^long^a^s^the^Copy^rig^h^{t Off}ⁱ^c^e^’^{s inte}^rpre^ta^ti^{on is}^re^a^s^ona^bl^e^,^c^o^u^r^{ts w}^{ill g}^r^aⁿ^{t it de}^f^e^re^nc^e^if^it^w^e^r^e^c^h^a^lle^ng^e^d^a^s^a
^ru^l^e^m^a^kiⁿ^g^actⁱ^oⁿ^.^Cou^r^t^s^con^sⁱ^d^{er w}^h^et^h^e^{r (1}^{) t}^h^{e st}^at^ut^{e p}^e^rm^{its or f}^o^rbids^aⁿ^a^g^eⁿ^c^y^’^s^inte^rpre^ta^ti^{on a}ⁿ^{d (}²^{) if}^the
^st^at^u^t^{e i}^s^un^cl^ear,^w^h^et^h^e^{r t}^h^{e agen}^cy^{’s i}ⁿ^t^e^rp^ret^a^tⁱ^oⁿⁱ^s^reasoⁿ^a^b^l^e^o^r^p^e^rmⁱ^ssi^b^l^e.^If^t^h^{e agen}^c^y^{’s i}ⁿ^t^e^rp^ret^a^tⁱ^oⁿⁱ^s
^re^a^s^ona^ble^,^the^c^ourt^w^{ill de}^f^e^{r to it. C}^h^e^v^{ron U}^.^S^.^A^{., Inc}^.^v^.^N^a^tur^a^{l Re}^s^.^D^e^f^.^Counc^{il, I}ⁿ^c^.,⁴⁶^{7 U}^.^{S. 8}³⁷⁽¹⁹⁸^{4). If}
^t^h^{e Cop}^y^ri^gh^t^Offⁱ^{ce’s i}ⁿ^t^e^rp^ret^a^tⁱ^oⁿⁱ^s^ch^al^l^eⁿ^g^ed^{as an}^adj^u^dⁱ^catⁱ^v^{e act}ⁱ^oⁿ^,^co^u^r^t^s^coⁿ^sⁱ^d^{er (1}⁾^t^h^{e t}^h^o^r^o^u^ghn^{ess o}^f^t^h^e
^evi^d^en^{ce i}ⁿ^t^h^{e agen}^cy^{’s d}^eci^si^oⁿ^;⁽²^{) t}^h^{e val}ⁱ^dⁱ^t^y^o^f^{its re}^a^s^oning^;^{(3) its c}^o^nsis^te^nc^y^w^{ith e}^a^r^lie^{r a}^{nd la}^te^r
^pr^oⁿ^o^unc^e^m^eⁿ^ts^{; a}^{nd (}⁴⁾^“^a^ll^th^os^e^f^a^c^t^or^s^w^h^ic^{h g}ⁱ^v^e^{it pow}^e^r^{to p}^e^r^s^ua^de^.”^Sk^idm^o^r^e^v^.^Swⁱ^f^{t &}^C^o^.,³²^{3 U}^.^S^.¹³⁴^,
¹⁴⁰⁽¹⁹⁴⁴⁾^.
⁵⁴¹²⁰¹⁽^a)⁽¹⁾^Ex^e^m^ptio^ns^,⁷⁰^Fe^{d. Re}^g^{. 6}⁸^,⁴⁷²^,^68,⁴⁷^3-⁷⁴⁽^N^ov^.²⁷^,²⁰⁰⁶⁾^.

DVD was loaded and displayed its introductory materials.⁵⁵ Under the exemption, professors can
copy segments to other presentation media that allow seamless transitions between materials
originally from different DVDs.

Computer programs and video games constitute important parts of modern American cultural
history, and archives and museums are thus interested in preserving them for future generations.
However, where these programs are protected by access control devices, such as hardware-
authentication, the DMCA precludes archivists from circumventing those devices even to make a
copy for preservation purposes. Under this exemption, archivists can now work around such ⁵⁷
access control devices to make preservation copies.

Some manufacturers restrict access to their copyrighted works by relying on “dongles,” or ⁵⁹
hardware locks attached to computers that interact with software to prevent unauthorized access.
But when the locks malfunction and the manufacturer is unresponsive or no longer in business,
consumers are unable to use these programs because the DMCA bars them from bypassing the
dongle to access the program. This exemption ensures that consumers facing problems with
dongles can still use their software.

People who are blind or visually impaired rely on read-aloud programs and screen readers to turn
eye-readable text into audible speech. However, some manufacturers distribute e-books with their
read-aloud and screen reader functions disabled through access control devices. People who are
blind or visually impaired cannot circumvent these access control devices to “read” the books’
content. With this exemption, they can circumvent access control devices when no version of the ⁶¹
e-book works with the read-aloud or screen reader functions.

⁵⁵^Id^.
⁵⁶^Id^.^a^t⁶⁸^,4^74-^75.
⁵⁷^Id^.
⁵⁸^Id^.^a^t⁶⁸^,4^75.
⁵⁹^Id^.
⁶⁰^Id^.^a^t⁶⁸^,4^75-^76.
⁶¹^Id^.

Cell phone companies prevent customers from “recycling” their cell phones, or using them with
other carriers once their contracts have expired, by using “software locks” to block access to the ⁶³
operating system that connects the phone to the carrier’s network. While the DMCA prohibits
circumventing software locks, this exemption allows cell phone users to bypass the software ⁶⁴
locks and change their phones over to other networks.

In November 2005, many consumers were unhappy to learn that Sony-BMG had sold them
Celine Dion, Neil Diamond, and other music compact discs that secretly installed rootkit software ⁶⁶
on their computers. Rootkit is software designed to conceal running processes, files, or systems
data from a computer’s operating system. Researchers attempting to determine the extent of the
problem and potential fixes for it were stymied in their efforts by the DMCA’s prohibition on
circumvention, which kept them from bypassing access controls on the CDs to figure out how the ⁶⁷
rootkit installation worked. With this exemption, researchers will be able to investigate and
correct similar problems in the future.
These six exemptions are effective through October 27, 2009.⁶⁸ They are the largest group of
exemptions the Librarian has granted to date, although three of these (preservation or archival
reproduction of computer programs and video games, computer programs protected by dongles, ⁶⁹
and e-books) essentially correspond to prior exemptions. The 2003 and 2006 e-book exemptions
were slightly different in that the 2003 exemption allowed circumvention only where all existing
editions of the work prevented enabling the e-book’s read-aloud function and screen reader,
whereas the 2006 exemption allows circumvention where all existing editions of the work prevent ⁷⁰
enabling the e-book’s read-aloud function or screen reader. See Appendix for a comparison of
the exemptions granted in 2000, 2003, and 2006.

⁶²^Id^.^a^t⁶⁸^,4^76-^77.
⁶³^Se^e^T^r^a^c^F^one^Wⁱ^r^e^le^s^s^,^Iⁿ^c^.^v^.^{Sol W}ⁱ^r^e^le^s^s^G^r^{oup, I}ⁿ^c^.^,^C^o^m^p^la^{int N}^o^.^05-²³²⁷^{9 (S}^.D^{. Fla}^.^{, D}^e^c^.²¹^{, 2}⁰⁰⁵^),
^a^v^a^ila^ble^{on De}^c^.¹⁹^,²⁰^08,^a^t^htt^p^://w^ww^.^c^opy^rig^h^t.g^o^v^/¹²^01/²⁰⁰⁶^/^r^e^p^ly^/^14g^ra^nic^k^_WA^.^pdf^{, a}^t^{¶ 4}²^-4^{9 (a}^lle^gⁱ^ng^a
^vⁱ^ola^tion^of¹⁷^U^.^S.C^.^§¹²⁰¹⁽^a⁾⁽¹⁾^a^g^aⁱ^ns^{t a}^c^e^{ll p}^hone^r^e^c^y^c^ling^c^o^m^p^aⁿ^y⁾^.
⁶⁴^H^o^w^e^ve^r^,^this^e^x^em^ption^doe^sⁿ^o^{t e}^x^te^{nd t}^o^tr^a^f^fⁱ^ck^ing^{in de}^vⁱ^c^e^s^tha^t^he^{lp c}^o^ns^um^e^r^s^c^h^aⁿ^g^e^theⁱ^r^c^e^{ll ph}^one^s^ov^e^r
^t^o^ot^h^e^rⁿ^e^t^w^o^r^ks,^b^ecau^{se su}^ch^t^r^affⁱ^c^kⁱⁿ^{g i}^s^co^veredⁱⁿ^{a sect}ⁱ^oⁿ^of^t^h^{e DM}^CA^t^o^w^hⁱ^c^h^t^h^{e exe}^m^p^tⁱ^oⁿ^s^d^oⁿ^o^t^app^l^y^.
^S^{ee a}^l^soⁱ^d^.^a^t^¶⁵⁰^-⁵^{8 (}^a^lle^gⁱ^ng^a^vⁱ^ola^tion^of¹⁷^U^.^S.C^.^§¹²⁰¹⁽^a⁾⁽²⁾^a^g^aⁱ^ns^{t a}^c^e^{ll p}^hone^r^e^c^y^c^ling^c^o^m^p^aⁿ^y⁾^.
⁶⁵¹²⁰¹⁽^a)⁽¹⁾^Ex^e^m^ptio^ns^,⁷⁰^Fe^{d. Re}^g^.⁶⁸⁴⁷^2,⁶⁸⁴⁷^{7 (}^N^o^v^.²⁷^,²⁰⁰⁶⁾^.
⁶⁶^Ele^c^t^r^onic^Fr^oⁿ^tie^r^F^o^u^nda^ti^on,^Ar^e^You^Iⁿ^fe^c^t^e^d^wⁱ^t^h^So^ny^-^B^M^G^’^s^Rootkⁱ^t^?^E^{FF C}^o^nfir^m^s^Se^c^r^e^t^Softw^ar^e^oⁿ¹⁹
^CDs⁽^N^ov^{. 9,}²⁰⁰⁵⁾^,^a^v^a^ila^ble^on^D^e^c^.^19,²⁰^08,^a^t^h^ttp:/^/w^w^w^.ef^f^.^o^r^g^/pr^e^s^s^/^a^r^c^h^iv^e^s^/2005^/1^1/0⁹^.
⁶⁷¹²⁰¹⁽^a)⁽¹⁾^Ex^e^m^ptio^ns^,⁷⁰^Fe^{d. Re}^g^{. 6}⁸^,⁴⁷²^,^68,⁴⁷^{7 (}^N^ov^.²⁷^{, 2}⁰⁰⁶⁾^.
⁶⁸^Id^.^a^t⁶⁸^,4^72.
⁶⁹¹²⁰¹⁽^a)⁽¹⁾^Ex^e^m^ptio^ns^,⁶⁵^Fe^{d. Re}^g^{. 6}⁴^,⁵⁵⁶^,^64,⁵⁶^{4 (}^O^c^t^.²⁷^{, 2}⁰⁰⁰⁾^;¹²⁰¹⁽^a⁾⁽¹⁾^Ex^e^m^ptions^,⁶⁸^Fe^{d. Re}^g^.⁶²^,0¹¹^,
^62,⁰¹^{3 (}^O^c^t^.^31,²⁰⁰³⁾^.
⁷⁰¹²⁰¹⁽^a)⁽¹⁾^Ex^e^m^ptio^ns^,⁷⁰^Fe^{d. Re}^g^{. 6}⁸^,⁴⁷²^,^68,⁴⁷^6-⁷⁷⁽^N^ov^.²⁷^,²⁰⁰⁶⁾^;¹²⁰¹⁽^a⁾⁽¹⁾^Ex^e^m^ptions^,⁶⁸^Fe^d.^Re^g^.
^62,⁰¹^{1, 62,}⁰¹⁴⁽^O^c^t^{. 31}^,²⁰⁰³⁾^.

The 2006 rulemaking denied all but 6 of the 74 proposed exemptions.⁷¹ Among those denied were
exemptions for
• space-shifting, which would have allowed circumvention in order to copy a lawfully
obtained audiovisual or musical work from the medium or device on which it was ⁷²
intended for use onto other media or devices;
• region-coded DVDs, which would have allowed users to play DVDs that are
engineered to work only on players coded for one geographic region on players with ⁷³
different region-codes;
• works protected by access control devices that prevent the creation of back-up copies,
which would have allowed consumers to make copies of lawfully obtained works to ⁷⁴
prevent their damage or destruction; and
• audiovisual works and sound recordings protected by broadcast flags, which could in
the future allow users to time-shift, format-shift, and record for personal use television ⁷⁵
and radio programs.
Many exemptions were denied because there was no evidence of harm, or no harm involving ⁷⁶
access control devices, and their proponents complained only of insubstantial inconvenience.
The 2006 rulemaking also marked the first time that the Copyright Office and the Librarian
rejected a preexisting exemption proposed for renewal. The exemption for compilations
consisting of lists of Internet programs blocked by filtering software, which had been granted in

2000 and 2003, was rejected in 2006 because its proponents relied on the record from three years ⁷⁷

earlier. Because proponents did not address the current market conditions or demonstrate that ⁷⁸
the exemption had been used, it was denied.

⁷¹^Rule^m^a^kⁱⁿ^g^{on Ex}^e^m^ptio^ns^fr^om^Pr^ohi^biti^{on on}^Cⁱ^r^c^um^v^eⁿ^tio^{n of Te}^c^hnol^og^ic^al^M^e^as^ur^e^s^th^at^C^oⁿ^t^r^o^l^A^{ccess t}^o
^C^opy^rⁱ^g^h^te^{d W}^o^r^k^s⁽^N^ov^.^16,²⁰⁰⁶⁾^,^a^v^a^ila^ble^oⁿ^D^e^c^.¹⁹^,²⁰^08,^a^t^http:^//w^w^w^.c^opy^rⁱ^g^h^t.g^o^v^/¹²⁰^1/²⁰⁰⁶^/^c^om^m^e^nts^/
^inde^x^.^htm^l^.
⁷²¹²⁰¹⁽^a)⁽¹⁾^Ex^e^m^ptio^ns^,⁷⁰^Fe^{d. Re}^g^{. 6}⁸^,⁴⁷²^,^68,⁴⁷^{8 (}^N^ov^.²⁷^{, 2}⁰⁰⁶⁾^.
⁷³^Id^.^a^t⁶⁸^,4^78.
⁷⁴^Id^.^U.^S^.^cop^y^ri^gh^t^l^a^w^gen^e^ral^l^y^p^r^o^vⁱ^d^{es u}^s^{ers w}ⁱ^t^h^t^h^{e ri}^gh^t^t^o^cr^eat^{e b}^acku^p^co^pⁱ^{es o}^f^co^m^p^u^t^{er pro}^g^ra^m^s^,^see¹⁷
^U.^S^.^C.^§¹¹^7,^bu^t^u^s^{ers m}^a^{y n}^o^t^cⁱ^rcu^m^v^eⁿ^t^an^{access co}ⁿ^t^ro^l^d^e^vi^{ce t}^o^exerci^{se t}^h^ei^{r ri}^gh^t^s^un^d^e^r¹⁷^U.^S^.^C.^§¹¹^7.
⁷⁵¹²⁰¹⁽^a)⁽¹⁾^Ex^e^m^ptio^ns^,⁷⁰^Fe^{d. Re}^g^.⁶⁸^,⁴⁷²^,⁶⁸^,⁴⁷⁹^(No^v^.²⁷^,²⁰⁰⁶⁾^.^Becau^{se b}^r^o^a^d^cast^f^l^{ags are}ⁿ^o^t^c^u^rren^t^l^y
^m^a^nda^te^{d f}^o^r^e^ithe^r^te^le^vⁱ^sⁱ^on^or^r^a^dio^br^oa^dc^a^s^ts^{, a}^s^the^C^opy^rⁱ^g^h^{t O}^f^fⁱ^ce^note^dⁱⁿ^t^h^e²⁰⁰⁶^r^u^le^m^a^kⁱ^ng^{, it is}^ha^r^d^t^o
^{assess e}^x^act^l^y^w^h^at^gr^an^tⁱⁿ^{g t}^hⁱ^s^exe^m^p^tⁱ^oⁿ^w^o^u^l^d^al^l^o^w^u^s^{ers t}^o^do^.^Id^{. F}^o^r^m^o^r^e^inf^o^r^m^a^{tion a}^b^o^u^t^br^oa^dc^a^s^{t f}^l^a^g^s^,
^s^e^e^C^R^S^R^e^por^{t R}^L³³⁷⁹^7,^C^opy^rⁱ^ght^Pr^ote^c^tioⁿ^{of D}ⁱ^gita^{l Te}^le^vⁱ^sⁱ^on:^The^Br^o^adc^as^{t Vi}^de^{o F}^l^a^g^,^b^y^Bria^{n T}^.^Y^e^h,
^an^d^{CRS Re}^p^o^r^t^RS2²⁴⁸⁹^,^C^o^py^rⁱ^ght^Pr^ote^c^tioⁿ^{of D}ⁱ^gita^{l A}^udi^{o R}^adi^{o Br}^o^adc^as^ts^:^The^“Au^dⁱ^o^Fl^a^g^”^,^by^B^r^ia^{n T}^.
^Yeh^.
⁷⁶^S^ee,^e.^g^.^,¹²⁰¹⁽^a⁾⁽¹⁾^Ex^e^m^ptions^,⁷⁰^Fe^{d. Re}^g^.⁶⁸^,4^72,⁶⁸^,4^{78 (}^N^o^v^.^27,²⁰⁰⁶⁾⁽^r^e^je^c^ting^aⁿ^e^x^e^m^pti^{on f}^o^r^r^e^gⁱ^on-
^co^d^e^d^D^V^{Ds b}^ecau^{se “[}^r^]^egi^oⁿ^c^o^dⁱⁿ^gⁱ^m^p^o^s^es,^at^m^o^st^,^anⁱⁿ^con^v^enⁱ^eⁿ^{ce rat}^h^{er t}^h^{an an}^act^u^a^l^o^r^lⁱ^kel^y^h^a^r^m^”).
⁷⁷^Id^.^a^t⁶⁸^,4^77-^78.
⁷⁸^Id^.

Supporters of the 2006 exemptions characterized them as beneficial to consumers generally, or to
specific user groups. Because the Librarian granted more exemptions in 2006 than in prior years, ⁷⁹
some predicted that this year’s exemptions “will open ‘big chinks’ in DMCA authority.” Others
focused specifically on the cell phone exemption, calling it “good news for consumers.
Consumers pay dearly for their phones. It’d be nice if they can keep them working with other ⁸⁰
carriers.” The Chronicle of Higher Education similarly described the exemptions allowing film
and media professors to create compilations and computer scientists to research the security flaws ⁸¹
of sound recordings and audiovisual works distributed on CD as “wins” for scholars.
Some critics of the exemptions faulted the exemptions for not going far enough in protecting
consumers. Pro-consumer groups noted that a number of the exemptions are tailored to narrow
user groups not made up of “average” consumers (e.g., the exemptions for film studies professors
and archiving computer programs), and that the exemptions that would have been most beneficial ⁸²
to consumers (e.g., space-shifting) were rejected. They also objected that the exemptions are too ⁸³
limited to counteract the negative effects of the DMCA, which “block[s] good technologies.”
In contrast, some industry groups criticized the exemptions for their potential to harm specific
industries. The cell phone exemption, in particular, generated significant opposition from cell ⁸⁴
phone carriers and industry associations. For example, in December 2006, TracFone Wireless, ⁸⁵
Inc., filed suit in federal district court in Florida challenging this exemption; however, the
lawsuit was formally withdrawn by the company in June 2007. One reason for dropping the
lawsuit, according to the company, was because TracFone has experienced success in suing
resellers that make retail purchases of thousands of new TracFone handsets, then unlock them for ⁸⁶
sale overseas. Federal courts have held that the cellphone exemption does not apply to

⁷⁹^N^e^w^Ex^e^m^ptions^Lo^os^eⁿ^D^M^C^A^Cⁱ^r^c^um^v^eⁿ^{tion Ba}^n,^C^OM^M^UNI^CA^T^I^ON^S^D^AI^L^Y^{, N}^o^v^.^28,²⁰⁰⁶⁽²⁰⁰^{6 W}^L^N^R
²⁰⁷¹⁶⁴⁹⁷⁾⁽^q^u^o^ti^ng^Inf^o^rmatio^{n W}^e^e^k^b^l^o^gger^Da^vi^d^DeJean⁾^.
⁸⁰^T^r^a^c^F^oⁿ^e^S^{eeks R}^eversa^l^o^f^Lⁱ^b^r^a^r^{y o}^f^C^o^ng^{ress R}^u^lⁱⁿ^g^{, T}^E^L^E^C^OM^M^UNI^C^A^T^I^ONS^R^EPO^R^TS^{, D}^e^c^.^15,²⁰⁰^{6 (}²⁰⁰⁶
^WL^N^R²¹⁴⁴⁰⁴¹⁶⁾⁽^q^uot^ing^J^e^a^nnine^K^eⁿⁿ^e^y^{, s}^e^nior^pol^ic^y^aⁿ^a^l^y^s^{t f}^o^r^the^C^o^ns^um^e^r^s^Uⁿ^ion)^.
⁸¹^Sc^{ott Ca}^rlso^n,^Sc^h^o^{lars W}ⁱⁿ^Ex^e^m^ptio^{ns to}^Digit^a^l-C^opy^rig^h^{t Ac}^t^{, C}^HR^O^N^.^OF^H^IG^H^E^R^E^DUC^{., D}^e^c^.^{8, 2}⁰⁰⁶^{, a}^t^A^31.
⁸²^A^l^e^x^Curtis^,^D^M^C^A^Ex^e^m^ptio^ns²⁰⁰^6:^The^G^o^od^{, the}^Ba^d,^an^{d t}^h^e^Be^w^ilde^rⁱⁿ^g⁽^N^ov^.^27,²⁰⁰⁶⁾^,^a^v^a^ila^ble^on^D^e^c^.
^{19, 20}⁰⁸^,^a^t^http^://w^w^w^.public^k^now^le^dg^e^.^org^/^no^de^/^734.^S^{ee a}^l^s^o^J^a^s^{on H}^.^T^o^k^o^r^o^,^“^S^t^u^f^fⁱⁿ^g^”^t^h^{e D}^M^CA^“^T^u^rkey”
^w^ith^{6 N}^e^w^Ex^e^m^ptio^ns^a^D^a^y^be^for^e^Th^ank^s^g^ivⁱⁿ^g^,^N^o^v^.²³^,²⁰⁰⁶^,^a^v^a^ila^ble^{on D}^e^c^.¹⁹^,²⁰⁰⁸^{, a}^t
^http:^//www^.c^hilling^e^ff^e^c^t^s.org^/^aⁿ^tic^irc^u^m^v^eⁿ^tion/^w^e^a^t^he^r.c^g^i?^W^e^a^t^he^rID=⁵⁷²^(q^uotiⁿ^g^Fre^d^v^oⁿ^L^o^hm^a^{nn, a}ⁿ
^a^ttorⁿ^e^y^f^o^r^the^Ele^c^t^r^onic^Fr^ontⁱ^e^r^Fou^nda^ti^on^{, a}^s^s^a^yⁱ^ng^tha^t^the^C^opy^rⁱ^g^h^{t O}^f^fⁱ^c^e^“m^ay^{not ha}^v^e^done^eⁿ^o^u^g^h^t^o
^be^ne^f^{it c}^ons^um^e^r^s^”⁾^.
⁸³^Sc^{ott Bra}^d^e^r^,^C^o^py^rⁱ^gh^{t L}^a^w^:^Ti^ny^C^h^a^nge^s^{, N}^ETW^O^R^K^W^OR^L^D^,^D^e^c^.^{1, 2}⁰⁰⁶^{, a}^t³⁶^.
⁸⁴^T^r^a^c^F^oⁿ^e^S^{eeks R}^eversa^l^o^f^Lⁱ^b^r^a^r^{y o}^f^C^o^ng^{ress R}^u^lⁱⁿ^g^{, T}^E^L^E^C^OM^M^UNI^C^A^T^I^ONS^R^EPO^R^TS⁽^D^ec^{. 15,}²⁰⁰⁶⁾⁽²⁰⁰⁶
^WL^N^R²¹⁴⁴⁰⁴¹⁶⁾^.
⁸⁵^T^r^a^c^F^one^Wⁱ^re^le^{ss, Inc}^.^v^.^Billin^g^t^{on, C}^o^m^p^la^{int No.}⁰⁶^-2²⁹^{42 (}^S^{.D. Fla}^{., De}^c^.^5,²⁰^06),^a^v^a^ila^ble^{on De}^c^.¹⁹^,²⁰⁰⁸^,
^{at h}^ttp^://b^lo^g^.^wⁱ^red^.^co^m^/²⁷^b^s^tro^k^e6^/f^iles/^tracef^oⁿ^e^.p^d^f^{. T}^r^acFoⁿ^e^arg^u^ed^{, f}ⁱ^{rst, th}^{at t}^h^{is ex}^em^p^tioⁿ^w^a^{s p}^r^o^m^u^l^g^a^tedⁱⁿ
^vi^o^l^atⁱ^o^{n o}^f^t^h^{e A}^d^mⁱⁿⁱ^st^ratⁱ^v^{e P}^r^o^ced^u^r^{e A}^c^t^b^ecau^{se t}^h^{e Co}^p^y^ri^g^h^t^Of^fⁱ^c^e^fai^l^e^d^t^o^p^r^o^vⁱ^d^{e ad}^e^q^u^a^t^eⁿ^o^tⁱ^{ce and}
^o^p^p^o^r^t^uⁿⁱ^t^y^t^o^co^m^m^en^t^;^act^ed^arbⁱ^t^r^ari^l^y^,^cap^ri^ci^o^u^s^l^y^,ⁱⁿ^ab^u^s^e^o^f^dⁱ^scretⁱ^o^n,^and^no^tⁱⁿ^acco^rd^aⁿ^{ce w}ⁱ^t^h^t^h^{e l}^a^w^;^an^d
^g^r^aⁿ^te^{d a}^v^a^g^u^e^a^{nd ov}^e^r^ly^br^oa^d^e^x^em^ption.^Id^.^a^t^¶^37-³⁸^{. T}^r^a^c^F^one^f^u^r^t^he^r^a^r^g^u^e^d^tha^t^the^D^M^C^A^’^s^de^le^g^a^{tion of}
^rule^m^a^kⁱ^ng^a^u^thority^{to t}^h^e^Lⁱ^bra^r^ia^{n of}^Cong^re^{ss a}^nd^the^Re^gⁱ^ste^r^of^Copy^rig^h^{ts is e}^ithe^r^aⁿ^uⁿ^c^o^nstituti^ona^{l i}ⁿ^tra^-
^braⁿ^c^h^de^le^g^a^tion^of^Cong^re^{ss’s le}^gⁱ^sla^tiv^e^powe^r^{or a}ⁿ^uⁿ^c^o^nstitu^tⁱ^ona^{l e}^x^e^r^cⁱ^se^of^e^x^e^c^utiv^e^pow^e^r^by^the^le^gⁱ^sla^tiv^e
^b^r^an^ch^.^Id^.^at^{¶ 4}⁶^-4⁷^.
⁸⁶^David^Kravets,^Ruling^All^o^w^s^C^e^{ll Ph}^one^Uⁿ^loc^kⁱⁿ^g^,^but^Te^lc^o^Su^e^s^Any^w^ay^,^W^IR^ED^,^A^u^g^.^{8, 2}⁰⁰⁷^,^a^v^a^ila^ble^on
^De^c^.^19,²⁰^08,^a^t^h^ttp:/^/www^.^w^ir^e^d^.c^om^/^p^o^litic^s/^onliⁿ^e^r^ig^hts/^ne^ws^/20^07/^08/^tra^c^f^one^.

companies that purchase and unlock TracFone handsets in bulk “for the purpose of reselling those
handsets for a profit, and not for the sole purpose of lawfully connecting to a wireless telephone ⁸⁷
communication network.” However, some legal scholars and other observers have questioned
whether these judicial opinions have interpreted the cellphone exemption too narrowly and, as a ⁸⁸
result, have rendered the exemption effectively “useless.”

Representative Rick Boucher introduced H.R. 1201, the Freedom and Innovation Revitalizing ^th
U.S. Entrepreneurship Act of 2007 (FAIR USE Act of 2007), in the 110 Congress; the bill was
later referred to the House Subcommittee on Courts, the Internet, and Intellectual Property.
Section 3(a) of H.R. 1201 would have codified the Librarian of Congress’s 2006 exemptions and
made them permanent (rather than have them be subject to renewal, revision, or rejection in
2009). In addition, Section 3(b) of the bill would have authorized six additional exemptions, for
the following circumstances in which technological protection measures may be circumvented:
⁽¹⁾ⁱⁿ^str^u^c^t^o^r^s^wⁱ^shⁱⁿ^g^to^m^a^k^e^a^co^m^p^ilatioⁿ^o^f^p^o^r^tioⁿ^s^o^f^a^u^dⁱ^o^vⁱ^s^u^a^l^w^o^r^k^s^f^o^r
^ed^u^catioⁿ^a^l^u^s^{e i}ⁿ^{a c}^l^assr^o^o^m⁽^aⁿ^d^th^er^e^f^o^r^{e n}^o^t^li^m^ited^so^lel^y^to^co^lleg^e^-^l^e^v^el^m^e^dⁱ^a
^stu^d^ie^{s co}^u^r^{ses, as i}ⁿ^t^h^{e Lib}^r^ar^ian^’^{s f}ⁱ^r^s^{t ex}^e^m^p^tioⁿ⁾^;
⁽²⁾^co^nsu^m^e^r^s^w^a^ntⁱ^{ng t}^o^s^kⁱ^p^p^a^st^o^r^a^v^oⁱ^d^co^mme^r^cⁱ^a^l^s^or^pers^on^al^l^y^obj^ectⁱ^oⁿ^a^bl^e^con^t^ent
ⁱⁿ^aⁿ^au^dⁱ^o^vⁱ^s^u^al^w^o^r^k⁽^h^o^w^e^v^er^{, th}^e^sp^oⁿ^so^r^o^f^t^h^{e b}^{ill ca}^u^tioⁿ^s^t^h^{at t}^hⁱ^s^p^r^o^v^isioⁿ^“^d^o^e^s⁸⁹
ⁿ^o^{t au}^t^h^{orize con}^s^um^er^s^to^m^a^k^e^back^u^p^DVD^s^f^o^{r arch}ⁱ^v^al^{or any}^oth^e^{r pu}^rpos^e”);
⁽³⁾^coⁿ^s^u^m^er^sⁱⁿ^ter^e^s^t^edⁱⁿ^tr^aⁿ^s^m^ittⁱⁿ^g^a^w^o^r^k^o^v^er^{a h}^o^m^e^o^r^p^e^r^s^oⁿ^{al n}^e^t^w^o^r^k^,^b^u^{t n}^o^{t i}ⁿ
^o^r^d^e^r^t^o^u^p^lo^ad^th^at^w^o^r^k^to^th^{e I}ⁿ^terⁿ^et^f^o^r^m^a^{ss, i}ⁿ^dⁱ^scrⁱ^mⁱⁿ^a^{te r}^e^dⁱ^strⁱ^b^u^tioⁿ^;
^{(4) in}^divⁱ^du^a^l^s^wⁱ^s^hⁱⁿ^{g to}^g^aⁱⁿ^acces^s^{to o}ⁿ^{e or}^m^o^{re pu}^{blic d}^o^m^aⁱⁿ^w^o^rk^s^t^h^{at are}ⁱⁿ^cl^u^d^ed⁹⁰
ⁱⁿ^{a co}^m^p^ilatioⁿ^coⁿ^sⁱ^s^tiⁿ^g^p^rⁱ^m^ar^il^y^o^f^w^o^r^k^{s i}ⁿ^t^h^{e p}^u^b^lic^d^o^m^aiⁿ^;
⁽⁵⁾^reporte^rs^{, teach}^ers^,^an^{d ot}^h^e^rs^w^aⁿ^t^ing^to^g^aⁱⁿ^acces^s^{to a w}^o^rk^of^s^u^bs^{tantial pu}^blic
ⁱⁿ^ter^e^st^so^lel^y^f^o^r^p^u^r^p^o^s^es^o^f^cr^iticis^m^,^co^m^m^eⁿ^t^,ⁿ^e^w^s^r^e^p^o^r^tin^g^,^sc^h^o^lar^s^hⁱ^p^,^o^r^r^e^sear^ch^;
^an^d

⁸⁷^T^r^a^c^F^one^Wⁱ^r^e^le^s^s^,^Iⁿ^c^.^v^.^Dⁱ^x^{on, 47}⁵^F.S^u^p^p^.2^d¹²^36,¹²³⁸⁽^M^.D^.Fla^{. 2}⁰⁰⁷⁾^;^{see a}^l^s^o^T^r^acF^oⁿ^e^Wⁱ^rel^e^ss,^In^c.^v.
^G^S^M^G^r^oup,^Iⁿ^c^{., 55}^{5 F.S}^u^p^p^.2^{d 133}^{1, 13}³⁷⁽^S^.D^.^F^la^{. 20}⁰⁸⁾^.
⁸⁸^P^r^o^f^esso^{r Reb}^{ecca T}^u^shⁿ^e^t^,^Tr^ac^Fone^wⁱ^ns^a^not^he^r^D^M^C^A^r^o^uⁿ^d^,^Reb^{ecca T}^u^shⁿ^e^t^’^{s 4}³⁽^B)l^o^g,^avai^l^a^b^l^{e on}^Dec.
^{19, 20}⁰⁸^,^a^t^http^://t^ushne^t.^bl^og^spot.c^om^/200^8/^06/tra^c^f^one^-w^ins-a^nothe^r-dm^c^a^-roun^d.htm^l^(“^[^T^]he^e^x^e^m^{ption o}ⁿ^ly^ha^s
^meanⁱⁿ^{g i}^fⁱ^t^al^l^o^w^s^p^e^o^p^l^{e t}^o^op^en^t^h^e^p^h^oⁿ^e^{s and}^resel^l^t^h^em^,^b^e^c^a^u^s^{e o}^t^h^e^rwⁱ^s^{e t}^h^{e exe}^m^p^tⁱ^oⁿⁱ^s^usel^ess.^”);^{see a}^l^so
^J^ohn^H^a^ube^nr^eⁱ^c^h^,^T^h^e^iPh^one^an^{d the}^D^M^C^A^:^L^o^c^kⁱ^ng^the^H^aⁿ^d^s^{of C}^o^ns^um^e^r^s^,⁶¹^V^AN^D^.^L.^R^EV^{. 150}^7,¹⁵⁴²⁽^O^c^t^.
²⁰⁰⁸⁾⁽^not^ing^tha^t^a^s^a^r^e^s^u^{lt of}^th^e^s^e^c^our^{t c}^a^s^e^s^{, “}^[^a^]^{n e}^x^e^m^ption^g^r^aⁿ^ting^pr^ote^c^tⁱ^{on f}^o^r^unl^oc^kⁱ^ng^c^e^{ll pho}^ne^s^by
^indivⁱ^d^u^a^l^c^o^ns^um^e^r^s^w^ould^not^a^pply^{to th}^os^e^te^c^hnic^a^lly^s^k^ille^{d e}^noug^h^a^c^t^ua^lly^{to do}^the^un^loc^kⁱⁿ^g^.^T^hus^{, the}^only
^pe^ople^le^g^a^lly^a^b^le^{to u}ⁿ^loc^k^p^h^oⁿ^e^s^w^{ould be}^or^dⁱ^na^r^y^c^ons^um^e^r^{s, f}^e^w^of^w^hom^ha^ve^the^k^now^le^dge^a^{nd t}^ools
ⁿ^ecessar^y^t^o^uⁿ^l^o^c^{k a ph}^on^e.^”).
⁸⁹¹⁵^{3 C}^o^ng^{. R}^e^c^.^E⁴⁰⁸⁽^E^x^t^eⁿ^sⁱ^oⁿ^of^R^e^m^a^r^k^s^,^Fe^{b. 2}⁷^,²⁰⁰⁷⁾⁽^s^ta^te^m^e^{nt of}^R^e^{p. B}^o^uc^he^r⁾^.
⁹⁰^T^h^e^s^pons^o^r^of^H^.^R^.¹²^{01 e}^x^plaⁱ^ne^{d t}^h^a^t^the^pur^pos^e^of^this^e^x^em^ptio^{n is}^t^o^“^p^r^e^c^l^u^d^e^c^o^nteⁿ^t^ow^ne^r^s^f^r^o^m^deⁿ^y^ing
^t^h^{e pu}^b^lⁱ^c^{access t}^o^pu^blⁱ^c^do^m^aⁱⁿ^w^o^{rks si}^m^p^l^y^b^y^rep^a^c^k^a^gⁱⁿ^{g t}^h^e^m^wⁱ^t^h^on^{e o}^r^m^o^{re co}^p^y^ri^gh^t^e^d^w^o^{rks an}^d^t^h^en
^ap^p^l^yⁱⁿ^g^{a d}ⁱ^gi^t^a^l^l^o^{ck t}^o^rest^ri^ct^o^r^d^eⁿ^y^{access t}^o^al^l^o^f^t^h^{e w}^o^rks.^”^Id^.

^{(6) a l}ⁱ^b^ra^ry^{or an}^archⁱ^v^{e s}^a^tⁱ^sfyⁱ^ng^t^h^{e requ}ⁱ^r^e^m^eⁿ^t^s^o^f^{17 U}^.^S^.^C^.^{§ 108(a}⁾⁽²^),⁹¹ⁿ^eedⁱⁿ^g^to
^pres^erv^e^{or s}^ecu^{re a copy}^{or to}^{replace a c}^opyⁱⁿ^it^s^collection^s^th^{at i}^s^da^m^a^g^e^d,
^det^e^ri^oratⁱⁿ^g^,^l^o^s^t^{, or s}^t^ol^en^.

The 2006 exemptions to the DMCA’s prohibition on circumvention of technological measures
controlling access to copyrighted works allows users, under certain circumstances, to circumvent
those access controls in order to (1) make compilations of video clips for film and media studies
courses; (2) archive obsolete computer programs or games; (3) bypass “dongles,” or hardware
locks, that are obsolete; (4) use read-aloud functions or screen readers with e-books; (5) connect
wireless telephone handsets to communication networks; and (6) test for or correct security flaws
in works distributed on CD. These exemptions are effective until October 27, 2009, at which time
they will be superseded by new exemptions issued by the Librarian of Congress, on the
recommendation of the Register of Copyrights, following a notice-and-comment rulemaking ^th
proceeding conducted pursuant to 17 U.S.C. § 1201(a)(1). H.R. 1201, introduced in the 110
Congress, would not have altered the triennial rulemaking proceeding, but rather would have
codified the 2006 exemptions and statutorily authorize six new exemptions to Section 1201 of the
DMCA. The outcome of the fourth § 1201 rulemaking proceeding, currently underway and ^th
scheduled for completion by fall of 2009, will likely influence whether the 111 Congress
considers similar or other legislation relating to DMCA exemptions.

⁹¹^{17 U}^.^S.C^.^§¹⁰⁸⁽^a⁾⁽²⁾^r^e^quir^e^s^t^h^a^t^“^t^he^c^o^lle^c^tio^ns^of^the^li^br^a^r^y^or^a^r^c^h^iv^e^s^a^r^e⁽ⁱ⁾^ope^{n t}^o^t^h^e^p^ublⁱ^c^{, or}⁽ⁱⁱ⁾
^a^v^a^ila^ble^{not o}ⁿ^ly^{to re}^se^a^r^c^h^e^r^{s a}^f^f^ilia^te^{d w}^{ith the}^libra^ry^or^a^r^c^h^iv^e^s^{or w}^{ith the}ⁱⁿ^stit^utioⁿ^of^w^h^ic^{h it is a}^pa^rt^{, b}^u^t
^al^so^t^o^o^t^h^e^r^p^e^rson^{s do}ⁱⁿ^{g research}ⁱⁿ^{a s}^p^eci^alⁱ^zed^fⁱ^el^d^.^”

²⁰⁰⁰^a²⁰⁰³^b²⁰⁰⁶^c
^{1. Compilations consisting of}^{1. Compilations consisting of lists}^of^{1. Audiovisual works included in the}
^{lists of websites blocked by}^Inter^{net p}^rograms^{blocked by}^{educational library of a college or}
^{filtering software ap}^plications.^{filtering software.}^{university’s film or media studies}
^{2. Literary works, including}^{2. Computer}^programs^protecte^d^department^whe^{n circu}^mvention^is^{accomplished for the}^pu^{rpose of}^making
^{computer programs}^and^{by dongles that}^preve^{nt acce}^{ss d}^ue^{compilations of portions of these}^works
^{databases, protected b}^y^access^{to malfunction or damage, or whi}^ch^{for educational use in t}^{he classro}^om.
^{control mechanisms t}^{hat fail to}^{are obsolete.}
^{permit access}^beca^{use of}^{3. Computer}^programs^{and video}^{2. Preservation or arc}^{hival repro}^{duction of}
^{malfunction, damage or}^{games distributed in format}^{s that}^computer^programs^{and video games}
^{obsoleteness.}^{have be}^{come obsolete and re}^quir^e^{distributed in formats t}^{hat ha}^{ve b}^ecome
^{original hardware or media as a}^{obsolete and that re}^{quire t}^{he ori}^ginal^{media or hardware as a}^conditio^{n of}
^{condition of access.}^access.
^{4. Literary works in}^{e-book form}^at,^{3. Computer}^programs^protecte^{d by}
^{when all existing editions of the}^{dongles that pre}^{vent ac}^{cess due}^t^o
^{work contain access}^{controls tha}^t^{malfunction or damage a}^{nd which}^are
^preve^{nt ena}^{bling the e-}^{book’s read-}^obsolete.
^{aloud function and s}^creen^reader^s
^{to read the text}^{into specialized}^{4. Literary works distrib}^{uted in e}^-book
^format.^{format whe}^{n all existing e-book editions}
^{contain access co}^{ntrols that}^prev^ent
^{enabling the}^{read-aloud function}^{or screen}
^readers.
^{5. Computer}^programs^{in the}^for^{m of}
^{firmware ena}^{bling wireless teleph}^one
^{handsets to con}^{nect to comm}^uni^cation
^{networks, whe}^{n the}^circumv^enti^{on is for}
^{the p}^u^r^{pose of conne}^{cting to a}
^{communication network.}
^{6. Good faith testing, investigating or}
^{correcting of sec}^{urity flaws or}
^vulnera^{bilities in sound recordings and AV}
^{works distributed in CD format.}
^Sources:
^a.^{1201(a)(1) Exemptions}^{, 6}⁵^{Fed. Reg. 64,55}^{5 (Oct. 2}^{7, 2}⁰⁰^{0), availa}^{ble on Dec. 19, 2}⁰⁰^{8, at}
^{http://www.copyright.gov/fedreg/}²⁰⁰^0/^65fr⁶⁴⁵⁵^5.html.
^b.^{1201(a)(1) Exemptions}^{, 6}⁸^{Fed. Reg. 62,01}^{1 (Oct. 3}^{1, 2}⁰⁰^{3), availa}^{ble on Dec. 19, 2}⁰⁰^{8, at}
^{http://www.copyright.gov/fedreg/}²⁰⁰^3/^68fr²⁰^11.^html.
^c.^{1201(a)(1) Exemptions}^{, 7}⁰^{Fed. Reg. 68,47}^{2 (Nov. 2}^{7, 20}^{06), available on Dec. 19, 2}⁰⁰^{8, at}
^{http://www.copyright.gov/fedreg/}²⁰⁰^6/^71fr⁶⁸⁴⁷^2.html.

^B^rⁱ^a^{n T}^.^Y^e^h
^L^e^gⁱ^s^l^at^iv^{e A}^t^torn^e^y
^by^e^h^@^c^rs^.l^oc.g^ov^{, 7}^-⁵¹⁸²