Air Quality: Multi-Pollutant Legislation in the 110th Congress

Air Quality: Multi-Pollutant Legislation
th
in the 110 Congress
Updated February 11, 2008
Larry Parker
Specialist in Energy Policy
Resources, Science, and Industry Division
John Blodgett
Specialist in Environmental Policy
Resources, Science, and Industry Division

Air Quality: Multi-Pollutant Legislation
in the 110^th Congress
Summary
With the prospect of new layers of complexity being added to air pollution
controls, and with electricity restructuring putting a premium on economic efficiency,
interest is being expressed in finding mechanisms to achieve health and
environmental goals in simpler, more cost-effective ways. The electric utility
industry is a major source of air pollution, particularly sulfur dioxide (SO²), nitrogen
oxides (NOx), and mercury (Hg), as well as unregulated greenhouse gases,
particularly carbon dioxide (CO²). At issue is whether a new approach to
environmental protection could achieve the nation’s air quality goals more cost-
effectively than the current system.
One approach being proposed is a “multi-pollutant” strategy — a framework
based on a consistent set of emissions caps, implemented through emissions trading.
Just how the proposed approach would fit with the current (and proposed) diverse
regulatory regimes remains to be worked out; they might be replaced to the greatest
extent feasible, or they might be overlaid by the framework of emissions caps.
In February 2002, the Bush Administration announced two air quality initiatives.
The first, “Clear Skies,” would amend the Clean Air Act to place emission caps on
electric utility emissions of SO², NOx, and Hg. Implemented through a tradeable
allowance program, the emissions caps would generally be imposed in two phases:
2008 and 2018. “Clear Skies” was re-introduced in the 109^th Congress as S. 131. The
second initiative begins a voluntary greenhouse gas reduction program. This plan,
rather than capping CO² emissions, focuses on improving the carbon efficiency of the
economy, reducing 2002 emissions of 183 metric tons per million dollars of GDP to

151 metric tons per million dollars of GDP in 2012.

In the 110^th Congress, five bills have been introduced that would impose multi-
pollutant controls on utilities. They are all four-pollutant proposals that include
carbon dioxide. S. 1168 and S. 1177 are revised versions of S. 2724, introduced in
the 109^th Congress. S. 1201 and S. 1554 are expanded and revised versions of S.
150, introduced in the 109^th Congress, while H.R. 3989 is a new proposal. All of
these bills involve some form of emission caps, beginning in the 2009-2012 time
frame, with all but S. 1554 including a second phase in 2013-2015 (CO² only for
H.R. 3989). They would employ a tradeable credit program to implement the SO²,
NOx, and CO² caps; all but H.R. 3989 permit plant-wide averaging in complying
with the Hg requirements. The provisions concerning SO², NOx, and Hg in the 110^th
Congress bills are generally more stringent than the comparable provisions of S. 131
of the 109^th Congress. It is difficult to compare the CO² caps contained in these bills
with the Administration’s proposal concerning CO² — both because the
Administration’s proposal is voluntary rather than mandatory and because it is
broader (covering all greenhouse gas emissions rather than just utility CO²
emissions).

Contents
In troduction ......................................................1
The Bush Administration’s Proposals..................................2
Proposed Legislation and Legislative Action in the 110^th Congress...........3
Allowance Allocations for SO², NOx, and CO².......................4
Hg Controls..................................................4
CO² Reduction Requirements....................................4
Related Regulatory Provisions....................................5
Appendix. Comparison of Multi-Pollutant Control Proposals...............7
List of Tables
Table 1. Emissions from U.S. Fossil-Fuel Electric Generating Plants.........1

Air Quality: Multi-Pollutant Legislation
th
in the 110 Congress
Introduction
Electric utility generating facilities are a major source of air pollution. The
combustion of fossil fuels (petroleum, natural gas, and coal), which accounts for
about two-thirds of U.S. electricity generation, results in the emission of a stream of
gases. These gases include several pollutants that directly pose risks to human health¹
and welfare, including particulate matter (PM), sulfur dioxide (SO²), nitrogen oxides
(NOx), and mercury (Hg). Particulate matter, SO², and NOx are currently regulated
under the Clean Air Act (CAA), and the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has
promulgated rules to regulate mercury beginning in 2010. Other gases may pose²
indirect risks, notably carbon dioxide (CO²), which contributes to global warming.
Table 1 provides estimates of SO², NOx, and CO² emissions from electric generating
facilities. Annual emissions of Hg from utility facilities are more uncertain; current
estimates indicate about 48 tons. Utilities are subject to an array of environmental
regulations, which affect in different ways both the cost of operating existing
generating facilities and the cost of constructing new ones.
Table 1. Emissions from U.S. Fossil-Fuel Electric
Generating Plants
(thousands of metric tons)
Emissions 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005
SO² 11,297 11,174 10,881 10,646 10,309 10,340
NOx 5,380 5,290 5,194 4,532 4,143 3,961
CO² 2,429,394 2,389,745 2,395,048 2,415,680 2,456,934 2,513,609
^Source:^Eⁿ^e^r^gy^Iⁿ^fo^r^m^a^tⁱ^o^{n A}^d^mⁱⁿⁱ^st^r^a^tⁱ^o^n.
^No^te:^In^clu^d^es^em^is^sⁱ^on^s^f^r^om^com^bⁱⁿ^ed-^h^eat-^aⁿ^d^-^pow^{er plan}^ts^.
The evolution of air pollution controls over time and as a result of growing
scientific understanding of health and environmental impacts has led to a

¹ Particulate matter is regulated depending on the particle size; current regulations address
particles less than 10 microns in diameter (PM¹⁰); the EPA has promulgated regulations for
particles less than 2.5 microns in diameter (PM^2.5) that are in the process of being
implemented. SO² and NOx emissions would be affected by regulations of PM^2.5.
² In addition, steam-electric utilities produce minor amounts of volatile organic compounds
(VOCs), carbon monoxide (CO), and lead — on the order of 2% or less of all sources.

multilayered and interlocking patchwork of controls. Moreover, additional controls
are in the process of development, particularly with respect to NOx as a precursor to
ozone, to both NOx and SO² as contributors to PM^2.5, and to Hg as a toxic air
pollutant. Also, under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate
Change (UNFCCC), the United States agreed to voluntary limits on CO² emissions.
The current Bush Administration has rejected the Kyoto Protocol, which would
impose mandatory limits, in favor of a voluntary reduction program. In contrast to
the Administration’s position, in June 2005, the Senate passed a Sense of the Senate
calling for mandatory controls on greenhouse gases that would be designed not to
impose significant harm on the economy.³
For many years, the complexity of the air quality control regime has caused
some observers to call for a simplified approach. Now, with the potential both for
additional control programs on SO² and NOx and for new controls directed at Hg and
CO² intersecting with the technological and policy changes affecting the electric
utility industry, such calls for simplification have become more numerous and
insistent. One focus of this effort is the “multi-pollutant” or “four-pollutant”
approach. This approach involves a mix of regulatory and economic mechanisms
that would apply to utility emissions of up to four pollutants in various proposals —
SO², NOx, Hg, and CO². The objective would be to balance the environmental goal
of effective controls across the pollutants covered with the industry goal of a stable
regulatory regime for a period of years.
The Bush Administration’s Proposals
In February 2002, the Bush Administration announced two air quality proposals⁴
to address the control of emissions of SO², NOx, Hg, and CO². The first proposal,
called “Clear Skies,” would amend the Clean Air Act to place emission caps on
electric utility emissions of SO², NOx, and Hg. Implemented through a tradeable
allowance program, the emissions caps would be imposed in two phases: 2010 (2008
in the case of NOx) and 2018. As part of a complete rewrite of Title IV of the Clean
Air Act, the Administration’s proposal was introduced in the 108^th Congress as H.R.
999 and S. 485. Revised versions of Clear Skies legislation were introduced in the

109^th Congress as H.R. 227 and S. 131.⁵ The proposal has not been reintroduced in^th

the 110 Congress.

³ S.Amdt. 866 to H.R. 6, The Energy Policy Act of 2005 (June 22, 2005).
⁴ Papers outlining the Administration’s proposals are available from the White House
website: [http://www.whitehouse.gov/news/releases/2002/02/clearskies.html] for the three
pollutant proposal, and [http://www.whitehouse.gov/news/releases/2002/02/climatechange.
html] for the climate change initiative.
⁵ For a further discussion of the Administration’s Clear Skies proposal, see CRS Report
RL32782, Clear Skies and the Clean Air Act: What’s the Difference? by Larry Parker and
James E. McCarthy, and CRS Report RL33165, Cost and Benefits of Clear Skies: EPA’s
Analysis of Multi-Pollutant Clean Air Bills, by James E. McCarthy and Larry B. Parker.
Although H.R. 227 adopted the SO² and NOx emission caps of the Administration’s Clear
Skies proposal, it did not include many other provisions, including regulatory changes.

The second Administration proposal initiates a new voluntary greenhouse gas
reduction program, similar to ones introduced by the earlier George H. W. Bush and
Clinton Administrations.⁶ Developed in response to the U.S. ratification of the 1992
UNFCCC, these previous plans projected U.S. compliance, or near compliance, with
the UNFCCC goal of stabilizing greenhouse gas emissions at their 1990 levels by the
year 2000 through voluntary measures. The Bush Administration proposal does not
make that claim, projecting only a 100 million metric ton reduction in emissions from
what would occur otherwise in the year 2012. Total emissions would continue to
rise. Instead, the plan focuses on improving the carbon efficiency of the economy,
reducing 2002 emissions of 183 metric tons per million dollars of GDP to 151 metric
tons per million dollars of GDP in 2012. It proposes several voluntary initiatives,
along with increased spending and tax incentives, to achieve this goal. The
Administration notes that the new initiatives would achieve about one-quarter of the
objective, while three-quarters of the projected reduction is seen as occurring through
existing efforts.
Proposed Legislation and Legislative Action
in the 110^th Congress
In the 110^th Congress, five bills have been introduced that would impose multi-
pollutant controls on utilities. They are all four-pollutant proposals that include
carbon dioxide. S. 1168, introduced by Senator Alexander, and S. 1177, introduced
by Senator Carper, are revised versions of S. 2724, introduced in the 109^th Congress.
S. 1201, introduced by Senator Sanders, and S. 1554, introduced by Senator Collins,
are similar but revised versions of S. 150, introduced in the 109^th Congress.⁷ In
contrast, H.R. 3989, introduced by Representative McHugh, represents a new
proposal. All of these bills involve some form of emission caps, beginning in 2009-
2012 time frame. S. 1168, S. 1177, and S. 1201 include a second phase beginning in
2013-2015; H.R. 3989 includes a multi-phase program for CO² only. They would
employ a tradeable credit program to implement the SO², NOx, and CO² caps while
all but H.R. 3989 permit plant-wide averaging in complying with the Hg
requirements. The provisions concerning SO², NOx, and Hg in the five bills are
generally more stringent than the comparable provisions of S. 131 of the 109^th
Congress. It is difficult to compare the CO² caps contained in these bills with the
Administration’s proposal concerning CO² — both because the Administration’s
proposal is voluntary rather than mandatory and because it is broader (covering all
greenhouse gas emissions rather than just utility CO² emissions).
The five bills are summarized in the Appendix. Each of these bills generally
builds on the SO² allowance trading scheme contained in Title IV of the 1990 Clean

⁶ For a discussion of those previous plans, see CRS Report 94-404, Climate Change Action
Plans, by Larry Parker and John Blodgett (out of print, available from the authors).
⁷ Besides its multi-pollutant control provisions for electric utilities, S. 1544 contains
separate titles on transportation fuel efficiency, renewable fuels, elimination of certain tax
provisions for the oil industry, and research on abrupt climate change.

Air Act Amendments (CAAA).⁸ Under this program, utilities are given a specific
allocation of permitted emissions (allowances) and may choose to use those
allowances at their own facilities, or, if they do not use their full quota, to bank them
for future use or to sell them to other utilities needing additional allowances.
Allowance Allocations for SO², NOx, and CO²
All five bills introduced in the 110^th Congress provide for a tradeable allowance
scheme to implement their emission caps on SO², NOx, and CO². However,
allowance allocation schemes in the bills differ, with S. 1201 and S. 1554 containing
detailed provisions for allocating SO², NOx, and CO² allowances to various
economic sectors and interests. In most cases, these interests (or their trustees in the
case of households and dislocated workers and communities) would auction off (or
otherwise sell) their allowances to the affected utilities and use the collected funds
for their own purposes. In addition, S. 1201 requires the increasing use of auctions,
mandating 100% of the annual allowance allocation be auctioned within 15 years of
enactment.
In contrast, S. 1168 bases its allowance formulas on fuel usage adjusted by
factors specified in the bill, along with a requirement that 25% of the allowances be
auctioned.
S. 1177 specifies CO² and NOx limitations based on electricity output, and SO²
limitations based on the current Title IV program. The bill sets a schedule for
increasing the percentage of the annual allowance allocation that is to be auctioned
with 100% required in 2036 and thereafter.
Finally, H.R. 3989 auctions 100% of its CO² allowances while providing
discretion to EPA to allocate SO² and NOx allowances.
Hg Controls
On mercury, all five bills focus on achieving a 90% reduction by 2011 (S. 1554
and H.R. 3989), 2013 (S. 1201) or 2015 (S. 1168 and S. 1177). In contrast, the
emissions goal of S. 131 of the 109^th Congress would have allowed about three times
more emissions and three to five more years for compliance. In addition, all but H.R.
3989 restrict Hg credit trading to plant-wide averaging of emissions, in contrast with
the cap-and-trade program of S. 131. H.R. 3989 is even more stringent, imposing the
emissions rate limitation on a unit-by-unit basis.
CO² Reduction Requirements
The bills currently introduced in the 110^th Congress specify CO² reductions. In
contrast, the Administration’s CO² proposal relies on various voluntary programs and
incentives to encourage reductions in greenhouse gases from diverse sources,
including CO² emissions from electric generation. These voluntary reductions should
not be taken as a given, as neither the George H. W. Bush Administration’s nor the

⁸ P.L. 101-549.

Clinton Administration’s voluntary programs achieved their stated goals. Thus, in
one sense, comparing a mandatory reduction program such as that proposed by S.
1168, S. 1177, S. 1201, and S. 1554 with the Administration’s voluntary program is
comparing apples to oranges. The first is legally binding, the second has been
criticized as merely an exhortation.
The CO² reduction requirements of S. 1168, S. 1201, and S. 1554 are similar,
except that S. 1201 and S. 1554 requires affected sources also offset CO² emissions
from small electric generating units. In contrast, S. 1177 imposes a cap that starts out
slightly higher than the other two bills and declines on a slower schedule. Finally,
H.R. 3989 has the most detailed reduction scheme with substantial reductions from
coal-fired facilities scheduled through 2050.
All but H.R. 3989 have provisions to create offsets and facilitate sequestration
efforts. Among its titles, S. 1168 has extensive provisions providing for greenhouse
gas offsets from landfill methane (CH⁴), sulfur hexafluoride (SF⁶) projects,
afforestation or reforestation, energy efficiency, agricultural practices (manure
management), and biomass. The provisions in S. 1177 include allowance allocations
for incremental nuclear capacity, clean coal technology, and renewable energy, along
with programs to encourage sequestration. Likewise, S. 1554 includes allowance
allocations to encourage renewable energy, energy efficiency, and sequestration.
Finally, S. 1201 requires the EPA to develop standards for providing allowances for
geologic and biological sequestration.
Related Regulatory Provisions
In addition to emissions caps, S. 131 of the 109^th Congress would have
substantially modified or eliminated several provisions in the Clean Air Act with
respect to electric generating facilities. The bill would have eliminated New Source
Performance Standards (NSPS) (Section 111) and replaced them with statutory
standards for SO², NOx, particulate matter, and Hg for new sources. Modified
sources could have also opted to comply with these new statutory standards and be
exempted from the applicable Best Available Control Technology (BACT)
determinations under Prevention of Significant Deterioration (PSD) provisions
(CAA, Part C) or Lowest Achievable Emissions Rate (LAER) determinations under
non-attainment provisions (CAA, Part D). Compliance with these provisions would
have exempted such facilities from New Source Review (NSR), PSD-BACT
requirements, visibility Best Available Retrofit Technology (BART) requirements,
Maximum Achievable Control Technology (MACT) requirements for Hg, and non-
attainment LAER and offset requirements. The exemption would not have applied
to PSD-BACT requirements if facilities were within 50 km of a PSD Class 1 area.
Existing sources could have also received these exemptions if they agreed to meet a
particulate matter standard specified in the bill along with good combustion practices
to minimize carbon monoxide emissions within three years of enactment. In
addition, S. 131 would have provided these exemptions for industrial sources that
choose to opt into the Clear Skies program. S. 131 also would have included an
exemption for steam electric generating facilities from Hg regulation under Section
112 of the CAA (including the residual risk provisions), and relief from enforcement
of any Section 126 petition (with respect to reducing interstate transportation of
pollution) before December 31, 2014.

The five bills in the 110^th Congress generally omit the regulatory changes of S.
131, while introducing new provisions. All five bills would revise the current New
Source Review (NSR) program to require affected electric generating units 40 years
or older (30 years old in the case of H.R. 3989) to meet more stringent SO² and NOx
performance standard by either 2015 (S. 1201), 2016 (S. 1554), 2020 (S. 1168 and
S. 1177), or five years after enactment (H.R. 3989). All except S. 1554 and H.R.
3989 contain provisions establishing a new performance standard for CO². S. 1168
and S. 1177 would also eliminate the annual NOx and SO²caps contained in the
recently promulgated Clean Air Interstate Rule (CAIR).
In addition to the above, S. 1201 and S. 1554 would create several new
regulatory programs and standards, including an Efficiency Performance Standard,
and a Renewable Portfolio Standard. These programs would be implemented
through a credit trading program.

CRS-7
Appendix. Comparison of Multi-Pollutant Control Proposals
rovisionsS. 131 (Inhofe)⁽¹⁰⁹^th^Co^ng^r^e^ss)S. 1168(Alexander)S. 1177(Carper)S. 1201(Sanders)S. 1554(Collins)H.R. 3989(McHugh)
issions^{1.473603 m}^illion^ton^s¹^.⁴⁵^m^illioⁿ^toⁿ^sⁱⁿ^th^{e East}¹^.³⁹^m^illioⁿ^toⁿ^sⁱⁿ^th^e¹^.⁵¹^m^illioⁿ^toⁿ^sⁱⁿ^{1.51 m}^illion^toⁿ^sⁱⁿ^2012,^Estim^ated^{at 1}^.⁵¹^m^illioⁿ
ⁱⁿ^t^h^{e Eas}^tⁱⁿ^2008,ⁱⁿ^{2009, decl}ⁱⁿⁱⁿ^g^t^o^1.3^Eas^tⁱⁿ^{2012, decl}ⁱⁿⁱⁿ^g^t^o^{2010, decl}ⁱⁿⁱⁿ^g^t^o^0.9^r^e^d^u^c^e^d^a^nnua^l^l^y^b^y^t^oⁿ^sⁱⁿ^2010.
^declⁱⁿⁱⁿ^g^t^o^1.07603^m^illion^ton^sⁱⁿ^{2015. 0.32}^{1.3 m}^illion^ton^sⁱⁿ^2015.^m^illion^ton^sⁱⁿ^2013.^em^issioⁿ^em^itted^b^y^sm^all
^m^illion^ton^sⁱⁿ^2018.^m^illioⁿ^toⁿⁱⁿ^th^{e W}^e^st⁰^.⁴⁰^m^illioⁿ^toⁿ^sⁱⁿ^th^e^A^d^d^itioⁿ^a^{l r}^e^d^u^ctioⁿ^s^{electric g}^eⁿ^e^ratin^g^A^d^d^itioⁿ^a^{l r}^e^d^u^ctioⁿ^s
^{0.714794 i}ⁿ^t^h^{e Wes}^t^begⁱⁿⁿⁱⁿ^gⁱⁿ^2015.^Wes^tⁱⁿ^{2012, decl}ⁱⁿⁱⁿ^g^t^o^m^a^y^{be requ}ⁱ^r^{ed f}^o^{r O}³^f^{acilities. A}^d^d^itioⁿ^a^l^m^a^y^{be requ}ⁱ^r^{ed i}^f
^begⁱⁿⁿⁱⁿ^gⁱⁿ^2008.^{0.32 m}^illion^toⁿ^sⁱⁿ^2015.^NA^A^Q^{S com}^p^lian^ce.^redu^ctⁱ^oⁿ^s^m^a^y^{be requ}ⁱ^r^edⁿ^eces^s^a^ry^{to protect}
^ifⁿ^eces^s^a^ry^{to protect}^p^u^b^{lic h}^ealth^o^r^w^e^lf^ar^e.
ⁱ^{ki/CRS-RL34018}^p^u^b^{lic h}^ealth^o^r^w^e^lf^ar^{e o}^r
^g/w^t^h^e^e^nvi^r^o^nm^eⁿ^t^.
^s^.or^issioⁿ^{s c}^a^p⁴^.⁵^m^illioⁿ^toⁿ^sⁱⁿ³^.⁵^m^illioⁿ^toⁿ^sⁱⁿ^th^{e East}^{3.5 m}^illion^ton^sⁱⁿ^2012,^{1.9755 m}^illion^ton^sⁱⁿ^{1.975 m}^illion^ton^sⁱⁿ^th^e^Es^tim^{ated at 2.225}
^le^ak^O²^{2010, decl}ⁱⁿⁱⁿ^g^t^o^3.0ⁱⁿ^{2010, decl}ⁱⁿⁱⁿ^g^t^o^2.0^d^eclinⁱⁿ^g^to²^.⁰^m^illioⁿ^t^h^{e Eas}^tⁱⁿ^2010,^Eas^t^an^{d 0.}^{275 m}^illion^ton^s^m^illion^ton^sⁱⁿ^2010.
^://wiki^m^illion^ton^sⁱⁿ^2018.^m^illioⁿ^toⁿ^sⁱⁿ^th^{e 4}⁸^con^tⁱ^g^u^o^u^s^s^t^at^esⁱⁿ^2015.^t^oⁿ^sⁱⁿ^2015.^declⁱⁿⁱⁿ^g^t^o^1.1414^m^illion^ton^sⁱⁿ^2013.ⁱⁿ^t^h^{e Wes}^tⁱⁿ^2012,^r^e^d^u^c^e^d^a^nnua^l^l^y^b^y^A^d^d^itioⁿ^a^{l r}^e^d^u^ctioⁿ^s
^h^ttp^{0.2745 m}^illion^ton^sⁱⁿ^em^issioⁿ^em^itted^b^y^sm^all^m^a^y^{be requ}ⁱ^r^{ed i}^f
^t^h^{e Wes}^tⁱⁿ^2010,^{electric g}^eⁿ^e^ratin^gⁿ^eces^s^a^ry^{to protect}
^declⁱⁿⁱⁿ^g^t^o^0.1586^f^{acilities. A}^d^d^itioⁿ^a^l^p^u^b^{lic h}^ealth^o^r^w^e^lf^ar^e.
^m^illion^ton^sⁱⁿ^2013.^redu^ctⁱ^oⁿ^s^m^a^y^{be requ}ⁱ^r^ed
^ifⁿ^eces^s^a^ry^{to protect}
^p^u^b^{lic h}^ealth^o^r^w^e^lf^ar^{e o}^r
^t^h^e^e^nvi^r^o^nm^eⁿ^t^.
^issioⁿ^c^a^p^No^{t co}^v^e^r^e^d^.²^.³^b^illioⁿ^m^e^tr^{ic to}ⁿ^s^Estim^ated^{at 2}^.⁴⁷^b^illioⁿ²^.³^b^illioⁿ^m^e^tr^ic²^.⁰⁵^b^illioⁿ^m^e^tr^{ic to}ⁿⁿ^e^{s in}^Estim^ated^{at 1}^.⁹⁴^b^illioⁿ
^O²^(t^onⁿ^e^s⁾ⁱⁿ^{2011, decl}ⁱⁿⁱⁿ^g^m^e^t^rⁱ^c^t^oⁿⁿ^e^sⁱⁿ^2012,^t^oⁿⁿ^e^sⁱⁿ^2011,^{2022, redu}^{ced a}^nnua^l^l^y^b^y^m^e^t^rⁱ^c^t^oⁿⁿ^e^sⁱⁿ^2015,
^to²^.¹^b^illioⁿ^toⁿⁿ^e^{s in}^d^eclinⁱⁿ^g^to²^.³⁹^b^illioⁿ^d^eclinⁱⁿ^g^to²^.¹^b^illioⁿ^em^issioⁿ^em^itted^b^y^sm^all^d^eclinⁱⁿ^g^to¹^.⁴⁶^b^illioⁿ
^{2015, 1.8 billion}^tonⁿ^e^sⁱⁿ^t^oⁿⁿ^e^sⁱⁿ^{2015, decl}ⁱⁿⁱⁿ^g^t^oⁿⁿ^e^sⁱⁿ^2015,^{electric g}^eⁿ^e^ratin^g^t^oⁿⁿ^e^sⁱⁿ^{2020, decl}ⁱⁿⁱⁿ^g
^{2020, an}^{d 1.5}^billion^tonⁿ^e^s^b^y¹^%^a^nnua^l^l^y^b^e^giⁿⁿⁱ^ng^d^eclinⁱⁿ^g^to¹^.⁸⁰³^f^{acilities. A}^d^d^itioⁿ^a^l^to⁰^.⁹⁷^b^illioⁿ^toⁿⁿ^e^{s in}

CRS-8
rovisionsS. 131 (Inhofe)⁽¹⁰⁹^th^Co^ng^r^e^ss)S. 1168(Alexander)S. 1177(Carper)S. 1201(Sanders)S. 1554(Collins)H.R. 3989(McHugh)
ⁱⁿ^2025.ⁱⁿ^{2016, an}^{d by}^1.5%^billion^tonⁿ^e^sⁱⁿ^2020,^redu^ctⁱ^oⁿ^s^m^a^y^{be requ}ⁱ^r^ed^{2030, decl}ⁱⁿⁱⁿ^g^t^o^0.68
^begⁱⁿⁿⁱⁿ^gⁱⁿ^2020.^an^d^fⁱⁿ^a^lly^d^eclinⁱⁿ^g^to^ifⁿ^eces^s^a^ry^{to protect}^billion^tonⁿ^e^sⁱⁿ^2040,
¹^.⁵^b^illioⁿ^toⁿⁿ^e^{s in}^p^u^b^{lic h}^ealth^o^r^w^e^lf^ar^{e o}^r^an^d^fⁱⁿ^a^lly^d^eclinⁱⁿ^g^to
^{2025. F}^u^rt^h^e^r^t^h^e^e^nvi^r^o^nm^eⁿ^t^.⁰^.³⁹^b^illioⁿ^toⁿⁿ^e^{s in}
^r^e^d^u^ctioⁿ^s^r^e^q^u^ir^ed^2050.
^af^t^e^{r 2025. C}^a^{p al}^s^o
^redu^{ced by}^emⁱ^s^sⁱ^on^s
^f^r^om^s^m^{all electric}
^g^eⁿ^e^r^a^tioⁿ^f^acilities.
ⁱ^{ki/CRS-RL34018}^issioⁿ^{s c}^a^p^{34 t}^oⁿ^sⁱⁿ^2010,^L^e^{ss str}ⁱ^nge^{nt o}^f⁶⁰^%^L^e^{ss str}ⁱ^nge^{nt o}^f⁶⁰^%⁵^toⁿ^s^an^d^,^to^th^e^{2.48 g}^r^am^s^of^H^g^{per G}^w^h^Em^issioⁿ^r^a^{te lim}^{it set at}
^g/w^ercury^d^eclinⁱⁿ^g^to¹⁵^toⁿ^sⁱⁿ^redu^ctⁱ^oⁿ^{or 0.02 l}^b^./^G^w^h^redu^ctⁱ^oⁿ^{or 0.02 l}^b^./^G^w^h^ex^ten^t^practicable,^oⁿ^{a f}^acility^sp^ecifⁱ^{c b}^a^sis⁰^.⁶^lb^{. p}^e^r^tr^illioⁿ^B^t^u^f^o^r
^s^.or^2018.^f^o^u^r^y^ears^af^{ter en}^actm^eⁿ^t^,ⁱⁿ^{2012, decl}ⁱⁿⁱⁿ^g^t^o^t^h^e^ach^iev^e^{a 90%}^by^2011.ⁿ^e^w^{(2009) an}^{d ex}ⁱ^s^tⁱⁿ^g
^le^ak^d^eclinⁱⁿ^g^to^th^{e lesser}^o^f^90%^redu^ctⁱ^oⁿ^{or 0.0060}^l^e^s^s^e^{r of}^90%^redu^ctⁱ^oⁿ^or^{0.0060 l}^b^./^G^w^hⁱⁿ^2015.^r^e^d^u^ctioⁿ^oⁿ^{a f}^acility^-^s^p^eci^fⁱ^{c bas}ⁱ^s^by^2013.^{(2011) coal}^-^fⁱ^{red u}ⁿⁱ^t^s^.⁽^R^o^ughl^y^e^q^ui^va^l^e^nt^t^o
^://wiki^l^b^./^G^w^hⁱⁿ^{2015. O}ⁿ^{e y}^ear^ex^ten^s^ioⁿ^av^ailab^l^{e to}^Su^bj^{ect to EP}^A^revⁱ^ew^.^{0.0060 l}^b^./^G^w^h^.⁾
^h^ttpⁱⁿ^{stall eq}^uⁱ^p^m^en^t.
^p^e^{50 s}^t^ates^{, DC}^{, an}^d^{48 con}^tig^u^o^u^s^s^t^ates^an^d^{50 s}^t^ates^an^{d DC}^.^{50 s}^t^ates^an^{d DC}^.^{50 s}^t^ates^an^{d DC}^.^{50 s}^t^ates^an^{d DC}^.
^ter^r^ito^rⁱ^es.^DC^.
^Ex^is^tin^g^electric^Electrⁱ^{c g}^eⁿ^e^r^a^tin^g^f^acilities^{Electric g}^eⁿ^e^ratin^g^{Electric g}^eⁿ^e^ratin^g^Electrⁱ^{c g}^eⁿ^e^r^a^tin^g^f^acilities^{Electric g}^eⁿ^e^ratin^g
^g^eⁿ^e^r^a^tin^g^f^{acilities 2}⁵^g^r^{eater th}^an^{25 Mw}^f^o^{r C}^O²^f^{acilities g}^r^eater^th^an²⁵^f^{acilities 2}⁵^Mw^o^r^{15 Mw}^{or g}^r^eat^{er (coal}^-^f^{acilities 2}⁵^Mw^o^r
^Mw^{or g}^r^{eater (coal-}^,^fo^ssi^l^fue^l^-fi^r^e^d^e^l^e^c^t^rⁱ^c^Mw^{, in}^clu^dⁱⁿ^gⁱⁿ^crem^en^tal^g^r^eat^{er (coal}^-^fⁱ^{red on}^l^y^fⁱ^{red on}^l^y^f^o^{r H}^g^).^g^r^eat^{er (coal}^-^fⁱ^{red on}^l^y
^fⁱ^{red on}^l^y^f^o^{r H}^g^);^co-^g^eⁿ^e^r^a^tin^g^f^{acilities f}^o^rⁿ^u^c^{lear capacity}^f^o^{r C}^O²^,^f^o^{r Hg}^).^fo^r^H^g^aⁿ^d^CO²^).

^ge^ne^r^a^tⁱ^o^{n so}^ur^c^e^s^NOx^an^d^SO²⁽^c^o^a^l^-fi^r^e^d^fo^ssi^l^-fue^l^-fi^r^e^d^e^l^e^c^t^rⁱ^c
^ex^em^pted.^on^l^y^f^o^{r H}^g^).^g^eⁿ^e^r^a^tin^g^f^{acilities f}^o^r
^NOx^{, T}^{itle I}^V^d^e^fⁱⁿ^itioⁿ
^fo^r^S^O²^,^c^o^a^l^-fi^r^e^d^oⁿ^l^y^fo^r

CRS-9
rovisionsS. 131 (Inhofe)⁽¹⁰⁹^th^Co^ng^r^e^ss)S. 1168(Alexander)S. 1177(Carper)S. 1201(Sanders)S. 1554(Collins)H.R. 3989(McHugh)
^Hg^.
^lt^{ies f}^o^r^NOx^{, SO}²^{, Hg}^:^NOx^{, SO}²^an^{d C}^O²^{: tw}^o^-^NOx^{: T}^w^{ice th}^{e av}^erag^e^NOx^{, SO}²^an^{d C}^O²^NOx^{, SO}²^an^{d C}^O²^sa^m^e^a^s^NOx^an^d^SO²^sa^m^e^a^s
^redu^ces^th^{e ex}^ces^s^fo^r^-^oⁿ^e^o^ffse^t^fr^o^m^fut^u^r^e^a^nnua^l^p^rⁱ^c^eⁱⁿ^t^h^e^sam^e^{as CA}^A^,^{title I}^V^,^CA^A^,^{title I}^V^{, ex}^cep^t^CA^A^,^{title I}^V^.
^p^lia^nce^em^issioⁿ^{s p}^eⁿ^a^lties^em^issioⁿ^allo^catioⁿ^s^{, p}^l^u^s^appropri^a^t^e^zon^e^per^ex^{cept ex}^ces^s^em^is^sⁱ^on^ex^ces^s^em^is^sⁱ^on^pen^a^lty^is
^uⁿ^d^er^CA^A^,^{title I}^V^to^an^ex^ces^s^em^is^sⁱ^on^s^ex^ces^s^ton^plu^s^{at leas}^{t an}^p^eⁿ^a^lty^{is th}^r^{ee tim}^es^th^{ree tim}^es^th^{e av}^erag^e^H^g^:^{$10,000 per ou}ⁿ^{ce of}
^th^{e EP}^A^au^ction^p^eⁿ^a^lty^.^oⁿ^e^-fo^r^-^oⁿ^e^o^ffse^t^fr^o^m^th^{e av}^erag^{e m}^a^rk^et^m^a^rk^{et price f}^o^r^ex^ces^s^em^is^sⁱ^on^s^.
^clearin^g^{price f}^o^r^f^u^tu^r^e^em^issioⁿ^{price f}^o^{r allow}^aⁿ^ces^.^allow^aⁿ^ces^.
^allow^aⁿ^ces^plu^s^on^e-^H^g^:^{$50,000 per ex}^ces^s^allo^catioⁿ^s^.^CO²^:^{$150 per t}^oⁿ^,
^fo^r^-^oⁿ^e^o^ffse^t^fr^o^m^p^o^uⁿ^d^{, in}^d^e^x^e^d^toⁱⁿ^f^l^atioⁿ^.^Hg^{: th}^r^{ee tim}^{es th}^e^Hg^{: th}^{ree tim}^es^th^{e av}^erag^e^adj^u^s^t^{ed f}^o^{r in}^f^l^ation^.
ⁱ^{ki/CRS-RL34018}^f^u^tu^r^e^em^issioⁿ^SO²^{: T}^w^{ice th}^{e av}^erag^e^av^erag^{e Hg}^con^t^rol^Hg^con^t^{rol cos}^t^s^{per g}^r^am
^g/w^allo^catioⁿ^s^{, if}^p^a^id^a^nnua^l^p^rⁱ^c^e^p^e^r^e^x^c^e^{ss t}^oⁿ^c^o^{sts p}^e^r^gr^a^m^o^f^of^ex^ces^s^em^is^sⁱ^on^.
^s^.or^w^ithⁱⁿ³⁰^d^a^y^s^.^plu^s^{at leas}^{t an}^on^e-^f^o^r-^ex^ces^s^em^is^sⁱ^on^.
^le^ak^O^t^he^r^wⁱ^s^e^,^t^h^e^num^b^e^r^o^f^e^x^c^e^{ss e}^m^issioⁿ^{s is}^oⁿ^e^o^ffse^t^fr^o^m^fut^u^r^e^em^issioⁿ^allo^catioⁿ^s^.
^://wiki^m^u^ltip^lied^b^y¹^.⁵^f^o^r^pen^a^l^t^y^pu^rpos^es^.^H^g^:^{$50,000 per ex}^ces^s
^h^ttp^p^o^uⁿ^d^em^itted^.
^CO²^{: T}^w^{ice th}^{e tw}^o-^y^ear
^av^erag^{e price plu}^s^{at leas}^t
^aⁿ^oⁿ^e^-fo^r^-^oⁿ^e^o^ffse^t^fr^o^m
^f^u^tu^r^e^em^issioⁿ^s
^allo^catioⁿ^s^.
^N^e^w^perf^orm^aⁿ^c^e^Re^vise^{s NSR p}^r^o^g^r^a^m^to^Re^vise^{s NSR p}^r^o^g^r^a^m^to^Begⁱⁿⁿⁱⁿ^gⁱⁿ^{2015, al}^l^Begⁱⁿⁿⁱⁿ^gⁱⁿ^{2016, al}^l^B^e^giⁿⁿⁱ^{ng 5}^y^e^a^r^{s a}^f^t^e^r
^sⁱ^on^s^staⁿ^d^a^r^d^{s fo}^r^ne^w^requ^{ire af}^f^{ected electric}^requ^{ire af}^f^{ected electric}^pow^erpl^an^t^s^{40 y}^ears^pow^erpl^an^t^s^{40 y}^ears^or^en^actm^eⁿ^t^{, all}
^s^o^u^r^ces^{replace cu}^rren^t^ge^ne^r^a^tⁱ^{ng uni}^t^s⁴⁰^y^e^a^r^s^ge^ne^r^a^tⁱ^{ng uni}^t^s⁴⁰^y^e^a^r^s^{or ol}^{der m}^u^s^t^m^eet^ol^{der m}^u^s^t^m^eet^emⁱ^s^sⁱ^on^pow^erpl^an^t^s^{30 y}^ears^or
^N^S^P^S^fo^r^ne^w^so^ur^c^e^s^.^{or ol}^{der t}^o^m^eet^s^p^eci^fⁱ^c^{or ol}^{der t}^o^m^eet^s^p^eci^fⁱ^c^em^issioⁿ^lim^itatioⁿ^s^lim^itatioⁿ^s^b^a^sed^oⁿ^cu^r^r^eⁿ^t^o^l^d^e^r^mu^s^t^me^e^t^mo^s^t
^Co^m^p^lian^{ce w}^ith^b^ill’^s^SO²^an^{d N}^O^x^perf^orm^aⁿ^c^e^SO²^an^{d N}^O^x^perf^orm^aⁿ^c^e^bas^e^{d on}^cu^rren^t^bes^t^bes^t^av^{ailable con}^t^rol^recen^{t NSP}^S^{, P}^a^{rt C}

CRS-10
rovisionsS. 131 (Inhofe)⁽¹⁰⁹^th^Co^ng^r^e^ss)S. 1168(Alexander)S. 1177(Carper)S. 1201(Sanders)S. 1554(Collins)H.R. 3989(McHugh)
^provⁱ^sⁱ^oⁿ^s^ex^em^pt^s^st^aⁿ^d^a^r^d^{s b}^e^giⁿⁿⁱ^{ng i}ⁿ^st^aⁿ^d^a^r^d^{s b}^e^giⁿⁿⁱ^{ng i}ⁿ^av^{ailable con}^t^rol^t^e^c^hno^l^o^gy^fo^r^a^ne^w^m^a^j^o^r^(P^S^D^{) an}^{d P}^a^rt^{D (n}^on^-
^f^{acilities f}^r^o^m^New^2020.^2020.^t^e^c^hno^l^o^gy^fo^r^a^ne^w^s^o^u^r^ce.^attain^m^eⁿ^t⁾^r^e^q^u^ir^em^en^ts
^Sou^r^{ce R}^e^vⁱ^ew^(NSR^),^m^a^j^o^{r s}^o^u^r^ce.^uⁿ^d^{er th}^{e A}^c^t.
^PS^D^-^BA^C^T^Begⁱⁿⁿⁱⁿ^gⁱⁿ^{2015, N}^e^w^Begⁱⁿⁿⁱⁿ^gⁱⁿ^{2015, N}^e^w^C^r^eates^{a n}^e^w^Ef^fⁱ^cien^cy
^r^e^q^u^ir^em^en^{ts, v}ⁱ^sib^ility^NSP^S^estab^lish^e^d^f^o^r^CO2^.^NSP^S^estab^lish^e^d^f^o^r^CO2^.^New^C^O²^e^m^issioⁿ^s^P^e^rf^orm^aⁿ^{ce Stan}^{dard an}^d^Re^ve^nue^{s fr}^o^m^CO²
^B^A^R^T^requ^irem^en^ts^,^M^o^r^e^st^rⁱ^nge^nt^N^S^P^S^s^t^an^{dard f}^o^{r bas}^e^l^o^ad^c^r^e^dⁱ^t^p^r^o^g^r^a^m^b^e^giⁿⁿⁱ^{ng i}ⁿ^au^ction^s^{to f}^uⁿ^d^res^earch
^aⁿ^d^no^n-a^t^t^aⁱⁿ^m^e^nt^A^nnua^l^SO²^an^{d NOx}^caps^begⁱⁿ^sⁱⁿ^2025.^pow^erplan^ts^th^at^2007.^an^{d dev}^e^l^opm^en^t^of
^L^A^ER^an^{d of}^f^s^et^uⁿ^d^{er C}^A^IR^elimⁱⁿ^{ated in}^com^m^e^{rce operation}^ren^e^w^a^{ble en}^erg^y
^requ^irem^en^ts^{. T}^h^e^2015.^A^nnua^l^N^O^x^c^a^p^und^e^r^af^t^e^{r 2011. S}^t^an^dard^C^r^eates^{a R}^eⁿ^e^w^a^ble^proj^ect^s^.
ⁱ^{ki/CRS-RL34018}^ex^em^ption^doesⁿ^o^t^appl^y^t^o^PS^D^-^BA^C^T^Ex^ten^s^iv^{e p}^r^o^v^isioⁿ^s^CA^I^R^elimⁱⁿ^atedⁱⁿ^th^e^l^a^t^e^{r of}^{2012 or ef}^f^ectⁱ^v^e^w^o^u^l^{d be bas}^e^{d on}^t^h^e^emⁱ^s^sⁱ^on^rat^e^of^{a n}^e^w^P^o^rtf^o^{lio Stan}^{dard an}^d^c^r^e^dⁱ^t^p^r^o^g^r^a^m^,^b^e^giⁿⁿⁱ^ng^A^ppropri^a^tⁱ^oⁿ^s
^g/w^r^e^q^u^ir^em^en^{ts if}^f^acility^p^r^o^vⁱ^dⁱ^{ng fo}^r^gr^e^e^nho^use^d^a^{te o}^f^NOx^r^e^g^u^l^atioⁿ^s^.^com^bⁱⁿ^{ed cy}^{cle n}^a^tu^ralⁱⁿ^2009.^au^th^{orized f}^o^{r s}^e^v^e^ral
^s^.or^{is w}^ithⁱⁿ⁵⁰^Km^o^f^ga^{s o}^ffse^t^{s fr}^o^m^l^a^nd^fi^l^l^ga^{s ge}^ne^r^a^tⁱ^{ng p}^l^aⁿ^t^.^m^oⁿⁱ^t^o^rⁱ^{ng ne}^t^w^o^r^ks.

^le^ak^C^l^as^s^{1 area. Ex}^is^tin^g^CH⁴^{, SF}⁶^proj^ect^s^,^CO²^prog^ramⁱⁿ^cl^u^d^es^EP^A^m^a^yⁱⁿ^creas^{e th}^e^Coⁿ^t^ain^s^sep^a^r^a^{te titles o}ⁿ
^s^o^u^r^ces^can^{opt in}^by^a^ffo^r^e^st^a^tⁱ^o^{n o}^r^allo^w^aⁿ^{ce allo}^catioⁿ^s^f^o^r^st^rⁱ^nge^nc^y^t^o^a^t^l^e^a^s^t^tr^an^sp^o^r^tatioⁿ^f^u^el
^://wiki^m^eetin^g^{a particu}^l^ate^ref^o^res^t^ation^,^en^erg^yⁱⁿ^crem^en^{tal n}^u^c^lear^90%^by^{2030. A}^l^l^ef^fⁱ^cien^cy^{, ren}^e^w^a^{ble f}^u^els^,
^h^ttp^staⁿ^d^a^r^d^.^ef^fⁱ^cien^cy^{, ag}^ricu^ltu^ral^capacity^{, clean}^coal^bas^e^l^o^{ad pl}^an^t^s^m^u^s^t^elimⁱⁿ^atioⁿ^o^f^cer^tain^tax
^practices^(m^an^u^r^e^t^e^c^hno^l^o^gy^,^aⁿ^d^r^e^ne^w^a^b^l^e^m^{eet New}^C^O²^p^r^o^v^isioⁿ^s^f^o^r^th^{e o}ⁱ^l
^Ex^em^p^t^{s u}^tility^uⁿ^its^m^a^na^ge^m^e^nt⁾^,^aⁿ^d^bⁱ^o^m^a^ss.^en^erg^y^{, alon}^g^w^ith^emⁱ^s^sⁱ^on^s^t^an^{dard by}ⁱⁿ^du^s^t^ry^{, an}^{d res}^earch^on
^fr^o^m^H^g^r^e^gul^a^tⁱ^oⁿ^s^e^qu^es^tration^an^{d early}^{2031, i}^f^f^easⁱ^b^l^e^.^abru^{pt clim}^{ate ch}^an^g^e^.
^uⁿ^d^{er C}^A^A^,^Section^actioⁿ^p^r^o^v^isioⁿ^s^.
^{112, i}ⁿ^cl^u^dⁱⁿ^g^resⁱ^du^al^CO²^prog^ramⁱⁿ^cl^u^d^es^N^e^{w mi}ⁿⁱ^mu^{m H}^g
^ri^s^k^provⁱ^sⁱ^oⁿ^s^.^allo^w^aⁿ^{ce allo}^catioⁿ^s^f^o^r^s^t^an^{dard f}^o^{r n}^e^w
^clean^{coal tech}ⁿ^o^log^y^uⁿ^d^er^s^o^u^r^ces^es^tablis^h^e^{d as}
^P^r^ev^en^ts^EP^A^f^r^om^{a C}^lim^{ate C}^h^am^pion^s^of^t^h^{e dat}^e^of
^eⁿ^fo^r^cⁱ^{ng Se}^c^tⁱ^o^{n 1}²⁶^Pr^og^r^a^m^.^en^actm^eⁿ^t^.
^p^e^titioⁿ^s^b^e^f^o^r^e
^Decem^{ber 31, 2014.}^C^r^eates^{a n}^e^w^L^o^w^-
^C^a^rbon^G^eⁿ^e^ratⁱ^oⁿ

CRS-11
rovisionsS. 131 (Inhofe)⁽¹⁰⁹^th^Co^ng^r^e^ss)S. 1168(Alexander)S. 1177(Carper)S. 1201(Sanders)S. 1554(Collins)H.R. 3989(McHugh)
^R^e^qu^irem^en^{t an}^{d credit}
^t^r^adiⁿ^g^prog^ram
^begⁱⁿⁿⁱⁿ^gⁱⁿ^2015.
^C^r^eatesⁿ^e^w^En^erg^y
^Ef^fⁱ^cien^cy
^P^e^rf^orm^aⁿ^{ce Stan}^dard
^an^{d credit prog}^ram
^begⁱⁿⁿⁱⁿ^gⁱⁿ^2008.
ⁱ^{ki/CRS-RL34018}^C^r^eates^{a R}^eⁿ^e^w^a^ble
^g/w^P^o^rt^f^o^lⁱ^o^S^t^an^{dard an}^d
^s^.or^{credit prog}^ram^,
^le^ak^begⁱⁿⁿⁱⁿ^gⁱⁿ²⁰⁰⁸
^://wiki^R^e^qu^ires^s^t^an^dards^f^o^r
^h^ttp^g^e^ol^ogⁱ^cal^C^O²
^di^s^pos^al^wⁱ^t^hⁱⁿ^{6 y}^ears
^of^en^actm^eⁿ^t^an^d
^bi^ol^ogⁱ^cal^s^e^qu^es^t^r^atⁱ^oⁿ
^w^ithⁱⁿ²^y^ear^{s o}^f
^en^actm^eⁿ^t^.
^plem^en-^T^r^{adeable allow}^aⁿ^c^e^T^r^{adeable allow}^aⁿ^{ce s}^y^s^t^em^T^r^{adeable allow}^aⁿ^c^e^T^r^{adeable allow}^aⁿ^c^e^T^r^{adeable allow}^aⁿ^{ce s}^y^s^t^em^T^r^{adeable allow}^aⁿ^c^e
^on^s^t^rategy^sy^ste^m^fo^r^SO²^{, NOx}^,^f^o^{r NOx}^{, SO}²^an^{d C}^O²^{. For}^sy^ste^m^fo^r^NOx,^SO²^an^d^sy^ste^m^fo^r^SO²^{, NOx}^fo^r^S^O²^{, NOx}^an^d^C^O²^.^sy^ste^m^fo^r^SO²^{, NOx}^an^d
^an^d^Hg^{. A}^llo^catioⁿ^NOx^{, an}^d^C^O²^{, allo}^catioⁿ^s^CO²^{. For NOx}^{, an}^{d C}^O²^,^an^{d C}^O²^{. A}^llo^catioⁿ^s^to^A^llow^aⁿ^ces^{allocated to}^CO²^.
^f^o^rm^u^l^as^bas^e^{d on}^bas^e^{d on}^hⁱ^s^t^ori^c^h^eatⁱⁿ^pu^t^allo^catioⁿ^s^b^a^sed^oⁿ^{be bas}^e^{d on}^econ^o^mⁱ^c,^va^rⁱ^o^u^{s se}^c^t^o^r^{s a}ⁿ^d
^hi^st^o^rⁱ^c^fue^l^usa^g^e^adj^u^s^t^{ed f}^o^{r each}^f^u^el’^s^hⁱ^sto^r^{ic electr}ⁱ^city^o^u^tp^u^t^.^equ^ity^{, an}^dⁱⁿ^ter^e^{sts, in}^clu^dⁱⁿ^g^SO²^{, an}^d^NOx^allo^catioⁿ^s
^adj^u^s^t^{ed by}^f^actors^g^eⁿ^e^r^a^lly^ap^p^licab^leⁱⁿ^terⁿ^atioⁿ^a^l^h^o^u^s^eh^ol^ds^{, di}^s^l^ocat^ed^lef^t^to^EP^A^dⁱ^scr^e^tioⁿ^.

CRS-12
rovisionsS. 131 (Inhofe)⁽¹⁰⁹^th^Co^ng^r^e^ss)S. 1168(Alexander)S. 1177(Carper)S. 1201(Sanders)S. 1554(Collins)H.R. 3989(McHugh)
^sp^ecifⁱ^edⁱⁿ^th^{e b}^ill.^e^m^issioⁿ^{s r}^a^te^fo^r^tha^t^Fo^r^SO²^cu^r^r^eⁿ^t^T^{itle I}^V^co^m^p^etitiv^en^{ess cr}^iterⁱ^a^w^o^r^k^er^{s an}^d^co^m^m^uⁿ^ities,^CO²^al^l^o^w^aⁿ^ces^{are 100%}
^p^o^llu^tan^t^.^allocation^s^{are rev}ⁱ^s^e^{d an}^d^sp^ecifⁱ^edⁱⁿ^th^{e b}^ill.^electrⁱ^cityⁱⁿ^ten^s^iv^e^au^ction^e^d.
^{Special res}^e^rv^es^f^o^r^adj^u^s^t^{ed f}^o^{r n}^e^w^e^{r u}ⁿ^its^.^A^llow^aⁿ^ces^allocatedⁱⁿ^du^s^t^ries^{, en}^erg^y
ⁿ^e^w^uⁿ^{its p}^r^o^v^id^ed^f^o^r^to^va^rⁱ^o^u^{s se}^c^t^o^r^{s a}ⁿ^d^ef^fⁱ^cien^cy^an^{d ren}^e^w^a^ble^Hg^em^issioⁿ^{s r}^a^{te lim}^its
^SO²^{, NOx}^an^d^Hg^.^Fo^r^SO²^cu^r^r^eⁿ^t^T^{itle I}^V^{Special res}^e^rv^es^f^o^{r n}^e^wⁱⁿ^ter^e^{sts, in}^clu^dⁱⁿ^g^en^er^g^y^activ^ities,^{are on}^{a u}ⁿ^it-^by^-^uⁿⁱ^t
^allocation^s^{are rev}ⁱ^s^e^{d an}^d^uⁿ^{its p}^r^o^v^id^ed^f^o^r^NOx^,^h^o^u^s^eh^ol^ds^{, di}^s^l^ocat^ed^seq^u^estr^atioⁿ^activ^{ities, an}^d^b^a^sis.

^adj^u^s^t^{ed f}^o^{r n}^e^w^e^{r u}ⁿ^its^.^CO²^{, an}^{d SO}²^.^w^o^rk^ers^an^d^e^c^o^sy^ste^m^r^e^sto^r^a^tio^n.
^co^m^m^uⁿ^ities,
^{Special res}^e^rv^es^f^o^{r n}^e^w^Begⁱⁿⁿⁱⁿ^gⁱⁿ^{2012, 18%}^electrⁱ^cityⁱⁿ^ten^s^iv^e^F^o^{r H}^g^{, pl}^an^t^-^wⁱ^de
ⁱ^{ki/CRS-RL34018}^uⁿ^{its p}^r^o^v^id^ed^f^o^r^CO²^an^d^SO2^of^C^O²^allo^w^aⁿ^{ces to}^b^e^au^ction^e^{d, a percen}^tag^eⁱⁿ^du^s^t^ries^{, en}^erg^y^ef^fⁱ^cien^cy^an^d^av^er^agⁱⁿ^g^{is p}^e^r^m^itted^.
^g/wⁱⁿ^creas^{ed 3 percen}^tag^e^ren^e^w^a^{ble en}^erg^y
^s^.or^Begⁱⁿⁿⁱⁿ^gⁱⁿ^{2011, 25%}^of^p^oⁱ^{nts a}^nnua^lly^until²⁰³⁰^activ^{ities, seq}^u^estr^atioⁿ
^le^ak^CO²^allo^w^aⁿ^{ces to}^b^e^w^h^en^th^{e rate is}ⁱⁿ^creas^ed^activ^{ities, an}^d
^au^ction^e^{d w}^ith^proceeds^t^o^{5 percen}^t^a^g^e^poiⁿ^t^s^e^c^o^sy^ste^m^r^e^sto^r^a^tio^n.
^://wiki^g^oⁱⁿ^g^{to electricity}^uⁿ^{til 2036 w}^h^en^{100% is}
^h^ttp^con^s^u^m^ers^an^{d en}^erg^y^-^a^u^c^tⁱ^o^ne^d^.^Re^ve^nue^{s fr}^o^m^Begⁱⁿⁿⁱⁿ^gⁱⁿ^{2010, at}
ⁱⁿ^ten^s^iv^{e in}^d^u^strⁱ^es.^th^{e r}^e^su^ltin^g^Clim^ate^l^eas^t^50%^of^C^O²
^A^c^tioⁿ^T^r^u^s^{t Fu}ⁿ^d^sh^{all b}^e^allo^w^aⁿ^{ces to}^b^e
^F^o^{r H}^g^{, pl}^an^t^-^wⁱ^de^use^d^fo^rⁱ^nno^va^tⁱ^v^e^l^o^w^-^au^ctioⁿ^e^d^,^w^ith
^av^er^agⁱⁿ^g^{is p}^e^r^m^itted^.^an^d^zer^o^em^ittin^g^car^b^oⁿ^s^u^cces^sⁱ^v^eⁱⁿ^creasⁱⁿ^g
^t^e^c^hno^l^o^gi^e^s^p^r^o^g^r^a^m^,^t^o^rai^s^{e i}^t^t^o^100%
^clean^{coal tech}ⁿ^o^logⁱ^es^w^ithⁱⁿ¹⁵^y^ear^{s o}^f^th^e
^prog^ram^,^an^{d res}^earch^an^d^{date of}^en^actm^eⁿ^t^.
^an^aly^s^is^{, an}^{d an}^en^erg^y
^ef^fⁱ^cien^cy^techⁿ^o^log^y^F^o^{r H}^g^{, pl}^an^t^-^wⁱ^de
^p^r^o^g^r^a^m^.^O^t^he^r^fund^e^d^av^er^agⁱⁿ^g^{is p}^e^r^m^itted^.
^activ^{ities in}^clu^d^{es w}^o^r^k^er
^an^{d com}^m^uⁿ^ity^im^pact

CRS-13
rovisionsS. 131 (Inhofe)⁽¹⁰⁹^th^Co^ng^r^e^ss)S. 1168(Alexander)S. 1177(Carper)S. 1201(Sanders)S. 1554(Collins)H.R. 3989(McHugh)
^as^sⁱ^s^t^an^{ce, adaptation}
^as^sⁱ^s^t^an^{ce, an}^{d protectin}^g
^fⁱ^sh^an^d^w^ild^lif^{e h}^a^b^itat.
^Fo^r^Hg^{, f}^acility^-^w^id^e
^av^er^agⁱⁿ^g^{is p}^e^r^m^itted^.
^C^oⁿ^g^r^es^sⁱ^on^{al R}^e^s^earch^Serv^ice.

ⁱ^{ki/CRS-RL34018}
^g/w
^s^.or
^le^ak
^://wiki
^h^ttp