Climate Change Legislation in the 110th Congress

Climate Change Legislation
th
in the 110 Congress
Updated November 7, 2008
Jonathan L. Ramseur
Analyst in Environmental Policy
Resources, Science, and Industry Division
Brent D. Yacobucci
Specialist in Energy and Environmental Policy
Resources, Science, and Industry Division

Climate Change Legislation in the 110 Congress
Summary
Congressional interest in climate change legislation has grown in recent years.^th
In the 110 Congress, Members have introduced numerous bills that directly address
various aspects of climate change. These bills cover a wide spectrum, ranging from
climate change research to comprehensive greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions cap-and-
trade programs. As of the date of this report, Congress has enacted six broader pieces
of legislation that — among many other non-climate-related provisions — address
climate change in some fashion:
P.L. 110-140 expands the carbon capture research and development program,
requires a national assessment of geologic storage capacity for CO², and supports
technologies for the large-scale capture of CO² from industrial sources. The act also
establishes an Office of Climate Change and the Environment to coordinate research
and implement strategies to address climate change-related transportation issues.
P.L. 110-161 directs the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) to develop
regulations that establish a mandatory GHG reporting program that applies “above
appropriate thresholds in all sectors of the economy.”
P.L. 110-181 directs the Department of Defense (DOD) to assess the risks of
projected climate change to the department’s facilities, capabilities, and missions.
P.L. 110-229 requires the Secretary of Energy, when reviewing research and
development activities for possible inclusion in the steel research and development
initiative, to expand the plan in order to consider among steel project priorities the
development of technologies that reduce GHG emissions.
P.L. 110-246 directs the Department of Agriculture (USDA) to establish
technical guidelines to “measure the environmental services benefits from
conservation and land management activities in order to facilitate the participation
of farmers, ranchers, and forest landowners in emerging environmental services
markets.” USDA is to give priority to carbon markets.
P.L. 110-343 provides a tax credit for select (geologic) carbon sequestration
activities. In addition, the National Academy of Sciences (NAS) is “to identify the
types of and specific tax provisions that have the largest effects on carbon and other
greenhouse gas emissions and to estimate the magnitude of those effects.” NAS is to
report its findings to Congress by October 3, 2010.
This report briefly discusses the basic concepts on which climate change bills
are based, and compares major provisions of the bills in each of the following
categories: climate change research; emissions reduction technologies; U.S. actions
pursuant to international emission reduction agreements; adaptation to the effects of
climate change; GHG reporting and registration; and GHG emissions reduction
programs.

Contents
In troduction ..................................................1
Climate Change Research and Studies..............................3
Deployment of Greenhouse Gas Reduction Technology................3
International Agreements........................................4
Adaptation Bills...............................................4
Greenhouse Gas Reporting and Registry Bills........................4
Greenhouse Gas Emission Reduction Bills..........................5
Sector-Specific Reduction Bills...............................6
Comprehensive GHG Emissions Reductions....................6
List of Tables
Appendix A. Major Focus Areas of Climate Change Bills
and Enacted Legislation in the 110^th Congress.......................7
Appendix B. Key Provisions of Climate Change Legislation
in the 110^th Congress..........................................12

Climate Change Legislation
th
in the 110 Congress
Introduction
In the 110^th Congress, Members have introduced numerous bills that would
directly or indirectly address climate change. This report describes and compares
bills that directly address climate change, as opposed to those that primarily address
other issues (e.g., energy efficiency and conservation) but could have ancillary
impacts on climate.¹ In some cases, it is difficult to draw a line between direct and
indirect climate change bills, because a specific bill or action may seek to achieve
multiple objectives.
This report focuses on legislative actions — including comprehensive bills with
individual climate change titles or sections — that explicitly address climate change
issues. These bills fall into six major categories: (1) research on the causes and
effects of climate change and on methods to measure and predict climate change; (2)
deployment of emission-reducing technologies in the United States or other
countries; (3) requirements for U.S. participation in international climate agreements;
(4) investments in systems to adapt to changes in climate; (5) establishment of
greenhouse gas (GHG) monitoring systems as a basis for research or for any potential
reduction program; and (6) implementation of mandatory GHG emission reduction
programs. These categories are not mutually exclusive, and several bills address
more than one of the above categories.
There has been considerable interest in climate change issues in the 110^th
Congress. As of the date of this report, Members have introduced more than 100 bills
that would directly address climate change issues. Congress has enacted six
legislation proposals that address climate change to some degree:
^!P.L. 110-140: The President signed the Energy Independence and
Security Act of 2007 December 19, 2007. Among other provisions,
some of which indirectly address GHG emissions, this act amends
the Energy Policy Act of 2005 to expand the carbon capture research
and development program. It also directs the Department of the
Interior to conduct a national assessment of geologic storage
capacity for carbon dioxide (CO²), and instructs the Department of
Energy to implement a program to demonstrate technologies for the

¹ Congressional resolutions that address climate change-related issues, but do not directly
call for action on greenhouse gas emissions, are likewise not included in this report.

large-scale capture of CO² from industrial sources of CO².² In
addition, the act establishes within the Department of Transportation
an Office of Climate Change and the Environment to coordinate
research and implement strategies to address transportation issues
associated with climate change.
^!P.L. 110-161: The President signed the Consolidated Appropriations
Act of 2008 into law December 26, 2007. Among other provisions,
this statute directs EPA to promulgate regulations that require
mandatory reporting of GHG emissions “above appropriate
thresholds in all sectors of the economy.” The act directs EPA to
develop the proposed rule by September 2008 and the final rule by
June 2009. In addition, the act instructs NOAA to work with the
National Academy of Sciences to establish a Climate Change Study
Committee that will study climate change issues and make
recommendations regarding climate change mitigation strategies.
^!P.L. 110-181: On January 28, 2008, the President signed the
National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2008. In
addition to many non-climate related provisions, the act directs the
Department of Defense to assess the risks of projected climate
change to the department’s facilities, capabilities, and missions.
^!P.L. 110-229: On May 8, 2008, the President signed the
Consolidated Natural Resources Act of 2008. Among other
provisions, the act requires the Secretary of Energy, when reviewing
research and development activities for possible inclusion in the
steel research and development initiative, to expand the plan in order
to consider among steel project priorities the development of
technologies that reduce GHG emissions.
^!P.L. 110-246: On June 18, 2008, Congress enacted (overriding the
President’s veto) the Food, Conservation, and Energy Act.³ Among
many other provisions, the act (Section 2709) directs the Department
of Agriculture (USDA) to establish technical guidelines to “measure
the environmental services benefits from conservation and land
management activities in order to facilitate the participation of
farmers, ranchers, and forest landowners in emerging environmental
services markets.” USDA is to give priority to carbon markets.⁴
^!P.L. 110-343: On October 3, 2008, the President signed the
Emergency Economic Stabilization Act of 2008. Among many other

² See CRS Report RL33801, Carbon Capture and Sequestration (CCS), by Peter Folger.
³ The legislative proposals that led to P.L. 110-246 are not included in the appendixes of this
report. For more information, see CRS Report RL34696, The 2008 Farm Bill: Major
Provisions and Legislative Action, coordinated by Renee Johnson.
⁴ See CRS Report RL34042, Environmental Services Markets in the 2008 Farm Bill, by
Renee Johnson.

provisions, the legislation provides a tax credit for select (geologic)
carbon sequestration activities. In addition, the act directs the
Department of Treasury to enter into an agreement with the National
Academy of Sciences (NAS) to “undertake a comprehensive review
of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986 to identify the types of and
specific tax provisions that have the largest effects on carbon and
other greenhouse gas emissions and to estimate the magnitude of
those effects.” NAS is to report its findings to Congress by October

3, 2010.

In addition to enacted legislation, the House and Senate have passed several
bills. Numerous bills have been reported out of committees. These bills address a
range of climate change topics. These topics are discussed briefly below.
Appendix A categorizes the bills and enacted legislation by the topics discussed
below. Appendix B provides a brief summary of each bill’s provisions and status
in the legislative process.
Climate Change Research and Studies
Global climate change is a complex issue. While most scientists agree that the
climate is changing in response to GHG emissions, uncertainties concerning the
causes and effects of climate change remain and are a continuing subject of extensive⁵
scientific research. These uncertainties include the potential effects on natural
systems, as well as effects on social and political systems. Further, research is
ongoing regarding technologies that improve efficiency, reduce fossil fuel
consumption, and capture and store carbon dioxide (CO²) emissions.
Deployment of Greenhouse Gas Reduction Technology
One approach to addressing climate change is to promote the deployment and
diffusion of technologies to reduce GHG emissions, such as carbon capture and
storage (or sequestration). Within the legislative proposals, there are different
methods of promoting technology deployment. One deployment strategy may
involve tax incentives for investment in technologies to improve efficiency and/or
lower emissions. Other deployment strategies would provide grants, loans, and other
incentives for technology transfer to developing countries.
In the 110^th Congress, some bills deal solely with technology deployment
through tax incentives for lower-carbon technology or grants to develop and deploy
carbon capture and sequestration, or through requirements that the federal
government use technology with lower emissions. Other bills that create mandatory
GHG reduction programs also include technology deployment as one component.

⁵ For more information on the science and policy of global climate change, see CRS Report
RL33849, Climate Change: Science and Policy Implications, by Jane A. Leggett.

International Agreements
The United States ratified the United Nations Framework Convention on
Climate Change (UNFCCC) in 1992. Five years later, the United States signed the
convention’s Kyoto Protocol, but it was never submitted to the Senate for
ratification.⁶ In 2001, President George W. Bush rejected the Kyoto Protocol and
withdrew the United States from subsequent negotiations. Since that time, the
United States has entered into other cooperative agreements, including the Asia-
Pacific Partnership on Clean Development and Climate. This partnership focuses on
voluntary action by member states to promote cleaner technology and related goals.
However, U.S. participation in discussions over binding agreements has been limited.
Adaptation Bills
Some critics of GHG regulation argue that the effects on global GHG
concentrations — and consequently the effects on climate — from any reduction
scheme will be limited. Some therefore contend that investment should focus on
preparing communities and systems to adapt to the effects of a changing climate.
This notion is shared by some proponents of GHG regulation, who argue that because
of earlier greenhouse gas emissions, some level of warming will occur regardless of
mitigation activity. Those stakeholders support adaptation initiatives in concert with
mitigation efforts.
Greenhouse Gas Reporting and Registry Bills
Pursuant to the UNFCCC, the United States publishes annual reports on its⁷
GHG emissions. The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) reports this
information using various techniques (e.g., fuel analysis for CO²). The 2005
emissions estimates indicate that the three dominant sources of GHG emissions are
electricity generation (33%), transportation (28%), and industry (19%).⁸
At the national level, the 1990 Clean Air Act requires most electric utilities to
report their GHG emissions, but there is no overall national GHG reporting
requirement. However, some states also gather data through voluntary registries or⁹

mandatory GHG emissions reporting mechanisms.
⁶ President Clinton did not submit the Protocol to the Senate for advice and consent because
the Senate was on record in mid-1997 (S.Res. 98), objecting to a treaty that had no
mandatory obligations for developing countries. For more discussion, see CRS Report
RL33826, Climate Change: The Kyoto Protocol and International Actions, by Susan R.
Fletcher and Larry Parker.
⁷ These reports are issued by the Environmental Protection Agency, and are available at
[http://epa.gov/climatechange/emi ssions/index.html ].
⁸ U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Inventory of U.S. GHG Emissions and Sinks 1990-
2005, p. ES-14. Additional sources are agriculture (8%), commerce (6%), and residential
activities (5%).
⁹ For more information, see CRS Report RL33812, Climate Change: Action by States To
(continued...)

Greenhouse Gas Emission Reduction Bills
The United States has no federal GHG reduction requirements, although there have
been proposals to require such reductions.¹⁰ These proposals include “command and
control” regulations and market-based techniques to limit emissions. Market-based
programs typically take as their model the Clean Air Act’s acid rain program, which
employs a cap-and-trade design to control several air pollutants.¹¹
Cap-and-trade systems set strict limits on specific emissions from a particular
group of sources. Sources may reduce their own emissions or purchase credits (i.e.,
trade) from other sources that have reduced emissions below their individual
allotment. This flexibility in who makes reductions can lead to lower costs. In an
efficient market, entities that face relatively low emission-reduction costs would have
an incentive to achieve extra emission reductions, because these additional reductions
could be sold to entities that face higher emission-reduction costs. An entity facing
higher costs could purchase allowances that would allow it to emit more than its
initial emissions allotment. Total U.S. emissions may decrease or increase, depending
on the entities covered, the GHGs controlled, and the emissions trading schemes. In
the 110^th Congress, some bills cover just the electric utility sector, while others cover
most or all emissions throughout the economy.¹²
Another market-based option is to establish a “carbon tax” — a direct tax on
GHG emissions or on the fuels that generate emissions when combusted. To the
extent that emissions reductions can be achieved at costs lower than the tax rate,
those reductions will be undertaken; if emissions reductions are more expensive,
covered entities would opt to pay the tax. In this way, there is an upper limit to the
cost of the control program.¹³

⁹ (...continued)
Address Greenhouse Gas Emissions, by Jonathan L. Ramseur.
¹⁰ President Bush has articulated the goal of reducing U.S. greenhouse gas emissions
intensity — the ratio of GHG emissions to economic output. However, that goal is
voluntary, not mandatory.
¹¹ For more discussion of the different emission reduction policy options, see CRS Report
RL33799, Climate Change: Design Approaches for a Greenhouse Gas Reduction Program,
by Larry Parker.
¹² For detailed information on GHG reduction bills, see CRS Report RL33846, Climate
Change: Greenhouse Gas Reduction Bills in the 110th Congress, by Larry Parker and Brent
D. Yacobucci.
¹³ A hybrid of cap-and-trade and carbon tax schemes would require tradeable emissions
permits, but establish a “safety valve” price. In this case, if the market value of a permit
remains below a set price — the safety valve — the emissions targets will be achieved at
low cost. If prices rise above the safety valve, covered entities can purchase an unlimited
number of permits from the government. In this way, the overall price to covered entities
— and the economy — is limited, but specific emission reduction targets may not be^th
reached. However, no such bills have been introduced in the 110 Congress.

Sector-Specific Reduction Bills. Members have introduced several bills
in the 110^th Congress that would control emissions from only the electric utility
sector. The rationale for such a policy is that electricity generation emits the highest
percentage of GHGs by sector, and the number of covered sources would be
relatively small compared to other sectors (e.g., transportation). Moreover, power
plants have experience with reporting (if not reducing) their CO² emissions under the
Clean Air Act.
Sector-specific bills generally fall into two categories: (1) bills that would
control only GHGs and (2) bills that would control both GHGs and other pollutants
such as mercury, sulfur dioxide, and nitrogen oxides. This latter category of bills is
generally referred to as “multi-pollutant” legislation.¹⁴
Comprehensive GHG Emissions Reductions. A broader approach is to
require emission reductions from multiple economic sectors. Several bills in the
110^th Congress would apply to most or all U.S. GHG emissions. These bills are often
described as an “economy-wide” GHG reduction approach. These bills vary in their
coverage: some bills cover the most high-emitting sectors (e.g., electricity generation,
industry, and transportation) while excluding other sectors (e.g., residential and
commercial); other bills grant EPA broad authority to establish regulations to reduce
the most emissions at the lowest cost.

¹⁴ For more information on multi-pollutant bills, see CRS Report RL34018, Air Quality:
Multi-Pollutant Legislation in the 110th Congress, by Larry Parker and John Blodgett.

CRS-7
Appendix A. Major Focus Areas of Climate Change Bills and Enacted Legislation in the 110^th Congress
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¹⁵ This bill would not create a GHG reduction program, but would limit the costs of such a program if enacted through other
legislation.

CRS-9
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¹⁶ This bill would not create a GHG reduction program, but would supplement a market-based emission trading program enacted by
Congress.

CRS-10
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¹⁷ This bill uses a carbon tax approach. Other economy-wide GHG reduction bills would establish or authorize a cap-and-trade
system.
¹⁸ This bill uses a carbon tax approach. Other economy-wide GHG reduction bills would establish or authorize a cap-and-trade
system.

CRS-11
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CRS-12
Appendix B. Key Provisions of Climate Change Legislation in the 110^th Congress
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^P^r^otection^,^an^d^dev^e^l^opm^en^t^prog^ram^;^di^rect^s^t^h^{e D}^e^part^m^eⁿ^t^of^t^h^{e In}^t^e^ri^{or t}^o^con^d^u^c^t^{a n}^a^tⁱ^oⁿ^a^l
^En^erg^y^Ef^fⁱ^cien^cy^as^s^e^s^s^m^en^{t of}^g^e^olog^{ic s}^t^orag^{e capacity}^f^o^{r carbon}^diox^{ide (C}^O²^);ⁱⁿ^s^t^ru^ct^s^t^h^e
^A^c^t^of²⁰⁰⁷^Departm^eⁿ^t^of^En^erg^y^{to im}^plem^en^{t a prog}^ram^{to dem}^oⁿ^s^{trate tech}ⁿ^o^logⁱ^es^f^o^{r th}^e
^larg^e-^s^{cale captu}^{re of}^C^O²^f^r^omⁱⁿ^du^s^t^ri^al^s^o^u^r^ces^of^C^O²^{; estab}^lish^e^{s w}^ithⁱⁿ^th^e
^Departm^eⁿ^t^of^T^r^an^s^portation^an^Of^fⁱ^{ce of}^C^lim^{ate C}^h^an^g^e^an^{d th}^{e En}^vⁱ^ron^m^en^{t to}
^coordin^a^{te res}^earch^an^{d im}^plem^en^{t s}^t^rategⁱ^es^{to addres}^s^tran^s^portation^is^s^u^es^as^s^o^ciated
^w^ith^clim^{ate ch}^an^g^e^.
ⁱ^{ki/CRS-RL34067}^.^110-^C^oⁿ^s^olidated^A^ppropri^a^tⁱ^oⁿ^s^Sigⁿ^e^{d in}^{to law}^Decem^ber^{26, 2007}^{Directs th}^{e EP}^A^to^issu^{e reg}^u^l^atioⁿ^s^req^u^irin^g^m^aⁿ^d^ato^r^y^rep^o^r^tin^g^o^f^{GHG em}^issioⁿ^s^“^a^bov^{e appropri}^a^t^e^t^h^res^h^ol^dsⁱⁿ^al^l^s^ect^ors^of^t^h^{e econ}^o^m^y^;^”^t^h^{e propos}^{ed ru}^l^e^an^{d f}ⁱⁿ^a^l
^g/w^A^c^t^,²⁰⁰⁸^ru^l^e^m^u^s^t^{be pu}^blⁱ^s^h^e^{d n}ⁱⁿ^e^m^oⁿ^t^h^s⁽ⁱ^{.e., by}^S^e^pt^em^{ber 2008) an}^{d 18 m}^oⁿ^t^h^s⁽ⁱ^{.e., Ju}ⁿ^e
^s^.or^{2009) af}^t^e^{r t}^h^{e dat}^e^of^t^h^{e s}^t^at^u^t^e’^s^en^act^m^eⁿ^t^;
^le^ak
^Iⁿ^str^u^{cts NOA}^A^to^w^o^r^k^w^ith^th^{e Natio}ⁿ^a^{l A}^cad^em^y^o^f^Scien^{ces to}^estab^lish^{a Clim}^ate
^://wiki^Ch^an^g^e^Stu^d^y^Co^m^m^{ittee th}^{at w}^{ill stu}^d^y^clim^{ate ch}^an^g^e^issu^{es an}^d^m^a^k^e
^h^ttp^r^eco^m^m^eⁿ^d^atioⁿ^s^r^e^g^a^r^dⁱⁿ^g^clim^{ate ch}^an^g^e^m^itig^atioⁿ^str^a^tegⁱ^es.
^.^110-^Natioⁿ^a^{l Def}^eⁿ^s^e^Sigⁿ^e^dⁱⁿ^to^law^J^aⁿ^u^a^r^y^A^m^on^g^ot^h^e^{r prov}ⁱ^sⁱ^oⁿ^s^{, requ}ⁱ^r^es^t^h^{e D}^e^part^m^eⁿ^t^of^D^e^f^eⁿ^s^{e t}^o^as^s^e^s^s^t^h^{e ri}^s^k^s^of
^A^u^th^o^r^izatioⁿ^A^c^t^{28, 2008}^p^r^o^j^ected^clim^{ate ch}^an^g^e^to^th^{e d}^e^p^a^r^t^m^eⁿ^t^’^s^f^{acilities, cap}^ab^{ilities, an}^d^mⁱ^ssioⁿ^s^.
^f^o^{r Fis}^{cal Year}
²⁰⁰⁸
^.^110-^C^oⁿ^s^olidated^Sigⁿ^e^dⁱⁿ^to^law^May⁸^,^A^m^on^g^oth^e^{r prov}^is^ion^s^{, requ}^ires^th^{e Secretary}^of^En^erg^y^{, w}^h^en^revⁱ^ewⁱⁿ^g^res^earch^an^d
^Natu^r^a^{l Reso}^u^r^ces²⁰⁰⁸^d^e^v^e^lo^p^m^en^{t activ}^{ities f}^o^r^p^o^ssib^l^{e in}^clu^s^ioⁿⁱⁿ^th^{e steel r}^e^sear^ch^an^d^d^e^v^e^lo^p^m^en^t
^A^c^t^of²⁰⁰⁸ⁱⁿ^itiativ^{e, to}^ex^p^aⁿ^d^th^{e p}^l^anⁱⁿ^o^r^d^e^r^to^coⁿ^s^id^er^am^oⁿ^g^{steel p}^r^o^j^{ect p}^r^io^r^{ities th}^e
^d^e^v^e^lo^p^m^en^{t o}^f^techⁿ^o^lo^gⁱ^{es w}^h^ich^red^u^{ce GHG em}^issioⁿ^s.

CRS-13
^{ill o}^r^P.L.^Spons^or^{Short T}ⁱ^tle^M^{ajor Actions}^K^{ey Provis}ⁱ^ons^T^h^{at Directly Addres}^s^Clim^{ate Change}
^No^.
^.^110-^F^ood,^C^oⁿ^g^r^es^s^en^acted^A^m^oⁿ^g^m^aⁿ^y^o^t^h^e^r^p^r^o^v^isioⁿ^s^{, d}ⁱ^r^{ects th}^{e Dep}^a^r^t^m^eⁿ^t^o^f^A^g^rⁱ^cu^ltu^r^e^to^estab^lish
^Co^nse^r^va^tⁱ^o^n,^aⁿ^d¹⁹⁽^o^v^e^r^r^idⁱⁿ^g^th^{e P}^r^esid^en^t’^s^techⁿⁱ^{cal g}^uⁱ^delin^es^{to “}^m^eas^u^r^{e th}^{e en}^vⁱ^ron^m^en^{tal s}^e^rv^ices^ben^e^f^its^f^r^om^con^s^erv^a^tion
^En^erg^y^A^c^t^v^e^t^o^{) Ju}ⁿ^e^{18, 2008}^an^d^lan^d^m^aⁿ^a^g^e^m^eⁿ^t^activ^{ities in}^o^r^d^e^r^to^f^{acilitate th}^{e p}^a^r^ticip^atioⁿ^o^f^f^a^r^m^er^s,
^r^a^nc^he^r^s^,^aⁿ^d^fo^r^e^st^l^a^nd^o^w^ne^r^sⁱⁿ^e^m^e^r^gi^{ng e}^nvi^r^o^nm^eⁿ^t^a^l^se^r^vⁱ^c^e^s^m^a^r^k^e^t^s.^”^U^S^D^Aⁱ^s
^to^gⁱ^v^e^p^r^io^r^ity^to^car^b^oⁿ^m^a^r^k^ets.
^.^110-^E^m^e^r^ge^nc^y^Sigⁿ^e^dⁱⁿ^to^law^Octo^b^e^r³^,^A^m^o^{ng m}^a^ny^o^t^he^r^p^r^o^vⁱ^sⁱ^o^ns,^o^ffe^r^s^a^tax^{credit f}^o^{r s}^e^{lect (g}^eologⁱ^{c) carbon}
^Econ^omⁱ^c²⁰⁰⁸^seq^u^estr^atioⁿ^activ^{ities; d}ⁱ^r^{ects th}^{e Dep}^a^r^t^m^eⁿ^t^o^f^T^r^easu^r^y^to^en^terⁱⁿ^to^an^ag^r^eem^en^t
^Stab^ilizatioⁿ^A^c^t^w^ith^Nation^a^{l A}^cadem^y^of^Scien^ces^{to “}^uⁿ^d^ertak^e^{a com}^p^reh^eⁿ^s^iv^{e rev}ⁱ^ew^of^th^{e In}^tern^al
^of²⁰⁰⁸^R^e^v^eⁿ^u^e^C^{ode of}^{1986 t}^oⁱ^d^en^tⁱ^f^y^t^h^{e t}^y^pes^of^an^{d s}^p^eci^fⁱ^{c t}^a^x^provⁱ^sⁱ^oⁿ^s^t^h^at^h^a^v^e^t^h^e
^larg^es^{t ef}^f^ects^on^carbon^an^{d oth}^e^{r g}^r^een^h^o^u^s^{e g}^a^s^em^is^sⁱ^on^s^an^{d to es}^tim^{ate th}^e
^m^a^gⁿ^itu^d^e^o^f^th^o^s^{e ef}^f^{ects;: d}ⁱ^r^{ects NA}^{S to}^r^e^p^o^r^{t f}ⁱⁿ^dⁱⁿ^g^s^to^Coⁿ^g^r^{ess tw}^o^y^ear^{s af}^ter
^en^act^m^eⁿ^t^(O^ct^{ober 3, 2010).}
^SEN^A^{TE B}^I^LLS
ⁱ^{ki/CRS-RL34067}
^g/w^Reid^R^eⁿ^e^w^a^{ble Fu}^els^,^Propos^{ed Ju}ⁿ^e^{12, 2007;}^A^m^o^{ng o}^t^he^r^p^r^o^vⁱ^sⁱ^o^ns,^m^a^ny^o^f^w^hⁱ^c^{h i}ⁿ^dⁱ^r^e^c^t^l^y^a^d^d^r^e^{ss gr}^e^e^nho^use^ga^{s e}^mⁱ^s^si^oⁿ^s,
^s^.or^en^ate²⁰^Co^nsum^e^r^pas^s^e^{d t}^h^{e S}^eⁿ^a^t^e^Juⁿ^e^21,^am^en^ds^t^h^{e En}^erg^y^Polⁱ^c^y^A^c^t^of^{2005 t}^o^ex^pan^d^t^h^{e carbon}^capt^u^{re res}^earch^an^d
^le^ak^ion)^P^r^otection^,^an^d^2007;^sⁱ^gⁿ^e^{d i}ⁿ^t^o^l^a^w^dev^e^l^opm^en^t^prog^ram^;^di^rect^s^t^h^{e D}^e^part^m^eⁿ^t^of^t^h^{e In}^t^e^ri^{or t}^o^con^d^u^c^t^{a n}^a^tⁱ^oⁿ^a^l
^En^erg^y^Ef^fⁱ^cien^cy^Decem^{ber 19, 2007 (P}^.L^.^as^s^e^s^s^m^en^{t of}^g^e^olog^{ic s}^t^orag^{e capacity}^f^o^{r carbon}^diox^{ide (C}^O²^);ⁱⁿ^s^t^ru^ct^s^t^h^e
^://wiki^A^c^t^of²⁰⁰⁷^110-^{140) (com}^panⁱ^on^t^o^Departm^eⁿ^t^of^En^erg^y^{to im}^plem^en^{t a prog}^ram^{to dem}^oⁿ^s^{trate tech}ⁿ^o^logⁱ^es^f^o^{r th}^e
^h^ttp^H^.^R^.³²²¹⁾^larg^e-^s^{cale captu}^{re of}^C^O²^f^r^omⁱⁿ^du^s^t^ri^al^s^o^u^r^ces^of^C^O²^{; estab}^lish^e^{s w}^ithⁱⁿ^th^e^Departm^eⁿ^t^of^T^r^an^s^portation^an^Of^fⁱ^{ce of}^C^lim^{ate C}^h^an^g^e^an^{d th}^{e En}^vⁱ^ron^m^en^{t to}
^coordin^a^{te res}^earch^an^{d im}^plem^en^{t s}^t^rategⁱ^es^{to addres}^s^tran^s^portation^is^s^u^es^as^s^o^ciated
^w^ith^clim^{ate ch}^an^g^e^.
¹⁸³^S^t^even^s^Im^prov^ed^In^t^r^odu^{ced Jan}^u^a^ry^4,^A^m^on^g^ot^h^e^{r prov}ⁱ^sⁱ^oⁿ^s^{, requ}ⁱ^r^es^t^h^{e S}^ecret^ary^of^C^o^m^m^e^{rce to es}^tablis^h^{a v}^o^luⁿ^t^ary
^P^a^sse^nge^r^2007;^ref^e^{rred t}^o^t^h^e^g^r^een^h^o^u^s^{e g}^a^{s (GHG) reg}ⁱ^stry^sy^stem^.

^A^u^to^m^o^b^{ile Fu}^el^Sen^a^{te Co}^m^m^{ittee o}ⁿ
^Econ^om^y^A^c^t^of^C^o^m^m^e^{rce, Scien}^{ce, an}^d
²⁰⁰⁷^T^r^an^sp^o^r^tatioⁿ
¹⁹ The legislative proposals that led to P.L. 110-246 are not included in the appendixes of this report. For more information, see CRS
Report RL34696, The 2008 Farm Bill: Major Provisions and Legislative Action.
²⁰ The House passed H.R. 6 January 18, 2007, but the House version does not contain research provisions regarding carbon capture
and storage.

CRS-14
^{ill o}^r^P.L.^Spons^or^{Short T}ⁱ^tle^M^{ajor Actions}^K^{ey Provis}ⁱ^ons^T^h^{at Directly Addres}^s^Clim^{ate Change}
^No^.
^Lⁱ^eberm^an^Clim^ate^In^t^r^odu^{ced Jan}^u^a^ry^12,^C^r^{eates a co}^m^p^reh^eⁿ^s^iv^{e GHG cap}^-^aⁿ^d^-^t^rad^e^p^r^o^g^ram^th^{at co}^v^e^{rs th}^{e electric p}^o^w^er,
^Stew^ards^hⁱ^{p an}^d^2007;^ref^e^{rred t}^o^t^h^e^tran^s^portation^,ⁱⁿ^du^s^t^{rial, an}^{d com}^m^e^{rcial s}^ectors^(accouⁿ^tin^g^f^o^r
^I^nno^va^tⁱ^o^{n A}^c^t^o^f^Sen^a^{te Co}^m^m^{ittee o}ⁿ^f^o^{r abou}^{t 85%}^of^U.S^.^{GHG em}^is^sⁱ^on^s⁾^{; th}^{e cap w}^o^u^l^{d tak}^e^ef^f^{ect in}^{2012 an}^{d w}^o^u^l^d
²⁰⁰⁷^E^nvi^r^o^nm^eⁿ^t^aⁿ^d^P^u^b^lⁱ^c^declⁱⁿ^{e f}^u^rt^h^e^{r i}ⁿ^{2020, 2030, an}^{d 2050;}^by^{2050, t}^h^{e em}ⁱ^s^sⁱ^on^s^{cap w}^o^u^l^{d decl}ⁱⁿ^{e t}^o
^Work^s^60%^bel^o^w^{1990 l}^e^v^e^l^s^.
^(com^panⁱ^on^t^o^H^.^R^.⁶²⁰⁾
^C^a^lls^f^o^{r res}^earch^on^abru^{pt clim}^{ate ch}^an^g^e^an^{d th}^{e im}^{pact of}^clim^{ate ch}^an^g^e^on^th^e
^w^o^rld’^s^{poor, am}^on^g^oth^e^rs^{, an}^{d creation}^of^{a n}^a^tion^a^{l GHG databas}^e^{; es}^tablis^h^e^s^{a n}^e^w
^p^r^o^g^r^a^m^to^d^e^v^e^lo^p^Iⁿⁿ^o^v^a^tioⁿ^Iⁿ^f^r^astr^u^c^tu^r^e^{, alo}ⁿ^g^w^ith^p^r^o^g^r^a^mⁱⁿ^itiativ^{es to}^p^r^o^m^o^t^e
^l^e^{ss c}^a^r^b^oⁿ^-i^nt^eⁿ^si^ve^t^e^c^hno^l^o^gy⁽^s^uc^{h a}^s^nuc^l^{ear en}^erg^y^{), adaptation}^,^s^e^qu^es^tration^,^an^d
^r^e^lated^activ^{ities; r}^e^q^u^ir^{es p}^e^rⁱ^o^dⁱ^{c r}^e^vⁱ^ew^o^f^tar^g^{et ad}^eq^u^acy^b^y^th^{e Un}^d^e^r^Secr^etar^y^o^f
^C^o^m^m^e^{rce f}^o^{r Ocean}^s^an^{d A}^t^m^o^s^p^h^e^{re, w}^h^{o ov}^ers^ees^th^{e Nation}^a^{l Ocean}^{ic an}^d
^At^m^o^s^p^h^e^rⁱ^c^Ad^mⁱⁿⁱ^s^t^r^a^tⁱ^oⁿ⁽^N^O^AA)^.
ⁱ^{ki/CRS-RL34067}⁰⁹^Sa^nders^Glo^b^a^{l W}^a^r^mⁱⁿ^g^P^o^llu^tioⁿ^In^t^r^odu^{ced Jan}^u^a^ry^16,^2007;^ref^e^{rred t}^o^t^h^e^C^r^eates^an^econ^o^m^y^-^w^{ide GHG cap th}^{at w}^o^u^l^{d tak}^e^ef^f^{ect in}^{2010 an}^{d declin}^{e a}^nnua^l^l^y^,^reachⁱⁿ^g^{1990 lev}^e^ls^by^{2020; w}^ith^s^u^bs^equ^eⁿ^t^a^nnua^l^c^a^p^d^e^c^lⁱⁿ^e^s^,^c^a^p^w^o^ul^d^fa^l^l^t^o
^g/w^Red^u^ctioⁿ^A^c^t^Sen^a^{te Co}^m^m^{ittee o}ⁿ^80%^bel^o^w^{1990 l}^e^v^e^l^s^by^2050;^EPA^h^a^s^t^h^{e di}^s^c^retⁱ^oⁿ^t^o^em^pl^oy^{a m}^a^rk^et^-^b^as^ed
^s^.or^E^nvi^r^o^nm^eⁿ^t^aⁿ^d^P^u^b^lⁱ^c^approach^(e.g^{., cap-}^aⁿ^d^-^t^{rade s}^y^s^t^em^).
^le^ak^Work^s
^R^e^qu^ires^m^aⁿ^d^atory^{GHG em}^is^sⁱ^on^s^t^an^dard^s^f^o^{r v}^e^hⁱ^cles^by^{2010, f}^o^{r n}^e^w^electric
^://wiki^pow^erplan^ts^th^{at beg}ⁱⁿ^operation^af^{ter Decem}^{ber 31, 2011, an}^{d a n}^e^w^en^erg^y^ef^fⁱ^cien^cy
^h^ttp^perf^orm^aⁿ^{ce s}^t^an^{dard; es}^tablis^h^e^s^{a R}^eⁿ^e^w^a^{ble P}^o^rtf^o^{lio Stan}^{dard (R}^P^S^{) th}^{at w}^o^u^l^d
^requ^{ire a certain}^percen^tag^e^of^electricity^{to be g}^eⁿ^e^{rated f}^r^om^ren^e^w^a^{ble en}^erg^y^s^o^u^r^ces^;
^th^{e R}^P^S^w^o^u^l^{d in}^creas^{e periodically}^{, reach}ⁱⁿ^g^20%^by^{2020; s}^e^ts^u^p^{a n}^e^w^low^-^carbon
^g^eⁿ^e^ration^requ^irem^en^{t an}^{d tradin}^g^prog^ram^;^calls^f^o^{r a periodic rev}ⁱ^ew^of^targ^et
^adequ^acy^by^th^{e Nation}^a^{l A}^cadem^y^of^Scien^ces^(NA^S^).
³¹⁷^Feiⁿ^s^t^eiⁿ^Electrⁱ^{c Utility}^In^t^r^odu^{ced Jan}^u^a^ry^17,^{Creates a GHG cap}^-^aⁿ^d^-^t^rad^e^p^r^o^g^ram^th^{at ap}^p^{lies to}^{electric g}^eⁿ^e^ratin^g^f^{acilities o}^f
^C^a^{p an}^{d T}^r^{ade A}^c^t^2007;^ref^e^{rred t}^o^t^h^e^m^o^{re th}^an^{25 m}^e^g^a^w^a^tts^(MW⁾^{; th}^{e em}^is^sⁱ^on^s^{cap f}^o^{r th}^{e cov}^e^{red s}^o^u^r^ces^w^o^u^l^{d declin}^e
^of²⁰⁰⁷^Sen^a^{te Co}^m^m^{ittee o}ⁿ^each^y^ear.
^E^nvi^r^o^nm^eⁿ^t^aⁿ^d^P^u^b^lⁱ^c
^Work^s^Es^tablis^h^e^s^{a prog}^ram^{to en}^cou^r^ag^{e of}^f^s^ets^f^r^o^m^th^{e ag}^rⁱ^cu^ltu^r^a^{l secto}^r^{; r}^e^q^u^ir^{es p}^e^rⁱ^o^dⁱ^c
^revⁱ^ew^of^targ^{et adequ}^acy^by^EP^A^takⁱⁿ^gⁱⁿ^{to accou}ⁿ^t^th^{e recom}^m^eⁿ^d^ation^s^of^th^e
^Clim^{ate Scien}^{ce A}^d^vⁱ^so^r^y^P^aⁿ^e^{l, a g}^r^o^u^p^cr^eated^b^y^th^{e b}^ill.

CRS-15
^{ill o}^r^P.L.^Spons^or^{Short T}ⁱ^tle^M^{ajor Actions}^K^{ey Provis}ⁱ^ons^T^h^{at Directly Addres}^s^Clim^{ate Change}
^No^.
^Kerry^Glo^b^a^{l W}^a^r^mⁱⁿ^g^In^t^r^odu^{ced F}^e^bru^a^ry^1,^C^r^{eates an}^ecoⁿ^o^m^y^-^w^id^{e GHG cap}^-^aⁿ^d^-^t^rad^e^p^r^o^g^ram^th^{at w}^o^u^l^d^req^u^{ire em}^issioⁿ
^Red^u^ctioⁿ^A^c^{t o}^f^2007;^ref^e^{rred t}^o^t^h^e^redu^ctⁱ^oⁿ^s^of^approxⁱ^m^at^el^y^60%^bel^o^w^{1990 l}^e^v^e^l^s^by^2050.
²⁰⁰⁷^Sen^a^{te Co}^m^m^{ittee o}ⁿ
^Fi^na^nc^e^R^e^qu^ires^{GHG em}^is^sⁱ^on^s^t^an^dards^f^o^{r v}^e^hⁱ^cles^by^{2010, an}^{d a n}^e^w^en^erg^y^ef^fⁱ^cien^cy
^s^t^an^{dard beg}ⁱⁿⁿⁱⁿ^gⁱⁿ^2009;^es^t^a^blⁱ^s^h^e^s^{a R}^eⁿ^e^w^a^bl^{e Port}^f^o^lⁱ^o^S^t^an^{dard an}^{d credi}^t
^prog^ram^;ⁱⁿ^creas^es^biof^u^e^{l m}^aⁿ^d^ates^uⁿ^d^{er th}^{e R}^eⁿ^e^w^a^{ble Fu}^els^Stan^{dard, an}^{d m}^aⁿ^d^ates
ⁱⁿ^f^r^astr^u^c^tu^r^e^f^o^r^bⁱ^o^f^u^e^{ls; ex}^p^aⁿ^d^{s an}^d^ex^ten^d^{s ex}^istin^g^taxⁱⁿ^cen^tiv^{es f}^o^r^alterⁿ^ativ^{e f}^u^el
^an^{d adv}^aⁿ^{ced tech}ⁿ^o^log^y^v^e^hⁱ^cles^{, an}^{d es}^ta^blis^h^e^s^m^aⁿ^u^f^actu^r^{er tax}^{credit f}^o^{r adv}^aⁿ^ced
^techⁿ^o^lo^g^y^v^e^hⁱ^{cle in}^v^e^stm^eⁿ^{t; sets u}^p^{a n}^e^w^Natioⁿ^a^{l Clim}^{ate Ch}^an^g^e^Vu^ln^er^ab^ility^an^d
^Resilien^{ce P}^r^o^g^r^a^m^;^r^e^q^u^ir^{es p}^e^rⁱ^o^dⁱ^{c r}^e^vⁱ^ew^o^f^tar^g^{et ad}^eq^u^acy^b^y^th^{e NA}^S.
⁹⁶²^Biⁿ^gam^an^D^e^part^m^eⁿ^t^of^In^t^r^odu^{ced March}^22,^A^m^en^ds^t^h^{e En}^erg^y^Polⁱ^c^y^A^c^t^of^{2005 t}^o^prom^ot^{e depl}^oy^m^eⁿ^t^of^carbon^capt^u^{re an}^d
^En^erg^y^C^a^rbon^2007;^ref^e^{rred t}^o^t^h^e^sto^r^ag^{e tech}ⁿ^o^lo^g^y^{; calls f}^o^r^f^u^r^t^h^e^r^r^e^sear^ch^to^d^e^v^e^lo^p^th^{is tech}ⁿ^o^lo^g^y^.
^C^a^ptu^r^{e an}^d^Sen^a^{te Co}^m^m^{ittee o}ⁿ
ⁱ^{ki/CRS-RL34067}^Storag^{e R}^e^s^earch^,^Dev^e^lopm^en^{t, an}^d^En^erg^y^an^{d Natu}^ral^R^e^s^o^u^r^ces^(com^panⁱ^on^t^o
^g/w^Dem^oⁿ^s^tr^atioⁿ^A^c^t^H^.^R^.¹⁹³³⁾
^s^.or^of²⁰⁰⁷
^le^ak
¹⁰¹⁸^D^u^rbⁱⁿ^Glo^b^a^{l Clim}^ate^In^t^r^odu^{ced March}^28,^Req^u^ir^{es th}^{e Dir}^ecto^r^o^f^Natioⁿ^a^{l I}ⁿ^tellig^en^{ce to}^su^b^m^{it to}^Coⁿ^g^r^{ess a Natio}ⁿ^a^l
^://wiki^C^h^an^g^e^Secu^rity^2007;^ref^e^{rred t}^o^t^h^e^In^tellig^en^{ce Es}^tim^{ate on}^th^{e an}^{ticipated g}^e^{opolitical ef}^f^ects^of^g^l^{obal clim}^{ate ch}^an^g^e^an^d
^h^ttp^O^v^e^r^si^ght^A^c^t^Sen^a^{te Select Co}^m^m^ittee^th^{e im}^p^licatioⁿ^s^o^f^su^ch^ef^f^{ects o}ⁿ^{U.S. n}^a^tioⁿ^a^{l s}^ecu^rity^{; directs}^th^{e Secretary}^of^Def^eⁿ^s^e
^oⁿ^Iⁿ^tellig^en^ce^to^r^e^p^o^r^{t to}^Coⁿ^g^r^{ess o}ⁿ^th^{e p}^r^o^j^ected^im^p^{act o}ⁿ^m^ilitar^yⁱⁿ^stallatioⁿ^s^{, cap}^ab^{ilities, an}^d
^(com^panⁱ^on^t^o^H^.^R^.¹⁹⁶¹⁾^operation^s^of^th^{e ef}^f^ects^of^g^l^{obal clim}^{ate ch}^an^g^e^as^as^s^e^s^s^e^{d in}^th^{e es}^tim^{ate, an}^{d to}
^r^eco^m^m^eⁿ^d^r^e^sear^ch^an^d^an^aly^s^{is n}^eed^ed^to^f^u^r^t^h^e^r^{assess th}^{e im}^p^{acts o}ⁿ^th^{e m}^ilitar^y^o^f
^g^l^{obal clim}^{ate ch}^an^g^e^{; requ}^ires^th^{e Secretary}^of^{State to report to C}^oⁿ^g^r^es^s^on^th^e
^p^o^t^en^{tial f}^o^r⁽¹⁾^lar^g^{e m}ⁱ^g^r^atioⁿ^s^o^f^p^e^o^p^l^{e in}^co^uⁿ^t^rⁱ^{es o}^f^str^a^tegⁱ^{c in}^ter^e^{st o}^r
^h^u^m^an^itarian^con^cern^as^{a res}^pon^s^e^{to ch}^an^g^e^{s in}^clim^{ate an}^d^th^{e im}^p^licatioⁿ^s^f^o^r^U.S.
^s^ecu^rityⁱⁿ^teres^t^s^;^an^{d (2) diplom}^{atic opportu}ⁿ^ities^an^{d ch}^allen^g^e^s^f^acin^g^{U.S. policy}
^m^a^k^e^r^s^{as a r}^e^su^{lt o}^f^so^{cial, eco}ⁿ^o^mⁱ^{c, o}^r^p^o^{litical r}^e^sp^oⁿ^{ses o}^f^g^r^o^u^p^s^o^rⁿ^a^tioⁿ^s^to
^g^l^{obal clim}^{ate ch}^an^g^e^.
¹⁰⁵⁹^C^lⁱⁿ^ton^Z^e^r^o^-E^mⁱ^ssioⁿ^s^In^t^r^odu^{ced March}^27,^A^m^en^ds^th^{e En}^erg^y^C^oⁿ^s^erv^a^tion^an^{d P}^r^odu^ctioⁿ^A^c^{t to in}^s^t^ru^{ct th}^{e Secretary}^of^En^erg^y
^B^u^ildⁱⁿ^g^A^c^{t o}^f^{2007, ref}^e^{rred t}^o^t^h^e^{to es}^tablis^h^revⁱ^s^e^{d f}^e^{deral bu}^ildin^g^en^erg^y^ef^fⁱ^cien^cy^perf^orm^aⁿ^{ce s}^t^an^dards^;^th^e
²⁰⁰⁷^Sen^a^{te Co}^m^m^{ittee o}ⁿ^s^t^an^dards^requ^{ire (if}^lif^e-^cy^{cle cos}^t^-^e^f^f^ectiv^e)ⁿ^e^w^f^e^d^e^r^a^{l b}^u^ildⁱⁿ^g^s^to^m^{eet sp}^ecifⁱ^catioⁿ^s
^En^erg^y^an^{d Natu}^ral^th^{at w}^o^u^l^{d redu}^{ce GHG em}^is^sⁱ^on^s^by^s^p^ecifⁱ^{ed percen}^tag^e^s^betw^een^F^Y^{2007 an}^d
^R^e^s^o^u^r^ces^F^Y^2030.

CRS-16
^{ill o}^r^P.L.^Spons^or^{Short T}ⁱ^tle^M^{ajor Actions}^K^{ey Provis}ⁱ^ons^T^h^{at Directly Addres}^s^Clim^{ate Change}
^No^.
¹⁰⁷²^S^t^even^s^{Federal A}^g^en^cy^In^t^r^odu^{ced March}^29,^P^r^o^m^o^t^{es en}^erg^y^ef^fⁱ^cien^cy^an^d^{GHG red}^u^ctioⁿ^s^f^r^o^m^th^{e f}^e^d^e^{ral ag}^en^{cies b}^y^req^u^irin^g
^E^nvi^r^o^nm^eⁿ^t^a^l^2007;^ref^e^{rred t}^o^t^h^e^redu^ction^s^of^en^erg^yⁱⁿ^ten^s^ity^{; directs}^each^ag^en^cy^{to redu}^{ce en}^erg^yⁱⁿ^ten^s^ity^by^eith^er
^Resp^oⁿ^sib^ility^A^c^t^Sen^a^{te Co}^m^m^{ittee o}ⁿ^{3% per y}^{ear u}ⁿ^{til th}^{e en}^{d of}^{FY2014 or 30% by}^th^{e en}^{d of}^{FY2014, relativ}^{e to th}^e
^Ho^m^e^lan^d^Secu^r^ity^an^d^ag^en^cy^’^s^{2003 bas}^e^lⁱⁿ^e.
^G^o^ve^rⁿ^m^e^nt^a^l^A^ffaⁱ^r^s
¹⁰⁷³^Feiⁿ^s^t^eiⁿ^C^l^ean^Fu^els^an^d^In^t^r^odu^{ced March}^29,^A^m^en^d^s^th^{e Clean}^Aⁱ^r^A^c^{t to}^estab^lish^{a p}^r^o^g^r^a^m^w^ithⁱⁿ^EP^A^to^d^e^ter^mⁱⁿ^{e th}^{e lif}^e-^cy^cle
^Vehⁱ^cles^A^c^{t of}^2007;^ref^e^{rred t}^o^t^h^e^{GHG em}^issioⁿ^{s o}^f^m^o^to^{r f}^u^{els; req}^u^{ires ap}^p^licab^{le p}^a^{rties (g}^en^erally^th^o^s^{e th}^{at p}^r^o^d^u^ce
²⁰⁰⁷^Sen^a^{te Co}^m^m^{ittee o}ⁿ^o^r^su^p^p^l^y^th^{e f}^u^{els to}^th^{e U.S. m}^a^rk^{et) to}^red^u^{ce th}^{e av}^erag^{e lif}^e-^cy^{cle GHG em}^issioⁿ^s
^E^nvi^r^o^nm^eⁿ^t^aⁿ^d^P^u^b^lⁱ^c^{per u}ⁿⁱ^t^of^en^erg^y^delⁱ^v^{ered t}^o^{a m}^o^t^o^{r v}^e^hⁱ^cl^e;^by^{2015, part}ⁱ^e^s^m^u^s^t^redu^{ce 3%}^bel^o^w^a
^Work^s^{2007 bas}^e^lⁱⁿ^{e (det}^ermⁱⁿ^e^{d by}^EPA⁾^;^at^s^u^bs^equ^eⁿ^t^fⁱ^v^e^-^y^{ear i}ⁿ^t^e^rv^al^s^,^f^u^rt^h^e^{r 3%}
^redu^ction^s^(below^th^{e precedin}^g^y^ear’^s^av^erag^{e em}^is^sⁱ^on^s^bas^e^lin^{e as}^determⁱⁿ^{ed by}
^E^P^A⁾^a^r^e^r^e^q^uⁱ^r^e^d^;^r^e^d^u^c^tⁱ^o^{n r}^e^q^uⁱ^r^e^m^eⁿ^t^s^w^o^ul^d^b^eⁱ^m^p^l^e^m^eⁿ^t^e^d^t^h^r^o^{ugh a}^c^r^e^dⁱ^t
^tr^a^d^{ing sy}^ste^m^.
ⁱ^{ki/CRS-RL34067}^R^e^q^u^{ires au}^to^m^o^b^{ile m}^aⁿ^u^f^actu^r^{ers to}^im^p^r^o^v^{e th}^{e GHG p}^e^rf^o^r^m^aⁿ^{ce o}^f^th^{eir v}^e^hⁱ^cle
^g/w^f^l^{eet; f}^o^{r m}^{odel y}^{ear 2016 v}^e^hⁱ^cles^{, com}^p^an^ies^m^u^s^t^redu^{ce th}^{e f}^l^{eet av}^erag^{e qu}^an^tity^of
^s^.or^{GHG em}^is^sⁱ^on^s^{per v}^e^hⁱ^{cle m}^{ile 30%}^below^th^{e 2002 m}^{odel y}^{ear bas}^e^lin^e.
^le^ak
¹¹⁶⁸^A^l^ex^an^d^e^r^C^l^ean^Aⁱ^r/C^lim^ate^In^t^r^odu^{ced A}^p^ri^l^{19, 2007;}^Cr^{eates a “}^m^u^lti-^p^o^llu^tan^t^{” cap}^-^aⁿ^d^-^t^r^a^d^e^p^r^o^g^r^a^m^th^{at r}^e^q^u^ir^{es r}^e^d^u^ctioⁿ^sⁱⁿ^su^lf^u^r
^://wiki^Cha^nge^A^c^t^o^f^r^e^f^e^r^r^ed^to^th^{e Sen}^a^te^di^oxⁱ^d^{e (S}^O²^{), n}ⁱ^t^r^og^en^oxⁱ^d^es^(N^O^x^{), m}^e^rcu^r^y^(H^g⁾^{, an}^{d carbon}^di^oxⁱ^d^{e (C}^O²^);^C^O²
^h^ttp²⁰⁰⁷^Co^m^m^{ittee o}ⁿ^r^e^d^u^c^tⁱ^o^{ns a}^p^p^l^y^t^o^e^l^e^c^t^rⁱ^c^-^ge^ne^r^a^tⁱ^{ng uni}^t^s^(abov^{e 25 MW}^{) in}^th^{e 48 con}^tig^u^o^u^s^s^t^ates^;
^E^nvi^r^o^nm^eⁿ^t^aⁿ^d^P^u^b^lⁱ^c^CO²^em^is^sⁱ^on^s^{capped at 2.3 billion}^m^e^{tric ton}^s^(tonⁿ^e^s⁾ⁱⁿ^{2011, declin}ⁱⁿ^g^{to 1.5 billion}
^Work^s^t^oⁿⁿ^e^sⁱⁿ^2025.
¹¹⁷⁷^C^a^rp^er^Cl^e^aⁿ^Aⁱ^r^P^l^aⁿⁿⁱ^ng^In^t^r^odu^{ced A}^p^ri^l^{20, 2007;}^Cr^{eates a “}^m^u^lti-^p^o^llu^tan^t^{” cap}^-^aⁿ^d^-^t^r^a^d^e^p^r^o^g^r^a^m^th^{at r}^e^q^u^ir^{es r}^e^d^u^ctioⁿ^sⁱⁿ^su^lf^u^r
^A^c^t^of²⁰⁰⁷^r^e^f^e^r^r^ed^to^th^{e Sen}^a^te^di^oxⁱ^d^{e (S}^O²^{), n}ⁱ^t^r^og^en^oxⁱ^d^es^(N^O^x^{), m}^e^rcu^r^y^(H^g⁾^{, an}^{d carbon}^di^oxⁱ^d^{e (C}^O²^);^C^O²
^Co^m^m^{ittee o}ⁿ^r^e^d^u^c^tⁱ^o^{ns a}^p^p^l^y^t^o^e^l^e^c^t^rⁱ^c^-^ge^ne^r^a^tⁱ^{ng uni}^t^s⁽^a^b^o^v^e²⁵^M^W⁾^;^CO²^emⁱ^s^sⁱ^on^s^{capped at}
^E^nvi^r^o^nm^eⁿ^t^aⁿ^d^P^u^b^lⁱ^c^{2.47 billion}^m^e^{tric ton}ⁿ^e^sⁱⁿ^{2012, declin}ⁱⁿ^g^by^{1% a}^nnua^l^l^y^b^e^giⁿⁿⁱ^{ng i}ⁿ^{2016, an}^{d by}
^Work^s^1.5%^begⁱⁿⁿⁱⁿ^gⁱⁿ^2020.

CRS-17
^{ill o}^r^P.L.^Spons^or^{Short T}ⁱ^tle^M^{ajor Actions}^K^{ey Provis}ⁱ^ons^T^h^{at Directly Addres}^s^Clim^{ate Change}
^No^.
¹²⁰¹^S^aⁿ^d^ers^C^l^ean^P^o^w^e^{r A}^c^t^In^t^r^odu^{ced A}^p^ri^l^{24, 2007;}^Cr^{eates a “}^m^u^lti-^p^o^llu^tan^t^{” cap}^-^aⁿ^d^-^t^r^a^d^e^p^r^o^g^r^a^m^th^{at r}^e^q^u^ir^{es r}^e^d^u^ctioⁿ^sⁱⁿ^su^lf^u^r
^of²⁰⁰⁷^r^e^f^e^r^r^ed^to^th^{e Sen}^a^te^di^oxⁱ^d^{e (S}^O²^{), n}ⁱ^t^r^og^en^oxⁱ^d^es^(N^O^x^{), m}^e^rcu^r^y^(H^g⁾^{, an}^{d carbon}^di^oxⁱ^d^{e (C}^O²^);^C^O²
^Co^m^m^{ittee o}ⁿ^r^e^d^u^c^tⁱ^o^{ns a}^p^p^l^y^t^o^e^l^e^c^t^rⁱ^c^ge^ne^r^a^tⁱ^{ng uni}^t^s⁽^a^b^o^v^e²⁵^M^W⁾^;^CO²^emⁱ^s^sⁱ^on^s^{capped at}
^E^nvi^r^o^nm^eⁿ^t^aⁿ^d^P^u^b^lⁱ^c^{2.3 billion}^m^e^{tric ton}^s^(tonⁿ^e^s⁾ⁱⁿ^2011,^declinⁱⁿ^g^{to 1.5 billion}^tonⁿ^e^sⁱⁿ^{2025, an}^d
^Work^sⁱⁿ^crem^en^tally^th^ereaf^{ter u}ⁿ^{til 2050.}
^C^r^eates^{a n}^e^w^L^o^w^-^C^a^rbon^Gen^e^ration^R^e^qu^irem^en^{t an}^{d credit tradin}^g^prog^ram
^begⁱⁿⁿⁱⁿ^gⁱⁿ^2015;^creat^esⁿ^e^w^En^erg^y^Ef^fⁱ^ci^en^cy^Perf^orm^aⁿ^{ce S}^t^an^{dard an}^{d credi}^t
^prog^ram^begⁱⁿⁿⁱⁿ^gⁱⁿ^2008;^creat^es^{a R}^eⁿ^e^w^a^bl^{e Port}^f^o^lⁱ^o^S^t^an^{dard an}^{d credi}^t^prog^ram^,
^begⁱⁿⁿⁱⁿ^gⁱⁿ^2008;^requⁱ^r^es^fⁱⁿ^a^l^g^e^ol^ogⁱ^cal^C^O²^dⁱ^sp^o^s^a^l^staⁿ^d^a^r^d^{s w}^{ithin six y}^e^a^r^{s o}^f
^en^actm^eⁿ^t^an^{d biolog}^{ical s}^e^qu^es^tration^s^t^an^dards^w^ithⁱⁿ^tw^{o y}^ears^of^en^actm^eⁿ^t^.
¹²⁹⁷^Box^e^r^A^d^v^aⁿ^{ced C}^l^ean^In^t^r^odu^{ced May}^{3, 2007;}^A^m^en^d^s^th^{e Clean}^Aⁱ^r^A^c^{t to}^estab^lish^{a p}^r^o^g^r^a^m^w^ithⁱⁿ^EP^A^to^d^e^ter^mⁱⁿ^{e th}^{e lif}^e-^cy^cle
^F^u^el^s^A^c^t^of²⁰⁰⁷^r^e^f^e^r^r^ed^to^th^{e Sen}^a^te^{GHG em}^issioⁿ^{s o}^f^m^o^to^{r f}^u^{els; req}^u^{ires ap}^p^licab^{le p}^a^{rties (g}^en^erally^th^o^s^{e th}^{at p}^r^o^d^u^ce
ⁱ^{ki/CRS-RL34067}^Co^m^m^{ittee o}ⁿ^E^nvi^r^o^nm^eⁿ^t^aⁿ^d^P^u^b^lⁱ^c^o^r^su^p^p^l^y^th^{e f}^u^{els to}^th^{e U.S. m}^a^rk^{et) to}^red^u^{ce th}^{e av}^erag^{e lif}^e-^cy^{cle GHG em}^issioⁿ^s^{per u}ⁿⁱ^t^of^en^erg^y^delⁱ^v^{ered t}^o^{a m}^o^t^o^{r v}^e^hⁱ^cl^e;^by^t^h^{e en}^{d of}^{2011, t}^h^{e av}^erag^{e l}ⁱ^f^e-^cy^cl^e
^g/w^Work^s^{GHG em}^is^sⁱ^on^s^m^u^s^t^{be at leas}^{t equ}^a^{l to th}^{e 2008 bas}^e^lin^{e (as}^determⁱⁿ^{ed by}^EP^A⁾^{, by}
^s^.or^t^h^{e en}^{d of}^{2015, 5%}^bel^o^w^bas^e^lⁱⁿ^{e, an}^{d by}^t^h^{e en}^{d of}^{2020, 10%}^bel^o^w^bas^e^lⁱⁿ^e;^t^h^e
^le^ak^r^e^d^u^c^tⁱ^o^{n p}^r^o^g^r^a^m^w^o^ul^d^b^eⁱ^m^p^l^e^m^eⁿ^t^e^d^t^h^r^o^{ugh a}^c^r^e^dⁱ^t^t^r^a^dⁱ^{ng sy}^st^e^m^.
^://wiki^A^m^en^ds^th^{e C}^l^ean^Aⁱ^{r A}^c^{t to es}^tablis^h^{a prog}^ram^w^ithⁱⁿ^EP^A^{to redu}^{ce lif}^e-^cy^{cle GHG}
^h^ttp^e^mⁱ^ssi^oⁿ^{s o}^f^m^o^t^o^r^fue^l^s;ⁱ^m^p^l^e^m^eⁿ^t^s^r^e^d^u^c^tⁱ^o^{n r}^e^q^uⁱ^r^e^m^eⁿ^t^s^t^h^r^o^{ugh a}^c^r^e^dⁱ^t^t^r^a^dⁱⁿ^g
^sy^ste^m^.
¹³²¹^Biⁿ^gam^an^Bi^of^u^e^l^s^f^o^r^In^t^r^odu^{ced May}^{7, 2007;}^A^m^en^ds^t^h^{e En}^erg^y^Polⁱ^c^y^A^c^t^of^{2005 by}^en^h^aⁿ^cⁱⁿ^g^t^h^{e carbon}^capt^u^{re res}^earch^an^d
^En^erg^y^Secu^rity^report^e^{d by}^t^h^{e S}^eⁿ^a^t^e^d^e^v^e^lo^p^m^en^{t p}^r^o^g^r^a^m^;^dⁱ^r^{ects th}^{e Dep}^a^r^t^m^eⁿ^t^o^f^th^{e I}ⁿ^terⁱ^o^r^to^co^m^p^{lete a n}^a^tioⁿ^a^l
^an^{d T}^r^an^s^port^a^tⁱ^oⁿ^C^o^m^m^{ittee on}^En^erg^y^an^d^as^s^e^s^s^m^en^{t of}^g^e^olog^{ic s}^t^orag^{e capacity}^f^o^{r C}^O²^{; in}^str^u^{cts th}^{e Dep}^a^r^t^m^eⁿ^t^o^f^En^er^g^y^to
^A^c^t^of²⁰⁰⁷^Natu^r^a^{l Reso}^u^r^{ces May}⁷^,^im^plem^en^{t a prog}^ram^{to dem}^oⁿ^s^{trate tech}ⁿ^o^logⁱ^es^f^o^{r th}^{e larg}^e-^s^{cale captu}^{re of}^C^O²^fr^o^m
^{2007 (S}^.R^ept^.^110-⁶⁵⁾ⁱⁿ^du^s^t^{rial s}^o^u^r^ces^of^C^O²^.

^(com^panⁱ^on^t^o^H^.^R^.²⁵⁵⁶⁾

CRS-18
^{ill o}^r^P.L.^Spons^or^{Short T}ⁱ^tle^M^{ajor Actions}^K^{ey Provis}ⁱ^ons^T^h^{at Directly Addres}^s^Clim^{ate Change}
^No^.
¹³²⁴^Ob^am^a^Natioⁿ^a^l^In^t^r^odu^{ced May}^{7, 2007;}^A^m^en^d^s^th^{e Clean}^Aⁱ^r^A^c^{t to}^estab^lish^{a p}^r^o^g^r^a^m^w^ithⁱⁿ^EP^A^to^d^e^ter^mⁱⁿ^{e th}^{e lif}^e-^cy^cle
^L^o^w^-^C^a^rbon^F^u^el^r^e^f^e^r^r^ed^to^th^{e Sen}^a^te^{GHG em}^issioⁿ^{s o}^f^m^o^to^{r f}^u^{els; req}^u^{ires ap}^p^licab^{le p}^a^{rties (g}^en^erally^th^o^s^{e th}^{at p}^r^o^d^u^ce
^S^t^an^{dard A}^c^t^of^Co^m^m^{ittee o}ⁿ^o^r^su^p^p^l^y^th^{e f}^u^{els to}^th^{e U.S. m}^a^rk^{et) to}^red^u^{ce av}^erag^{e lif}^e-^cy^{cle GHG em}^issioⁿ^{s p}^e^r
²⁰⁰⁷^E^nvi^r^o^nm^eⁿ^t^aⁿ^d^P^u^b^lⁱ^c^uⁿⁱ^t^of^en^erg^y^delⁱ^v^{ered t}^o^{a m}^o^t^o^{r v}^e^hⁱ^cl^e;^by^{2011, t}^h^{e av}^erag^{e l}ⁱ^f^e-^cy^cl^{e G}^H^G
^Work^s^em^issioⁿ^{s m}^u^{st b}^e^su^b^s^tan^tially^eq^uⁱ^v^a^len^t^to^th^{e b}^a^selin^{e (}^a^{s d}^e^ter^mⁱⁿ^ed^b^y^EP^A^an^d
^bas^e^{d on}^av^erag^{e of}^y^ears^2005-^{2007), by}^{2015, 5%}^bel^o^w^bas^e^lⁱⁿ^{e, an}^{d by}^{2020, 10%}
^below^bas^e^lin^{e; s}^u^bj^{ect to EP}^A^as^s^e^s^s^m^en^{t, f}^u^rth^e^{r redu}^ction^s^w^o^u^l^{d be requ}^{ired ev}^ery
^s^u^bs^equ^eⁿ^t^fⁱ^v^e^y^ears^bey^oⁿ^d^2020;^t^h^{e redu}^ctⁱ^oⁿ^prog^ram^w^o^u^l^{d be i}^m^pl^em^en^t^e^d
^t^h^r^o^{ugh a}^c^r^e^dⁱ^t^t^r^a^dⁱ^{ng sy}^st^e^m^.
¹³⁸⁷^Kl^ob^u^c^h^a^r^Fed^e^r^a^l^In^t^r^odu^{ced May}^{14, 2007;}^{Directs EP}^A^to^estab^lish^{a m}^aⁿ^d^ato^r^y^{GHG in}^v^eⁿ^t^o^r^y^,^regⁱ^stry^{, an}^dⁱⁿ^f^o^rm^atioⁿ^sy^stem^;
^G^r^e^e^nho^use^G^a^s^report^e^{d (w}ⁱ^t^h^an^t^hⁱ^s^w^o^u^l^{d bu}ⁱ^l^d^u^pon^t^h^{e s}^t^at^u^t^ory^requⁱ^r^em^en^tⁱⁿ^cl^u^d^{ed i}ⁿ^110-^{161 (des}^cri^b^{ed abov}^e);
^Re^gistr^y^A^c^{t o}^f^am^en^dm^en^{t in}^th^{e n}^a^tu^re^r^e^q^u^ir^{es “}^a^f^f^ected^f^{acilities” to}^su^b^m^{it q}^u^ar^ter^l^y^r^e^p^o^r^{ts to}^EP^A^d^o^c^u^m^en^tin^g^GHG
²⁰⁰⁸^o^f^{a su}^b^s^titu^te)^b^y^th^e^emⁱ^s^sⁱ^on^s^;^requⁱ^r^es^emⁱ^s^sⁱ^on^reportⁱⁿ^g^t^o^begⁱⁿ^by^Jan^u^a^ry^{1, 2011.}
ⁱ^{ki/CRS-RL34067}^Sen^a^{te Co}^m^m^{ittee o}ⁿ^E^nvi^r^o^nm^eⁿ^t^aⁿ^d^P^u^b^lⁱ^c^T^h^{e d}^e^fⁱⁿ^itioⁿ^o^f^“^a^f^f^ected^f^acility^{” is sim}^ilar^to^th^{e list o}^f^co^v^e^r^e^d^so^u^r^{ces u}ⁿ^d^er^sev^e^r^a^l
^g/w^Work^s^S^e^pt^em^{ber 24,}^cap-^aⁿ^d^-^t^{rade propos}^al^s^,ⁱⁿ^cl^u^dⁱⁿ^g^S^.^{2191 an}^{d S}^.^3036.
^s^.or^{2008 (S}^.R^ept^.^110-⁴⁹¹⁾
^le^ak
¹⁴¹¹^L^a^u^t^en^b^erg^Fed^e^r^a^l^In^t^r^odu^{ced May}^{16, 2007;}^A^m^en^ds^th^{e C}^l^ean^Aⁱ^{r A}^c^{t to create a Federal Em}^is^sⁱ^on^s^In^v^eⁿ^t^ory^Of^fⁱ^{ce w}^ithⁱⁿ^EP^A^to
^://wiki^G^o^ve^rⁿ^m^e^nt^r^e^f^e^r^r^ed^to^th^{e Sen}^a^te^annually^m^easur^{e and}^r^e^p^o^r^{t o}ⁿ^the^{GHG em}^issioⁿ^{s o}^f^f^e^d^e^r^a^{l agencies.}
^h^ttp^G^r^e^e^nho^use^G^a^s^Co^m^m^{ittee o}ⁿ
^Re^gistr^y^A^c^{t o}^f^E^nvi^r^o^nm^eⁿ^t^aⁿ^d^P^u^b^lⁱ^c
²⁰⁰⁷^Work^s
¹⁴¹⁹^R^eⁱ^d^C^a^rbon^C^a^pt^u^r^e^In^t^r^odu^{ced May}^{17, 2007;}^A^m^on^g^ot^h^e^{r prov}ⁱ^sⁱ^oⁿ^s^{, am}^en^ds^t^h^{e En}^erg^y^Polⁱ^c^y^A^c^t^of^{2005 by}^en^h^aⁿ^cⁱⁿ^g^t^h^{e carbon}
^an^{d Sequ}^es^tration^[ⁱⁿ^s^er^tedⁱⁿ^to^S.A^m^d^t^.^captu^{re res}^earch^an^{d dev}^e^lopm^en^{t prog}^ram^;^di^rect^s^t^h^{e D}^e^part^m^eⁿ^t^of^t^h^{e In}^t^e^ri^{or t}^o
^A^c^{t of}^{2007 (T}^itle^{1502 t}^o^H^.^R^.^{6, w}^hⁱ^c^h^com^p^{lete a n}^a^tion^a^{l as}^s^e^s^s^m^en^{t of}^g^e^olog^{ic s}^t^orag^{e capacity}^f^o^{r C}^O²^{; in}^str^u^{cts th}^e
^I^I^I^o^f^b^ill)^becam^{e P}^.^L^.^110-^140]^Departm^eⁿ^t^of^En^erg^y^{to im}^plem^en^{t a prog}^ram^{to dem}^oⁿ^s^{trate tech}ⁿ^o^logⁱ^es^f^o^{r th}^e
^larg^e-^s^{cale captu}^{re of}^C^O²^f^r^omⁱⁿ^du^s^t^ri^al^s^o^u^r^ces^of^C^O²^.
¹⁴²⁴^S^c^h^u^m^er^Far^m^{, Nu}^tr^itioⁿ^,^In^t^r^odu^{ced May}^{17, 2007;}^A^m^oⁿ^g^o^t^h^e^r^p^r^o^v^isioⁿ^s^{, sets u}^p^g^r^an^{t p}^r^o^g^r^a^m^f^o^r^ap^p^licab^{le u}ⁿⁱ^v^e^r^s^{ities to}^coⁿ^d^u^c^t
^an^d^Co^m^m^uⁿ^ity^r^e^f^e^r^r^ed^to^th^{e Sen}^a^te^clim^{ate ch}^an^g^e^res^earch^{, in}^clu^dⁱⁿ^g^th^{e u}^s^{e of}^lan^d^m^aⁿ^a^g^e^m^eⁿ^t^practices^{to in}^creas^{e s}^o^il
^I^nve^st^m^e^nt^A^c^t^o^f^Co^m^mⁱ^t^t^e^e^oⁿ^Fi^na^nc^e^carb^oⁿ^seq^u^estratioⁿ^an^d^th^{e ef}^f^{ects o}ⁿ^ag^ricu^ltu^{re o}^fⁱⁿ^creased^{GHGs an}^d^g^l^o^b^a^l
²⁰⁰⁷^w^a^r^mⁱ^ng.
¹⁵⁰⁸^D^o^rgan^C^l^ean^En^erg^y^In^t^r^odu^{ced May}^{24, 2007;}^A^m^oⁿ^g^o^t^h^e^r^p^r^o^v^isioⁿ^s^{, p}^r^o^v^id^{es tax}ⁱⁿ^cen^tiv^{es f}^o^r^cap^tu^rⁱⁿ^g^an^d^seq^u^esterⁱⁿ^g^CO²^(or
^Produ^ctⁱ^oⁿ^T^a^x^r^e^f^e^r^r^ed^to^th^{e Sen}^a^te^r^eⁱⁿ^j^ectin^g^{it f}^o^r^en^h^aⁿ^ced^o^{il r}^eco^v^e^r^y⁾^.

^In^cen^tiv^es^A^c^{t of}^Co^m^mⁱ^t^t^e^e^oⁿ^Fi^na^nc^e
²⁰⁰⁷

CRS-19
^{ill o}^r^P.L.^Spons^or^{Short T}ⁱ^tle^M^{ajor Actions}^K^{ey Provis}ⁱ^ons^T^h^{at Directly Addres}^s^Clim^{ate Change}
^No^.
¹⁵³⁸^R^o^ck^efel^l^e^r^Iⁿ^tellig^en^ce^In^t^r^odu^{ced May}^{31, 2007;}^A^m^oⁿ^g^o^t^h^e^r^p^r^o^v^isioⁿ^s^{, r}^e^q^u^ir^{es Dir}^ecto^r^o^f^Natioⁿ^a^{l I}ⁿ^tellig^en^{ce to}^su^b^m^{it to}^Coⁿ^g^r^ess
^A^u^th^o^r^izatioⁿ^A^c^t^r^e^p^o^r^ted^to^th^{e Sen}^a^{te b}^y^{a Nation}^a^{l In}^tellig^en^{ce Es}^tim^{ate (NIE) on}^th^{e an}^{ticipated g}^e^{opolitical ef}^f^ects^of^g^l^obal
^f^o^{r Fis}^{cal Year}^th^{e Select C}^o^m^m^{ittee on}^clim^{ate ch}^an^g^e^an^{d th}^{e im}^plication^s^of^s^u^ch^ef^f^ects^on^th^{e n}^a^tion^a^{l s}^ecu^rity^of^th^{e Un}^ited
²⁰⁰⁸^In^tellig^en^{ce May}^{31, 2007}^States^.
^(S^.R^ept^.^110-^75);^t^o^t^h^e
^Sen^a^{te b}^y^th^{e Co}^m^m^ittee
^on^A^r^m^e^{d S}^e^rvⁱ^ces^Juⁿ^e
^{26, 2007 (S}^.R^ept^.^110-^92);
ⁱⁿ^{corporated in}^{to H.R}^.
^{2082 as}^am^en^dm^en^t
^O^c^t^{ober 3, 2007 (s}^{ee H}^.^R^.
^{2082 f}^o^{r s}^t^at^u^s⁾
¹⁵⁴⁷^L^e^viⁿ^Natioⁿ^a^{l Def}^eⁿ^s^e^In^t^r^odu^{ced Ju}ⁿ^e^{5, 2007;}^A^m^on^g^ot^h^e^{r prov}ⁱ^sⁱ^oⁿ^s^{, requ}ⁱ^r^es^t^h^{e D}^e^part^m^eⁿ^t^of^D^e^f^eⁿ^s^{e t}^o^as^s^e^s^s^t^h^{e ri}^s^k^s^of
ⁱ^{ki/CRS-RL34067}^A^u^th^o^r^izatioⁿ^A^c^t^f^o^{r Fis}^{cal Year}^report^e^{d by}^t^h^{e S}^eⁿ^a^t^e^C^o^mmi^t^t^e^e^oⁿ^A^r^me^d^p^r^o^j^ected^clim^{ate ch}^an^g^e^to^th^{e d}^e^p^a^r^t^m^eⁿ^t^’^s^f^{acilities, cap}^ab^{ilities, an}^d^mⁱ^ssioⁿ^s^.

^g/w²⁰⁰⁸^S^e^rvⁱ^ces^Juⁿ^e^{5, 2007}
^s^.or^(S^.R^ept^.^110-^77);^ref^e^rred
^le^ak^to^{Select Co}^m^m^{ittee o}ⁿ
^Iⁿ^tellig^en^ce
^://wiki^(com^panⁱ^on^t^o^H^.^R^.¹⁵⁸⁵
^h^ttp^an^{d H}^.^R^.^{4986 —}^t^h^{e l}^a^t^t^e^r
^becam^{e P}^.^L^.^110-¹⁸¹⁾

CRS-20
^{ill o}^r^P.L.^Spons^or^{Short T}ⁱ^tle^M^{ajor Actions}^K^{ey Provis}ⁱ^ons^T^h^{at Directly Addres}^s^Clim^{ate Change}
^No^.
^Collins^En^erg^y^In^t^r^odu^{ced Ju}ⁿ^e^{6, 2007;}^Cr^{eates a “}^m^u^lti-^p^o^llu^tan^t^{” cap}^-^aⁿ^d^-^t^r^a^d^e^p^r^o^g^r^a^m^th^{at r}^e^q^u^ir^{es r}^e^d^u^ctioⁿ^sⁱⁿ^su^lf^u^r
^In^depen^d^en^ce,^r^e^f^e^r^r^ed^to^th^{e Sen}^a^te^di^oxⁱ^d^{e (S}^O²^{), n}ⁱ^t^r^og^en^oxⁱ^d^es^(N^O^x^{), m}^e^rcu^r^y^(H^g⁾^{, an}^{d carbon}^di^oxⁱ^d^{e (C}^O²^);^C^O²
^C^l^ean^Aⁱ^{r, an}^d^Co^m^mⁱ^t^t^e^e^oⁿ^Fi^na^nc^e^r^e^d^u^c^tⁱ^o^{ns a}^p^p^l^y^t^o^e^l^e^c^t^rⁱ^c^-^ge^ne^r^a^tⁱ^{ng uni}^t^s⁽^a^b^o^v^e¹⁵^M^W⁾^;^CO²^emⁱ^s^sⁱ^on^s^{capped at}
^C^lim^{ate Secu}^rity^{2.05 billion}^ton^sⁱⁿ^{2022, w}^ith^f^u^rth^e^{r declin}^es^if^th^{e EP}^A^determⁱⁿ^es^th^{e lev}^e^ls^“^a^{re n}^o^t
^A^c^t^of²⁰⁰⁷^reas^on^ably^an^{ticipated to pr}^{otect pu}^{blic h}^ealth^{or w}^e^lf^{are or th}^{e en}^vⁱ^ron^m^en^t.”
^A^m^en^d^s^th^{e Clean}^Aⁱ^r^A^c^{t to}^estab^lish^{a p}^r^o^g^r^a^m^w^ithⁱⁿ^EP^A^to^d^e^ter^mⁱⁿ^{e th}^{e lif}^e-^cy^cle
^{GHG em}^issioⁿ^{s o}^f^m^o^to^{r f}^u^{els; req}^u^{ires ap}^p^licab^{le p}^a^{rties (g}^en^erally^th^o^s^{e th}^{at p}^r^o^d^u^ce
^o^r^su^p^p^l^y^th^{ese f}^u^{els to}^th^{e U.S. m}^a^rk^{et) to}^red^u^{ce th}^{e av}^erag^{e lif}^e-^cy^{cle GHG em}^issioⁿ^s
^{per u}ⁿⁱ^t^of^en^erg^y^delⁱ^v^{ered t}^o^{a m}^o^t^o^{r v}^e^hⁱ^cl^e;^by^t^h^{e en}^{d of}^{2011, t}^h^{e av}^erag^{e l}ⁱ^f^e-^cy^cl^e
^{GHG em}^is^sⁱ^on^s^m^u^s^t^{be at leas}^{t equ}^a^{l to th}^{e 2008 bas}^e^lin^{e (as}^determⁱⁿ^{ed by}^EP^A⁾^{, by}
^t^h^{e en}^{d of}^{2015, 5%}^bel^o^w^bas^e^lⁱⁿ^{e, an}^{d by}^t^h^{e en}^{d of}^{2020, 10%}^bel^o^w^bas^e^lⁱⁿ^e;^t^h^e
^r^e^d^u^c^tⁱ^o^{n p}^r^o^g^r^a^m^w^o^ul^d^b^eⁱ^m^p^l^e^m^eⁿ^t^e^d^t^h^r^o^{ugh a}^c^r^e^dⁱ^t^t^r^a^dⁱ^{ng sy}^st^e^m^.
ⁱ^{ki/CRS-RL34067}^S^e^t^s^u^p^g^r^an^t^prog^ram^t^o^s^u^pport^res^earchⁱⁿ^v^o^l^vⁱⁿ^g^l^o^w^-^carbon^f^u^el^s^;^creat^es^{a prog}^ram^w^ithⁱⁿ^th^{e Nation}^a^{l Ocean}^{ic an}^{d A}^t^m^o^s^p^h^e^{ric A}^d^mⁱⁿⁱ^s^t^ration^(NOA^A⁾^{to con}^d^u^c^t
^g/w^res^earch^reg^a^rdin^g^abru^{pt clim}^{ate ch}^an^g^e^.
^s^.or
^le^ak¹⁵⁸¹^L^a^u^t^en^b^erg^{Federal Ocean}^In^t^r^odu^{ced Ju}ⁿ^e^{7, 2007;}^Directs^th^{e P}^r^es^iden^{t to es}^tablis^h^{or de}^sⁱ^gⁿ^a^{te an}ⁱⁿ^terag^eⁿ^c^y^com^m^{ittee on}^ocean
^A^c^id^if^icatioⁿ^report^e^{d by}^t^h^{e S}^eⁿ^a^t^e^acidifⁱ^cation^,^ch^{aired NOA}^A^an^{d com}^p^ris^e^{d of}^s^eⁿⁱ^{or repres}^en^tativ^es^f^r^om^th^{e Nation}^a^l
^://wiki^R^e^s^earch^Aⁿ^d^C^o^m^m^e^{rce, Scien}^{ce, an}^d^Scien^{ce Fo}^uⁿ^d^atioⁿ^,^NA^SA^{, USGS, th}^{e Fish}^an^d^W^ild^lif^{e Ser}^v^{ice; d}ⁱ^r^{ects th}^{e co}^m^m^ittee
^h^ttp^Moⁿ^ito^rⁱⁿ^g^A^c^{t o}^f^T^r^an^s^port^a^tⁱ^oⁿ^May^22,^to^d^e^v^e^lo^p^{a str}^a^tegⁱ^{c r}^e^sear^ch^an^d^im^p^l^em^en^tatioⁿ^p^l^an^f^o^r^Fed^e^r^a^{l activ}^{ities; r}^e^q^u^ir^{es th}^e
²⁰⁰⁷^{2008 (H}^.R^ept^.^110-³³⁹⁾^co^m^m^{ittee to}^su^b^m^{it th}^{e p}^l^an^to^Coⁿ^g^r^{ess 1}⁸^m^oⁿ^t^h^s^af^ter^en^actm^eⁿ^t^o^f^legⁱ^slatioⁿ^;^th^e
^(com^panⁱ^on^t^o^H^.^R^.⁴¹⁷⁴⁾^plan^sh^{all in}^clu^d^{e research}^on^th^{e relation}^s^hⁱ^{p betw}^een^{GHG em}^ission^{s an}^{d ocean}
^acidifⁱ^cation^,^an^{d th}^{e biolog}^{ical an}^{d s}^o^ci^o-^econ^o^mⁱ^{c im}^pacts^of^ocean^acidifⁱ^cation^;
^creates^an^ocean^acidifⁱ^cation^prog^ram^w^ithⁱⁿ^NOA^A^{to carry}^ou^{t th}^{e plan}^by^ov^ers^eein^g
^res^earch^proj^ects^an^{d is}^s^uⁱⁿ^g^res^earch^g^r^an^ts^.

CRS-21
^{ill o}^r^P.L.^Spons^or^{Short T}ⁱ^tle^M^{ajor Actions}^K^{ey Provis}ⁱ^ons^T^h^{at Directly Addres}^s^Clim^{ate Change}
^No^.
¹⁶⁰²^Hagel^C^l^ean^{, R}^e^liable,^In^t^r^odu^{ced Ju}ⁿ^e^{12, 2007;}^A^m^en^ds^th^{e En}^erg^y^P^o^licy^A^c^{t of}^{1992 an}^{d th}^{e v}^o^luⁿ^t^ary^{GHG reportin}^g^prog^ram
^Ef^fⁱ^cien^{t an}^d^r^e^f^e^r^r^ed^to^th^{e Sen}^a^te^(S^ectⁱ^oⁿ^{1605(b) of}^t^h^at^act^{) t}^o^en^cou^r^ag^{e n}^e^w^an^{d i}ⁿ^creas^{ed v}^o^l^uⁿ^t^ary^ef^f^o^rt^s^t^o^redu^ce,
^Secu^{re En}^erg^y^A^c^t^C^o^m^m^{ittee on}^En^erg^y^an^d^av^oⁱ^d^,^o^r^seq^u^{ester em}^issioⁿ^{s o}^f^{GHGs; d}ⁱ^rect^{s th}^{e Secretary}^o^f^En^erg^y^to^estab^lish^a
^of²⁰⁰⁷^Natu^r^a^{l Reso}^u^r^ces^p^r^o^g^r^a^m^tha^t^w^o^uld^p^r^o^v^id^e^a^nnua^{l p}^u^b^lic^r^e^c^o^gnitio^{n to}^p^e^r^s^oⁿ^{s a}ⁿ^d^eⁿ^titie^s
^d^e^m^oⁿ^s^tratin^g^{GHG red}^u^ctioⁿ^,^av^oⁱ^d^aⁿ^{ce, o}^r^seq^u^estratioⁿ^.
^In^s^t^ru^cts^th^{e Nation}^a^{l A}^cadem^y^of^Scien^ces^(uⁿ^d^{er direction}^of^th^{e Departm}^eⁿ^t^of
^En^erg^y^{) to s}^t^u^d^y^th^{e u}^s^es^{, in}^clu^dⁱⁿ^gⁱⁿ^du^s^t^{rial application}^s^{, f}^o^{r captu}^{red C}^O²^ot^h^e^{r t}^h^an
^seq^u^estr^atioⁿ^,^en^h^aⁿ^ced^o^il^recov^e^ry^{, or carbon}^tradin^g^.
^Dir^{ects th}^{e Dep}^a^r^t^m^eⁿ^t^o^f^th^{e I}ⁿ^terⁱ^o^r^to^co^m^p^{lete a n}^a^tioⁿ^a^{l assessm}^en^{t o}^f^g^e^o^l^o^g^ical
^s^t^orag^{e capacity}^f^o^{r C}^O²^{; estab}^lish^e^{s a Reg}^u^l^ato^r^y^Ref^o^r^m^f^o^r^Car^b^oⁿ^Seq^u^estr^atioⁿ
^Co^m^mⁱ^ssioⁿ^th^{at w}^o^u^l^d^id^en^tif^y^an^y^r^e^g^u^l^ato^r^y^b^a^r^r^ier^s^to^sitin^gⁿ^e^w^m^aⁿ^u^f^actu^rⁱⁿ^g
^f^{acilities, p}^o^w^{er p}^l^an^{ts, an}^d^o^t^h^e^{r n}^ecessaryⁱⁿ^f^r^astru^c^tu^{re in}^clo^s^{e p}^r^o^x^im^ity^to^th^e
ⁱ^{ki/CRS-RL34067}^p^o^t^en^{tial CO}²^sto^r^ag^{e sites id}^en^tif^iedⁱⁿ^th^{e n}^a^tioⁿ^a^{l assessm}^en^t.
^g/w¹⁶⁹⁶^Feiⁿ^s^t^eiⁿ^D^e^part^m^eⁿ^t^of^t^h^e^In^t^r^odu^{ced Ju}ⁿ^e^{26, 2007;}^P^r^o^v^id^{es f}^uⁿ^dⁱⁿ^g^f^o^r^EP^A^to^u^s^{e its ex}^istin^g^au^th^o^r^ity^uⁿ^d^er^th^{e Clean}^Aⁱ^r^A^c^{t to}^d^e^v^e^lo^p
^s^.or^In^t^e^ri^or,^report^e^{d by}^t^h^{e S}^eⁿ^a^t^e^an^d^p^u^b^lish^{a ru}^{le req}^u^irin^g^m^aⁿ^d^ato^r^y^rep^o^r^tin^g^o^f^{GHG em}^issioⁿ^{s ab}^o^v^{e ap}^p^r^o^p^r^iate
^le^ak^E^nvi^r^o^nm^eⁿ^t^,^aⁿ^d^Co^m^m^{ittee o}ⁿ^th^r^e^sh^o^l^d^sⁱⁿ^{all secto}^r^{s o}^f^th^{e eco}ⁿ^o^m^y^{; th}^{e b}^{ill r}^e^q^u^ir^{es EP}^A^to^p^u^b^lish^th^{e f}ⁱⁿ^a^{l r}^u^{le n}^o
^R^e^{lated A}^g^en^cies^A^ppropri^a^tⁱ^oⁿ^s^Juⁿ^e^26,^{later th}^an^Decem^{ber 31, 2008 (}^dat^{e ext}^{ended i}ⁿ^P.L^.^110-161^).
^://wiki^A^ppropri^a^tⁱ^oⁿ^s^{2007 (S}^.R^ept^.^110-^91);
^h^ttp^A^c^t^,²⁰⁰⁸ⁱⁿ^cl^u^d^{ed i}ⁿ^H^.^R^.²⁷⁶⁴
^(C^on^s^o^lidated
^A^ppropri^a^tⁱ^oⁿ^s^A^c^t^,^2008),
^w^h^ich^w^a^{s sig}ⁿ^e^dⁱⁿ^to^law
^Decem^{ber 26, 2007 (P}^.L^.
^110-¹⁶¹⁾
¹⁷⁶⁶^Biⁿ^gam^an^L^o^w^C^a^rbon^In^t^r^odu^{ced Ju}^l^y^{11, 2007;}^C^r^eates^{a com}^p^reh^eⁿ^s^iv^{e GHG cap-}^aⁿ^d^-^t^{rade prog}^ram^th^{at w}^o^u^l^{d tak}^e^ef^f^{ect in}^2012;
^Econ^om^y^A^c^t^of^r^e^f^e^r^r^ed^to^th^{e Sen}^a^te^reg^u^l^at^es^emⁱ^s^sⁱ^on^s^f^r^omⁿ^a^t^u^ral^g^a^s^an^{d pet}^r^ol^eu^m^at^poiⁿ^t^of^produ^ctⁱ^oⁿ^(“^u^p^s^t^ream^”)
²⁰⁰⁷^Co^m^m^{ittee o}ⁿ^an^{d f}^r^om^coal^at^poiⁿ^t^of^com^b^u^s^tⁱ^oⁿ^(“^dowⁿ^s^tream^{”); s}^e^ts^targ^{et of}^redu^cin^g^em^is^sⁱ^on^s
^E^nvi^r^o^nm^eⁿ^t^aⁿ^d^P^u^b^lⁱ^c^t^o^{2006 l}^e^v^e^l^s^by^{2020 an}^{d 1990 l}^e^v^e^l^s^by^2030;^provⁱ^d^es^{a s}^a^f^e^t^y^-^v^al^v^e^w^h^ereby
^Work^s^r^e^g^u^l^ated^en^{tities can}^p^u^r^c^h^a^{se ad}^d^itioⁿ^a^{l allo}^w^aⁿ^{ces at ceilin}^g^p^r^{ice, w}^h^ich^{is in}^itially^set
^at^{$12 per m}^e^t^rⁱ^c^t^oⁿ^of^C^O²^-^e^qu^iv^alen^{t, bu}^{t in}^creas^esⁱⁿ^crem^en^tally^each^y^{ear; allow}^aⁿ^c^e
^allocationⁱⁿ^clu^d^es^f^o^{r f}^r^{ee allocation}^,^au^c^tion^s^{, an}^{d s}^e^t-^as^{ide allow}^aⁿ^ces^f^o^{r s}^p^ecifⁱ^c
^p^u^r^p^o^s^e^s^;^r^e^q^uⁱ^r^e^s^c^o^unt^rⁱ^e^s^no^t^t^a^ki^{ng c}^o^m^p^ar^ab^{le em}^issioⁿ^coⁿ^t^r^o^{l actio}ⁿ^to^su^b^m^it
^s^p^{ecial allow}^aⁿ^ces^{(or th}^{eir f}^o^reigⁿ^equⁱ^v^a^leⁿ^t^{) to accom}^p^an^y^ex^ports^{to th}^{e Un}^{ited States}
^of^an^y^cov^e^{red g}^r^een^h^o^u^s^e-ⁱⁿ^t^eⁿ^sⁱ^v^{e g}^oods^an^{d pri}^m^ary^produ^ct^s^.

CRS-22
^{ill o}^r^P.L.^Spons^or^{Short T}ⁱ^tle^M^{ajor Actions}^K^{ey Provis}ⁱ^ons^T^h^{at Directly Addres}^s^Clim^{ate Change}
^No^.
¹⁸⁷⁴^L^aⁿ^d^rⁱ^e^u^Co^nt^aⁱⁿⁱ^{ng a}ⁿ^d^In^t^r^odu^{ced Ju}^l^y^{25, 2007;}^Sup^p^l^em^{ents any}^enacted^{GHG em}^issioⁿ^r^e^d^u^ctio^{n p}^r^o^g^r^a^m⁽^c^r^eated^thr^o^{ugh o}^t^her
^M^a^na^gi^{ng Cl}ⁱ^m^a^t^e^r^e^f^e^r^r^ed^to^th^{e Sen}^a^te^legⁱ^s^l^ation⁾^by^es^tablis^hⁱⁿ^g^{a C}^a^rbon^Mark^{et Ef}^fⁱ^cien^cy^B^o^{ard; th}^{e board w}^o^u^l^{d obs}^erv^e
^Cha^nge^Co^sts^Co^m^m^{ittee o}ⁿ^th^{e n}^a^tioⁿ^a^{l GHG em}^issioⁿ^m^a^rk^{et an}^d^d^e^termⁱⁿ^{e if}^th^{e co}^{st o}^f^{GHG em}^issioⁿ^p^e^rm^its
^Ef^fⁱ^cien^tly^A^c^t^E^nvi^r^o^nm^eⁿ^t^aⁿ^d^P^u^b^lⁱ^c^w^o^u^l^d^p^o^s^{e sig}ⁿⁱ^fⁱ^can^{t h}^a^r^m^to^th^{e eco}ⁿ^o^m^y^{; in}^th^{e ev}^en^{t o}^f^su^ch^{a d}^e^ter^mⁱⁿ^atioⁿ^,^th^e
^Work^s^b^o^a^r^d^m^a^y^tak^e^co^st-^r^elief^actioⁿ^s^{, p}^r^im^ar^ily^b^y^ex^p^aⁿ^dⁱⁿ^g^allo^w^aⁿ^{ce b}^o^r^r^o^wⁱⁿ^g
^opportuⁿ^ities^.
²¹⁴⁹^D^o^rgan^C^o^{al Fu}^els^an^d^In^t^r^odu^{ced O}^c^t^{ober 4,}^A^m^en^ds^En^erg^y^Polⁱ^c^y^A^c^t^of^{1992 t}^o^es^t^a^blⁱ^s^h^g^r^an^t^an^{d l}^o^an^prog^ram^t^o^s^u^pport
^In^du^s^t^ri^al^2007;^ref^e^{rred t}^o^t^h^e^dev^e^lopm^en^{t of}^clean^{coal tech}ⁿ^o^logⁱ^es^{, in}^clu^dⁱⁿ^g^captu^{re an}^{d s}^e^qu^es^tration^;^creates^{a tax}
^Gasifⁱ^catioⁿ^Sen^a^{te Co}^m^m^{ittee o}ⁿ^cr^ed^{it f}^o^r^f^{acilities em}^p^l^o^yⁱⁿ^g^car^b^oⁿ^cap^tu^r^e^an^d^seq^u^estr^atioⁿ^techⁿ^o^lo^g^y^.
^Dem^oⁿ^s^tr^atioⁿ^an^d^Fi^na^nc^e
^D^e^v^e^l^opm^en^t^A^c^t
^of²⁰⁰⁷
²¹⁵⁵^Byrd^Iⁿ^terⁿ^atioⁿ^a^{l Clean}^In^t^r^odu^{ced O}^c^t^{ober 4,}^Directs^th^{e Secretary}^of^En^erg^y^{, in}^coordiⁿ^a^tion^w^ith^th^{e Secretary}^of^{State an}^{d th}^e
ⁱ^{ki/CRS-RL34067}^En^erg^y^2007;^ref^e^{rred t}^o^t^h^e^A^d^mⁱⁿⁱ^s^t^rat^o^{r of}^t^h^{e U}^.^S^.^A^g^en^cy^f^o^{r In}^t^e^rn^atⁱ^oⁿ^a^l^D^e^v^e^l^opm^en^t^,^t^o^s^u^pport^depl^oy^m^eⁿ^t
^g/w^T^e^c^hno^l^o^gi^e^s^Sen^a^{te Co}^m^m^{ittee o}ⁿ^o^f^c^l^e^aⁿ^eⁿ^e^r^gy^t^e^c^hno^l^o^gyⁱⁿ^d^e^ve^l^o^pⁱ^ngⁿ^a^tioⁿ^s^{; cr}^{eates p}^ilo^{t p}^r^o^g^r^a^m^th^{at p}^r^o^v^id^es
^s^.or^D^e^pl^oy^m^eⁿ^t^an^d^Fo^r^e^igⁿ^Relatioⁿ^s^fⁱⁿ^aⁿ^cⁱ^a^l^s^u^pport^t^o^dem^oⁿ^s^t^r^atⁱ^oⁿ^proj^ect^s^.
^le^ak^G^l^obal^En^erg^y
^Mark^ets
^://wiki^I^nve^st^m^e^nt^A^c^t^o^f
^h^ttp²⁰⁰⁷
²¹⁹¹^Lⁱ^eb^erm^an^Lⁱ^eberm^aⁿ^-^W^a^rn^er^In^t^r^odu^{ced O}^c^t^{ober 18,}^C^r^eates^{a com}^p^reh^eⁿ^s^iv^{e (cov}^ers^th^{e electric g}^eⁿ^e^ration^,ⁱⁿ^du^s^t^{rial, an}^{d tran}^s^portation
^C^lim^{ate Secu}^rity^2007;^report^e^{d (w}ⁱ^t^h^an^s^ectors⁾^{GHG em}^is^sⁱ^on^s^cap-^aⁿ^d^-^t^{rade prog}^ra^m^th^{at tak}^e^s^ef^f^{ect in}^{2012; cap redu}^ces
^A^c^t^of²⁰⁰⁸^am^en^dm^en^{t in}^th^{e n}^a^tu^re^em^is^sⁱ^on^s^{to 15%}^below^{2005 lev}^e^lsⁱⁿ^{2020, w}^ith^declin^es^reachⁱⁿ^g^70%^below²⁰⁰⁵
^o^f^{a su}^b^s^titu^{te, S.Rep}^t^.^l^e^v^e^l^s^by^2050;^es^t^a^blⁱ^s^h^e^s^{a C}^a^rbon^Mark^et^Ef^fⁱ^ci^en^cy^{Board t}^o^obs^erv^e^t^h^{e al}^l^o^w^aⁿ^c^e
^110-^{337) by}^t^h^{e S}^eⁿ^a^t^e^m^a^rk^{et an}^{d im}^plem^en^{t cos}^t^-^r^elief^m^eas^u^r^es^ifⁿ^eces^s^a^ry^{; allow}^s^f^o^{r ban}^kⁱⁿ^g^an^d
^Co^m^m^{ittee o}ⁿ^b^o^r^r^o^wⁱⁿ^g^o^f^em^issioⁿ^{s allo}^w^aⁿ^{ces; allo}^w^s^co^v^e^r^e^d^f^{acilities to}^u^s^{e o}^f^f^s^{ets to}^m^{eet 3}⁰^%
^E^nvi^r^o^nm^eⁿ^t^aⁿ^d^P^u^b^lⁱ^c^o^f^allo^w^aⁿ^{ce su}^b^m^issioⁿ^{s (}¹⁵^%^f^r^o^m^d^o^m^{estic an}^d¹⁵^%^f^r^o^mⁱⁿ^terⁿ^atioⁿ^a^l)^{; allo}^catioⁿ
^Work^s^May^{20, 2008;}^s^e^e^s^y^s^t^em^au^ctⁱ^oⁿ^s^18%^of^al^l^o^w^aⁿ^cesⁱⁿ^{2012, i}ⁿ^creasⁱⁿ^g^t^o^73%^by^2036;^au^ctⁱ^oⁿ^rev^eⁿ^u^e^s
^S^.^{3036, w}^hⁱ^c^h^w^a^s^s^u^pport^v^a^ri^ou^s^obj^ectⁱ^v^es^{, i}ⁿ^cl^u^dⁱⁿ^g^en^erg^y^as^sⁱ^s^t^an^{ce f}^o^{r l}^o^w^-ⁱⁿ^com^e^h^o^u^s^eh^ol^ds^,
^con^s^{idered by}^th^{e Sen}^a^te^adaptation^{to clim}^{ate ch}^an^g^e^{, tech}ⁿ^o^log^y^de^ploy^m^eⁿ^t^f^o^{r ren}^e^w^a^{ble en}^erg^y^an^{d adv}^aⁿ^ced
^t^h^{e w}^eek^of^Juⁿ^e^{2, 2008}^coal^t^echⁿ^o^l^o^gⁱ^es^;^s^t^artⁱⁿ^gⁱⁿ^{2018, requ}ⁱ^r^esⁿ^a^tⁱ^oⁿ^s^wⁱ^t^h^ou^t^com^p^arabl^e^emⁱ^s^sⁱ^on
^coⁿ^t^r^o^{ls to}^su^b^m^{it in}^terⁿ^atioⁿ^a^{l r}^e^ser^v^{e allo}^w^aⁿ^{ces (}^o^r^f^o^r^e^igⁿ^eq^uⁱ^v^a^len^t^s)^w^ith^ex^p^o^r^ts
^of^an^y^cov^e^{red GHG in}^ten^s^iv^{e g}^oods^an^{d prim}^ary^produ^cts^{to th}^{e Un}^{ited S}^t^ates^{; creates}
ⁿ^e^w^ef^fⁱ^cien^cy^s^t^an^dards^f^o^{r applian}^ces^an^{d bu}^ildin^g^s^.

CRS-23
^{ill o}^r^P.L.^Spons^or^{Short T}ⁱ^tle^M^{ajor Actions}^K^{ey Provis}ⁱ^ons^T^h^{at Directly Addres}^s^Clim^{ate Change}
^No^.
²²⁰⁴^W^hⁱ^t^eh^ou^s^e^Glo^b^a^{l W}^a^r^mⁱⁿ^g^In^t^r^odu^{ced O}^c^t^{ober 18,}^Dir^{ects th}^{e Dep}^a^r^t^m^eⁿ^t^o^f^Iⁿ^terⁱ^o^r^to^estab^lish^{a n}^a^tioⁿ^a^{l str}^a^teg^y^f^o^r^assistin^g^w^ild^lif^e
^W^ild^lif^{e Su}^r^v^iv^al^2007;^ref^e^{rred t}^o^t^h^e^popu^l^a^tⁱ^oⁿ^s^an^{d w}ⁱ^l^d^lⁱ^f^{e h}^a^bi^t^a^t^sⁱⁿ^adaptⁱⁿ^g^t^o^clⁱ^m^at^{e ch}^an^g^e^;^creat^es^{a N}^a^tⁱ^oⁿ^a^l^G^l^obal
^Ac^t^Sen^a^{te Co}^m^m^{ittee o}ⁿ^W^a^r^mⁱⁿ^g^an^d^W^ild^lif^{e Scien}^{ce Cen}^t^er^w^ithⁱⁿ^th^{e Un}^ited^{States Geo}^l^o^g^{ical Su}^r^v^ey
^E^nvi^r^o^nm^eⁿ^t^aⁿ^d^P^u^b^lⁱ^c⁽^U^SGS)^to^coⁿ^d^u^c^{t r}^e^sear^ch^{; estab}^lish^e^{s a}^w^ildlif^{e con}^s^erv^a^tion^g^r^an^{t prog}^ram^f^o^{r s}^t^ates
^Work^s^an^d^tr^ib^es.
^Directs^Departm^eⁿ^t^of^C^o^m^m^e^{rce to dev}ⁱ^s^e^{a n}^a^tion^a^{l s}^t^rateg^y^con^cernⁱⁿ^g^coas^{tal an}^d
^m^a^rin^e^ecos^y^s^t^em^s^an^{d clim}^{ate ch}^an^g^e^im^pacts^;ⁱⁿ^s^t^ru^cts^th^{e Nation}^a^{l A}^cadem^y^of
^Scien^ces^(NA^S^{) to prepare a report on}^th^es^{e is}^s^u^es^.
^Dir^{ects USGS to}^coⁿ^v^eⁿ^e^r^e^gⁱ^oⁿ^{al m}^eetin^g^s^to^dⁱ^scu^{ss im}^p^e^r^iled^sp^{ecies in}^r^e^lev^aⁿ^t
^r^e^gⁱ^oⁿ^{; in}^str^u^{cts th}^{e NA}^{S to}^issu^{e r}^e^p^o^r^{t, b}^a^sed^oⁿ^m^eetin^g^s^’^fⁱⁿ^dⁱⁿ^g^s^{, th}^{at assesses th}^e
ⁱ^m^pact^s^of^g^l^obal^w^a^rmⁱⁿ^g^onⁱ^m^peri^l^e^{d s}^p^eci^es^.
ⁱ^{ki/CRS-RL34067}²²¹¹^W^hⁱ^t^eh^ou^s^e^Glo^b^a^{l W}^a^r^mⁱⁿ^g^an^d^A^c^id^if^icatioⁿ^In^t^r^odu^{ced O}^c^t^{ober 19,}^2007;^ref^e^{rred t}^o^t^h^e^Directs^th^{e Departm}^eⁿ^t^of^C^o^m^m^e^{rce to dev}^e^{lop a n}^a^tion^a^{l s}^t^rateg^y^{to prepare coas}^tal^an^{d m}^a^rin^e^ecos^y^s^t^em^s^f^o^{r s}^t^res^s^e^s^as^s^o^{ciated w}^ith^g^l^{obal w}^a^rmⁱⁿ^g^,ⁱⁿ^clu^dⁱⁿ^g^relativ^{e s}^e^a
^g/w^C^o^as^{tal an}^{d Ocean}^Sen^a^{te Co}^m^m^{ittee o}ⁿ^lev^e^{l ris}^e^an^{d ocean}^acidifⁱ^cation^;^prov^ides^f^o^{r g}^r^an^ts^{to carry}^ou^{t th}^is^s^t^rateg^y^{; in}^s^t^ru^cts
^s^.or^Resilien^c^y^A^c^t^C^o^m^m^e^{rce, Scien}^{ce, an}^d^th^{e Nation}^a^{l A}^cadem^y^of^Scien^ces^(NA^S⁾^{to prepare a report on}^th^es^{e is}^s^u^es^.
^le^ak^T^r^an^sp^o^r^tatioⁿ
^A^m^en^ds^t^h^{e C}^o^as^t^a^l^Z^oⁿ^e^Man^a^g^e^m^eⁿ^t^A^c^t^of^{1972 by}ⁱⁿ^s^t^ru^ctⁱⁿ^g^t^h^{e D}^e^part^m^eⁿ^t^of
^://wiki^Co^m^m^e^r^{ce to}^d^e^v^e^lo^p^an^d^im^p^l^em^en^{t p}^l^an^{s to}^h^e^lp^co^{astal co}^m^m^uⁿ^{ities p}^r^ep^ar^{e f}^o^r
^h^ttp^clim^{ate ch}^an^g^e^{; au}^th^orizes^g^r^an^{t prog}^ram^f^o^{r th}^is^pu^rpos^e.
²³⁰⁷^Kerry^G^l^obal^C^h^an^g^e^In^trodu^{ced Nov}^e^m^b^{er 5,}^A^m^en^ds^t^h^{e G}^l^obal^C^h^an^g^e^R^e^s^earch^A^c^t^of^1990:^di^rect^s^t^h^{e Pres}ⁱ^d^en^t^t^o^provⁱ^d^{e a}
^R^e^s^earch^2007;^report^e^{d by}^t^h^e^fⁱ^v^e^-^y^earⁿ^a^tioⁿ^a^{l str}^a^tegⁱ^{c p}^l^an^to^ad^d^r^{ess th}^{e im}^p^{acts o}^f^clim^{ate ch}^an^g^e^w^ithⁱⁿ^th^e
^Im^prov^em^en^t^A^c^t^Sen^a^{te Co}^m^m^{ittee o}ⁿ^Un^{ited States}^;
^of²⁰⁰⁷^C^o^m^m^e^{rce, Scien}^{ce, an}^d
^T^r^an^s^port^a^tⁱ^oⁿ^May^22,^Req^u^ir^{es th}^{e Dep}^a^r^t^m^eⁿ^t^o^f^Co^m^m^e^r^{ce to}^coⁿ^d^u^c^{t r}^e^gⁱ^oⁿ^{al assessm}^en^{ts to}^id^en^tif^y^k^e^y
^{2008 (S}^.R^ept^.^110-³⁴¹⁾^v^u^lⁿ^e^rab^{ilities o}^f^co^{astal an}^d^o^cean^{areas an}^d^reso^u^r^{ces f}^r^o^m^h^azard^s^asso^ciated^w^ith
^clim^{ate ch}^an^g^e^an^{d ocean}^acidifⁱ^cation^;^dir^ects^C^o^m^m^e^{rce to s}^u^bm^{it an}^ag^en^cy^-^s^pecifⁱ^c,
^coas^{tal adaptation}^plan^th^atⁱⁿ^clu^d^es^recom^m^eⁿ^d^ation^s^(on^th^{e reg}ⁱ^on^{al lev}^e^{l) f}^o^r
^s^t^rategⁱ^es^{to addres}^s^coas^{tal an}^{d ocean}^im^pacts^;^es^tablis^h^e^s^g^r^an^{t prog}^ram^w^ithⁱⁿ
^C^o^m^m^e^{rce t}^o^s^u^pport^adapt^a^tⁱ^oⁿ^ef^f^o^rt^sⁱⁿ^coas^t^a^l^s^t^at^es^.

CRS-24
^{ill o}^r^P.L.^Spons^or^{Short T}ⁱ^tle^M^{ajor Actions}^K^{ey Provis}ⁱ^ons^T^h^{at Directly Addres}^s^Clim^{ate Change}
^No^.
²³⁵⁵^C^aⁿ^t^w^e^l^l^C^lim^{ate C}^h^an^g^e^In^t^r^odu^{ced N}^o^v^e^m^b^{er 14,}^A^m^en^ds^t^h^{e N}^a^tⁱ^oⁿ^a^l^C^lⁱ^m^at^{e Prog}^ram^A^c^t^(P.L^{. 95-}^{367) t}^o^requⁱ^r^{e t}^h^{e Pres}ⁱ^d^en^t^t^o
^A^d^ap^tatioⁿ^A^c^t^2007;^report^e^{d by}^t^h^e^{prepare a f}ⁱ^v^e^-^y^{ear n}^a^tion^a^{l s}^t^rateg^y^f^o^{r addr}^es^sⁱⁿ^g^th^{e im}^pacts^of^clim^{ate ch}^an^g^eⁱⁿ^th^e
^Sen^a^{te Co}^m^m^{ittee o}ⁿ^Un^{ited States}^;
^C^o^m^m^e^{rce, Scien}^{ce, an}^d
^T^r^an^sp^o^r^tatioⁿ^J^uⁿ^e⁵^,^Iⁿ^str^u^{cts th}^{e Secr}^etar^y^o^f^Co^m^m^e^r^{ce to}⁽¹⁾^co^o^r^dⁱⁿ^a^{te (}^w^ith^{state an}^d^lo^{cal en}^tities)^an^d
^{2008 (S}^.R^ept^.^110-³⁴⁷⁾^s^u^{pport reg}ⁱ^on^{al as}^s^e^s^s^m^en^ts^of^th^{e v}^u^lⁿ^e^rability^of^ocean^an^{d coas}^{tal res}^o^u^r^ces^{; (2)}
^{prepare a n}^a^tion^a^{l coas}^{tal an}^{d ocean}^adaptation^plan^{, w}^h^ichⁱⁿ^clu^d^es^regⁱ^on^-^s^pecifⁱ^c
^p^l^aⁿ^s;⁽³⁾^p^r^o^vⁱ^d^e⁽^t^hr^o^{ugh N}^O^A^A⁾^a^ssi^st^aⁿ^c^e^t^o^st^a^t^e^aⁿ^d^l^o^c^a^l^go^ve^rⁿ^m^e^nt^{s a}^s^t^h^e^y
^im^plem^en^{t adaptation}^{or m}^itig^a^tion^s^t^rategⁱ^es^{; an}^{d (4) is}^s^u^{e g}^r^an^ts^{to s}^u^{pport s}^t^{ate an}^d
^{local ef}^f^o^rts^.
²⁴²³^Feiⁿ^s^t^eiⁿ^E^m^issioⁿ^In^trodu^{ced Decem}^{ber 6,}^W^o^u^l^{d s}^u^pplem^en^{t a f}^e^{deral, m}^a^rk^et-^b^as^{ed em}ⁱ^s^sⁱ^on^con^t^rol^prog^ram^by^di^rectⁱⁿ^g^t^h^e
^A^llow^aⁿ^{ce Mark}^et^2007;^ref^e^{rred t}^o^t^h^e^EP^A^to^issu^{e r}^e^g^u^l^atioⁿ^s^to^f^{acilitate p}^r^{ice tr}^an^sp^ar^en^cyⁱⁿ^m^a^r^k^{ets f}^o^r^th^{e sale o}^f
^T^r^an^s^p^aren^cy^A^c^t^Sen^a^{te Co}^m^m^{ittee o}ⁿ^em^is^sⁱ^on^allow^aⁿ^ces^.
ⁱ^{ki/CRS-RL34067}^of²⁰⁰⁷^E^nvi^r^o^nm^eⁿ^t^aⁿ^d^P^u^b^lⁱ^c^Work^s
^g/w
^s^.or²⁷³⁹^Biⁿ^gam^an^C^oⁿ^s^olidated^In^t^r^odu^{ced March}^10,^A^m^on^g^oth^e^{r prov}^is^ion^s^{, requ}^ires^th^{e Secretary}^of^En^erg^y^{, w}^h^en^revⁱ^ewⁱⁿ^g^res^earch^an^d
^le^ak^Natu^r^a^{l Reso}^u^r^ces^2008;^pas^s^e^{d S}^eⁿ^a^t^e^A^p^ri^l^d^e^v^e^lo^p^m^en^{t activ}^{ities f}^o^r^p^o^ssib^l^{e in}^clu^s^ioⁿⁱⁿ^th^{e steel r}^e^sear^ch^an^d^d^e^v^e^lo^p^m^en^t
^A^c^t^of²⁰⁰⁸^{10, 2008;}^pas^s^e^{d H}^o^u^s^eⁱⁿ^itiativ^{e, to}^ex^p^aⁿ^d^th^{e p}^l^anⁱⁿ^o^r^d^e^r^to^coⁿ^s^id^er^am^oⁿ^g^{steel p}^r^o^j^{ect p}^r^io^r^{ities th}^e
^://wiki^A^p^ri^l^{29, 2008;}^sⁱ^gⁿ^e^{d i}ⁿ^t^o^d^e^v^e^lo^p^m^en^{t o}^f^techⁿ^o^lo^gⁱ^{es w}^h^ich^red^u^{ce GHG em}^issioⁿ^s.
^h^ttp^l^a^w^May^{8, 2008 (P.L}^.
^110-^{229) (rel}^at^{ed t}^o^H^.^R^.
¹¹²⁶⁾
³⁰³⁶^Box^e^r^Lⁱ^eberm^aⁿ^-^W^a^rn^er^In^t^r^odu^{ced May}^{20, 2008;}^T^h^is^{bill w}^o^u^l^{d be iden}^{tical to th}^{e reported v}^e^rs^ion^of^{S. 2191, ex}^{cept th}^{at S. 3036}
^C^lim^{ate Secu}^rity^con^s^{idered by}^th^{e Sen}^a^te^coⁿ^t^ain^s^{a b}^u^d^g^{et am}^en^d^m^en^{t aim}^e^d^{at m}^a^kⁱⁿ^g^th^{e b}^{ill r}^e^v^eⁿ^u^e^-ⁿ^eu^tr^{al. T}^h^{is w}^o^u^l^d^en^tail
^A^c^t^of²⁰⁰⁸^t^h^{e w}^eek^of^Juⁿ^e^{2, 2008}^d^e^vo^tⁱ^{ng a}^p^e^r^c^eⁿ^t^a^ge^o^f^a^u^c^tⁱ^o^{n r}^e^ve^nue^{s t}^o^o^f^f^s^{et bu}^dg^{et def}ⁱ^cits^th^{at are proj}^{ected to}
^occu^{r du}^{e to th}^{e cap-}^aⁿ^d^-^t^{rade prog}^ram^.

CRS-25
^{ill o}^r^P.L.^Spons^or^{Short T}ⁱ^tle^M^{ajor Actions}^K^{ey Provis}ⁱ^ons^T^h^{at Directly Addres}^s^Clim^{ate Change}
^No^.
⁰^Bⁱ^den^E^x^p^r^e^{ssing the}^In^t^r^odu^{ced Jan}^u^a^ry^16,^Ex^p^r^{esses th}^{e sen}^s^{e o}^f^th^{e Sen}^a^{te th}^{at th}^{e Un}^ited^{States sh}^o^u^ld^p^a^r^ticip^{ate in}ⁿ^e^g^o^tiatioⁿ^s
^s^eⁿ^s^{e of}^th^{e Sen}^a^te^2007;^report^e^{d by}^t^h^e^uⁿ^d^er^th^{e Un}^ited^Natioⁿ^s^Fr^am^ew^o^r^k^Coⁿ^v^eⁿ^tioⁿ^oⁿ^Clim^{ate Ch}^an^g^e^w^ith^th^{e o}^b^j^ectiv^e
^r^e^ga^r^dⁱ^{ng t}^h^e^ne^e^d^Sen^a^{te Co}^m^m^{ittee o}ⁿ^o^f^secu^rⁱⁿ^g^Un^ited^{States p}^a^r^ticip^atioⁿⁱⁿ^bⁱⁿ^dⁱⁿ^g^ag^reem^en^ts^th^{at adv}^aⁿ^{ce an}^{d protect th}^e
^f^o^r^th^{e Un}^ited^Fo^r^e^igⁿ^Relatioⁿ^s^Mar^c^h^ecoⁿ^o^mⁱ^{c an}^dⁿ^a^tioⁿ^a^{l secu}^r^ityⁱⁿ^ter^e^{sts o}^f^th^{e Un}^ited^{States; estab}^lish^m^itig^atioⁿ
^States^{to addres}^s^{29, 2007}^co^m^m^itm^en^{ts b}^y^{all m}^a^j^o^r^g^r^een^h^o^u^s^{e g}^a^{s em}^itter^s^{; estab}^lish^f^l^ex^ib^{le in}^terⁿ^atioⁿ^a^l
^g^l^o^b^a^{l clim}^ate^(com^panⁱ^on^of^H^.^C^oⁿ^.^R^e^s^.^m^ech^an^is^m^s^{to m}ⁱⁿⁱ^mⁱ^{ze th}^{e cos}^t^of^redu^ction^ef^f^o^rts^;^an^{d ach}^iev^e^{a s}ⁱ^gⁿⁱ^fⁱ^can^{t lon}^g^-^term
^c^h^a^nge^t^h^r^o^{ugh t}^h^e¹⁰⁴⁾^r^e^d^u^c^tⁱ^o^{n i}ⁿ^gl^o^b^a^l^gr^e^e^nho^use^ga^{s e}^mⁱ^ssi^oⁿ^s.
ⁿ^e^g^o^tiatioⁿ^o^f^f^a^ir
^an^{d ef}^f^ectiv^e^Ex^pres^s^e^s^t^h^{e s}^eⁿ^s^{e of}^t^h^{e S}^eⁿ^a^t^e^t^h^at^{a bi}^partⁱ^s^an^S^eⁿ^a^t^e^obs^erv^e^{r g}^r^ou^{p be es}^t^a^blⁱ^s^h^e^d
ⁱⁿ^terⁿ^atioⁿ^a^l^to^m^oⁿ^ito^r^an^yⁱⁿ^terⁿ^atioⁿ^a^{l n}^e^g^o^tiatioⁿ^s^oⁿ^clim^{ate ch}^an^g^e^an^d^en^su^r^e^th^{at th}^{e ad}^vⁱ^ce
^co^m^m^itm^en^ts^an^d^coⁿ^s^en^{t f}^uⁿ^c^tioⁿ^o^f^th^{e Sen}^a^{te is ex}^er^cisedⁱⁿ^{a m}^aⁿⁿ^e^r^to^f^{acilitate tim}^ely
^coⁿ^s^id^er^atioⁿ^o^f^an^y^ap^p^licab^{le tr}^eaty^su^b^m^itted^to^th^{e Sen}^a^te.
^HOUS^E^BI^L^L^S
ⁱ^{ki/CRS-RL34067}^.⁶²⁰^Ol^ver^Clim^ate^In^t^r^odu^{ced Jan}^u^a^ry^22,^C^r^{eates a GHG cap}^-^aⁿ^d^-^t^rad^e^p^r^o^g^ram^th^at^co^v^e^{rs th}^{e electric p}^o^w^{er, tran}^sp^o^r^tatioⁿ^,
^g/w^S^t^ew^ards^hⁱ^{p A}^c^t^of^2007;^ref^e^{rred t}^o^t^h^eⁱⁿ^du^stry^{, an}^{d com}^m^e^{rcial sectors (accou}ⁿ^tin^g^f^o^{r abou}^{t 85% of}^{U.S. GHG em}^ission^{s); by}
^s^.or²⁰⁰⁷^Hou^s^{e C}^o^m^m^{ittee on}^{2050, t}^h^{e em}ⁱ^s^sⁱ^on^s^{cap w}^o^u^l^{d decl}ⁱⁿ^{e t}^o^approxⁱ^m^at^el^y^70%^bel^o^w^{1990 l}^e^v^e^l^s^.
^le^ak^En^erg^y^an^{d C}^o^m^m^e^rce
^an^{d tw}^{o oth}^e^{r com}^m^ittees^C^a^lls^f^o^{r s}^t^u^d^ies^on^th^{e im}^pacts^of^clim^{ate ch}^an^g^e^on^coas^{tal ecos}^y^s^t^em^s^an^d
^://wiki^(com^panⁱ^on^t^o^S^.²⁸⁰⁾^com^m^uⁿ^ities^,^an^{d th}^{e w}^o^rld’^s^{poor, am}^on^g^oth^e^rs^{; requ}^ires^an^as^s^e^s^s^m^en^{t of}^adaptation^techⁿ^o^lo^gⁱ^{es; creates a n}^a^tioⁿ^a^{l GHG d}^a^tab^a^se^{; m}^aⁿ^d^{ates a p}^e^rio^dⁱ^{c rev}ⁱ^ew^o^f^targ^et
^h^ttp^adequ^acy^by^th^{e Un}^{der Secretary}^of^C^o^m^m^e^{rce f}^o^{r Ocean}^s^an^{d A}^t^m^o^s^p^h^e^{re, w}^h^ich
^ov^ers^ees^th^{e Nation}^a^{l Ocean}^{ic an}^{d A}^t^m^o^s^p^h^e^{ric A}^d^mⁱⁿⁱ^s^t^ration^(NOA^A⁾^.
^.⁸²³^W^e^l^c^h^N^oⁿ^e^In^t^r^odu^{ced F}^e^bru^a^ry^5,^A^u^th^orizes^f^e^{deral ag}^en^cies^an^{d leg}ⁱ^s^l^ativ^{e br}^an^ch^of^fⁱ^ces^{to pu}^rch^a^s^e^qu^alif^{ied tradeable:}
^2007;^ref^e^{rred t}^o^t^h^e⁽¹^{) GHG o}^f^f^s^{ets an}^d⁽²^{) ren}^e^w^a^b^l^{e en}^erg^y^cred^its.
^Hou^s^{e C}^o^m^m^{ittee on}
^O^v^e^r^si^ght^aⁿ^d^G^o^ve^rⁿ^m^e^nt
^R^e^f^o^rm^{, an}^{d t}^w^{o ot}^h^e^r
^com^m^ittees
^.⁹⁰⁶^U^d^al^l^G^l^obal^C^h^an^g^e^In^t^r^odu^{ced F}^e^bru^a^ry^7,^Estab^lish^e^{s an}ⁱⁿ^ter^a^g^eⁿ^c^y^Un^ited^{States Glo}^b^a^{l Ch}^an^g^e^Resear^ch^P^r^o^g^r^a^m^to^im^p^r^o^v^e
^R^e^s^earch^an^{d Data}^2007;^report^e^{d by}^t^h^e^uⁿ^d^er^stan^dⁱⁿ^g^o^f^g^l^o^b^a^{l ch}^an^g^e^an^d^to^p^r^o^v^id^{e p}^e^rⁱ^o^dⁱ^{c assessm}^en^{ts o}^f^th^{e v}^u^lⁿ^e^r^a^b^ility
^M^a^na^ge^m^e^nt^A^c^t^Hou^s^{e C}^o^m^m^{ittee on}^of^t^h^{e U}ⁿⁱ^t^e^{d S}^t^at^es^an^{d ot}^h^e^{r reg}ⁱ^on^s^t^o^g^l^{obal ch}^an^g^e^{; creates}^an^Of^fⁱ^{ce of}^Global
^of²⁰⁰⁷^Scien^{ce an}^{d T}^echⁿ^o^log^y^Ch^an^g^e^Resear^ch^Iⁿ^f^o^r^m^atioⁿ^;^dⁱ^r^{ects th}^{e Secr}^etar^y^o^f^{State to}ⁱⁿ^{itiate d}ⁱ^scu^ssioⁿ^{s w}^ith
^A^p^ri^l^{24, 2008 (H}^.R^ept^.^o^t^h^e^rⁿ^a^tioⁿ^s^leadⁱⁿ^g^to^w^a^r^dⁱⁿ^terⁿ^atioⁿ^a^{l p}^r^o^t^o^c^o^l^{s an}^d^o^t^h^e^r^ag^r^eem^en^{ts to}^co^o^r^dⁱⁿ^a^te
^110-⁶⁰⁵⁾^g^l^o^b^a^{l clim}^{ate ch}^an^g^e^r^e^sear^ch^activ^ities.

CRS-26
^{ill o}^r^P.L.^Spons^or^{Short T}ⁱ^tle^M^{ajor Actions}^K^{ey Provis}ⁱ^ons^T^h^{at Directly Addres}^s^Clim^{ate Change}
^No^.
^.¹¹²⁶^Lⁱ^pⁱⁿ^s^kⁱ^N^oⁿ^e^In^t^r^odu^{ced F}^e^bru^a^ry^16,^Req^u^ir^{es th}^{e Secr}^etar^y^o^f^En^er^g^y^{, w}^h^en^r^e^vⁱ^ewⁱⁿ^g^r^e^sear^ch^an^d^d^e^v^e^lo^p^m^en^{t activ}^ities
^2007;^pas^s^e^{d H}^o^u^s^{e March}^f^o^r^p^o^ssib^l^{e in}^clu^s^ioⁿⁱⁿ^th^{e steel r}^e^sear^ch^an^d^d^e^v^e^lo^p^m^en^{t in}^itiativ^{e, to}^ex^p^aⁿ^d^th^{e p}^l^an
^{12, 2007;}^report^e^{d by}ⁱⁿ^o^r^d^e^r^to^coⁿ^s^id^er^am^oⁿ^g^{steel p}^r^o^j^{ect p}^r^io^r^{ities th}^{e d}^e^v^e^lo^p^m^en^{t o}^f^techⁿ^o^lo^gⁱ^{es w}^h^ich
^Sen^a^{te Co}^m^m^{ittee o}ⁿ^red^u^{ce GHG em}^issioⁿ^s.
^En^erg^y^an^{d Natu}^ral
^R^e^s^o^u^r^ces^S^e^pt^em^{ber 17,}
^{2007 (S}^.R^ept^.^110-^181);
^s^{ee S}^.^{2739, w}^h^ich^becam^e
^P.L^.^110-²²⁹
^.¹²¹⁵^R^ogers^N^oⁿ^e^In^t^r^odu^{ced F}^e^bru^a^ry^22,^A^m^en^ds^t^h^{e En}^erg^y^Polⁱ^c^y^A^c^t^of^{2005 t}^oⁱⁿ^s^t^ru^ct^t^h^{e S}^ecret^ary^of^En^erg^y^t^o^m^a^k^e^l^o^an
^2007;^ref^e^{rred t}^o^t^h^e^g^u^a^ran^t^{ee com}^m^itm^en^ts^{to dom}^es^{tic m}^o^{tor v}^e^hⁱ^{cle m}^aⁿ^u^f^actu^r^ers^an^{d s}^u^ppliers^f^o^r
^Hou^s^{e C}^o^m^m^{ittee on}^adv^aⁿ^{ced con}^s^erv^a^tion^an^{d f}^u^{el ef}^fⁱ^cien^cy^techⁿ^o^log^y^proj^ects^f^o^{r g}^a^s^o^lin^{e an}^{d dies}^el
^En^erg^y^an^{d C}^o^m^m^e^rce^v^e^hⁱ^cles^{, f}^l^ex^{ible f}^u^{el v}^e^hⁱ^cles^{, an}^{d h}^y^brid^{electric v}^e^hⁱ^cles^th^{at redu}^{ce depen}^d^en^{ce on}^oil
ⁱ^{ki/CRS-RL34067}^an^{d Hou}^s^{e C}^o^m^m^{ittee on}^Scien^{ce an}^{d T}^echⁿ^o^log^y^an^d^red^u^{ce GHG em}^issioⁿ^s.
^g/w
^s^.or^.¹⁴²⁴^Kenⁿ^e^d^y^E^m^e^r^ge^nc^y^In^t^r^odu^{ced March}^{9, 2007;}^A^m^o^{ng m}^a^ny^o^t^he^r^p^r^o^vⁱ^sⁱ^o^ns,^o^ffe^r^s^a^tax^{credit f}^o^{r s}^e^{lect (g}^eologⁱ^{c) carbon}
^le^ak^Econ^omⁱ^c^pas^s^e^{d H}^o^u^s^{e March}^5,^seq^u^estr^atioⁿ^activ^{ities; d}ⁱ^r^{ects th}^{e Dep}^a^r^t^m^eⁿ^t^o^f^T^r^easu^r^y^to^en^terⁱⁿ^to^an^ag^r^eem^en^t
^Stab^ilizatioⁿ^A^c^t^2008;^pas^s^e^{d S}^eⁿ^a^t^e^w^ith^Nation^a^{l A}^cadem^y^of^Scien^ces^{to “}^uⁿ^d^ertak^e^{a com}^p^reh^eⁿ^s^iv^{e rev}ⁱ^ew^of^th^{e In}^tern^al
^://wiki^of²⁰⁰⁸^O^c^t^{ober 1, 2008;}^sⁱ^gⁿ^e^d^R^e^v^eⁿ^u^e^C^{ode of}^{1986 t}^oⁱ^d^en^tⁱ^f^y^t^h^{e t}^y^pes^of^an^{d s}^p^eci^fⁱ^{c t}^a^x^provⁱ^sⁱ^oⁿ^s^t^h^at^h^a^v^e^t^h^e
^h^ttpⁱⁿ^t^o^l^a^w^O^c^t^{ober 3, 2008}^larg^es^{t ef}^f^ects^on^carbon^an^{d oth}^e^{r g}^r^een^h^o^u^s^{e g}^a^s^em^is^sⁱ^on^s^an^{d to es}^tim^{ate th}^e
^(P.L^{. 110-}³⁴³⁾^m^a^gⁿ^itu^{de of}^th^os^{e ef}^f^ects^;^{” directs}^NA^{S to report f}ⁱⁿ^dⁱⁿ^g^s^{to C}^oⁿ^g^r^es^s^tw^{o y}^ears^af^ter
^en^act^m^eⁿ^t^(O^ct^{ober 3, 2010).}
^.¹⁴⁵¹^L^uⁿ^g^ren^New^Op^tioⁿ^s^In^t^r^odu^{ced March}^{9, 2007;}^A^m^oⁿ^g^o^t^h^e^r^p^r^o^v^isioⁿ^s^{, allo}^w^s^{a tax}^cr^ed^{it f}^o^rⁱⁿ^v^e^stm^eⁿ^tⁱⁿ^{a “}^c^lim^{ate n}^e^u^t^r^a^l
^P^e^troleu^m^En^erg^y^ref^e^{rred t}^o^Hou^s^e^co^m^b^u^s^tioⁿ^f^acility^{,” d}^e^fⁱⁿ^e^d^{as an}^y^f^acility^th^{at (}¹⁾^b^u^rⁿ^{s m}^a^tter^to^p^r^o^d^u^{ce electr}ⁱ^city^;
^Co^nse^r^va^tⁱ^o^{n A}^c^t^C^o^m^m^{ittee on}^W^a^y^s^an^d^{(2) captu}^res^an^{d u}^s^es^C^O²^releas^{ed du}^rin^g^com^b^u^s^tion^to^recov^e^{r h}^y^drocarbon^f^u^{el; an}^d
^of²⁰⁰⁷^Mean^s^,^an^{d t}^w^{o ot}^h^e^r⁽³^{) p}^r^o^d^u^{ces n}^o^em^issioⁿ^{s o}^f^m^e^rcu^r^y^o^r^{GHG an}^dⁿ^o^em^issioⁿ^{s th}^{at f}^o^rm^fⁱⁿ^e
^com^m^ittees^p^a^r^tⁱ^c^ul^a^t^e^,^sm^o^g^,^o^r^a^cⁱ^d^r^aⁱⁿ^;^e^x^t^e^nd^{s t}^h^r^o^ugh^{2012 t}^h^{e t}^a^x^credi^t^s^f^o^{r i}ⁿ^v^e^s^t^m^eⁿ^tⁱⁿ
^s^o^{lar en}^erg^y^property^an^{d f}^o^{r res}ⁱ^den^{tial en}^er^g^y^ef^fⁱ^cien^{t property}^ex^pen^d^itu^res^;^directs
^th^{e Secr}^etar^y^o^f^En^er^g^y^to^estab^lish^{a p}^r^o^g^r^a^m^to^aw^ar^d^$¹^b^illioⁿ^to^th^{e f}ⁱ^r^s^{t U.S.}
^au^t^o^m^obi^l^e^m^aⁿ^u^f^act^u^r^{er t}^h^at^m^aⁿ^u^f^act^u^r^es^an^{d s}^e^l^l^sⁱⁿ^t^h^{e U}ⁿⁱ^t^e^{d S}^t^at^es^{60,000 m}ⁱ^d-
^sⁱ^{zed s}^e^dan^s^t^h^at^operat^e^on^g^a^s^o^lⁱⁿ^{e an}^{d can}^t^r^av^el^at^{100 m}ⁱ^l^e^s^{per g}^a^l^l^oⁿ^.

CRS-27
^{ill o}^r^P.L.^Spons^or^{Short T}ⁱ^tle^M^{ajor Actions}^K^{ey Provis}ⁱ^ons^T^h^{at Directly Addres}^s^Clim^{ate Change}
^No^.
^.¹⁵⁰⁷^M^c^D^erm^ott^S^a^l^m^on^Econ^omⁱ^c^In^t^r^odu^{ced March}^13,^R^e^qu^ires^th^{e Secretary}^of^C^o^m^m^e^{rce to en}^te^rⁱⁿ^to^an^ar^r^aⁿ^g^e^m^eⁿ^t^w^ith^th^{e Natio}ⁿ^a^l
^Aⁿ^aly^s^is^an^d^2007;^ref^e^{rred t}^o^t^h^e^A^cad^em^y^o^f^Scien^{ces f}^o^r^scien^tif^{ic an}^aly^s^{is o}^f^f^e^d^e^r^a^{l salm}^oⁿ^p^r^o^t^ectioⁿ^,^r^e^sto^r^atioⁿ^,^an^d
^P^l^aⁿⁿⁱ^{ng A}^c^t^Hou^s^{e C}^o^m^m^{ittee on}^recov^e^ry^action^s^{. P}^a^{rt of}^th^is^an^aly^s^is^w^o^u^l^{d iden}^tif^y^th^{e ef}^f^{ect of}^g^l^{obal clim}^{ate ch}^an^g^e
^Natu^r^a^{l Reso}^u^r^ces^oⁿ^o^cean^coⁿ^d^itioⁿ^s^an^d^oⁿ^h^y^d^r^o^l^o^g^{ical co}ⁿ^d^itioⁿ^sⁱⁿ^th^{e Sn}^ak^{e an}^d^Co^lu^m^b^{ia riv}^e^{rs an}^d
^th^{eir s}^a^lm^on^an^{d s}^t^eelh^ead-^b^earin^g^tribu^t^aries^;^ex^amⁱⁿ^es^h^o^w^s^u^ch^g^l^{obal clim}^{ate ch}^an^g^e
^im^pacts^mⁱ^g^h^t^af^f^{ect th}^{e f}^e^{deral res}^o^u^r^cesⁿ^eces^s^a^ry^{to ach}^iev^e^recov^e^ry^ofⁿ^a^tu^rally
^s^p^awⁿⁱⁿ^g^wⁱ^l^d^s^a^l^m^on^an^{d s}^t^eel^h^{ead popu}^l^a^tⁱ^oⁿ^s^t^o^s^e^l^f^-^s^u^s^t^aⁱⁿⁱⁿ^g^,^h^a^rv^es^t^a^bl^{e l}^e^v^e^l^s^.
^.¹⁵⁸⁵^S^k^el^ton^Natioⁿ^a^{l Def}^eⁿ^s^e^In^t^r^odu^{ced March}^20,^A^m^on^g^ot^h^e^{r prov}ⁱ^sⁱ^oⁿ^s^{, requ}ⁱ^r^es^t^h^{e D}^e^part^m^eⁿ^t^of^D^e^f^eⁿ^s^{e t}^o^as^s^e^s^s^t^h^{e ri}^s^k^s^of
^A^u^th^o^r^izatioⁿ^A^c^t^2007;^pas^s^e^{d H}^o^u^s^{e May}^p^r^o^j^ected^clim^{ate ch}^an^g^e^to^th^{e d}^e^p^a^r^t^m^eⁿ^t^’^s^f^{acilities, cap}^ab^{ilities, an}^d^mⁱ^ssioⁿ^s^.
^f^o^{r Fis}^{cal Year}^{17, 2007, an}^{d S}^eⁿ^a^t^e
²⁰⁰⁸^O^c^t^{ober 1, 2007;}
^con^f^eren^{ce report (H.R}^ept.
^110-^{477) ag}^{reed t}^oⁱⁿ
ⁱ^{ki/CRS-RL34067}^Hou^s^{e Decem}^{ber 12,}^{2007, an}^{d S}^eⁿ^a^t^e
^g/w^Decem^{ber 14, 2007;}
^s^.or^v^e^{toed by}^P^r^es^iden^t
^le^ak^Decem^{ber 28, 2007; s}^e^e
^H.R^.^{4986, w}^h^ich^becam^e
^://wiki^P.L^.^110-^{181 (com}^panⁱ^on
^h^ttp^t^o^S^.¹⁵⁴⁷⁾
^.¹⁵⁹⁰^W^a^x^m^an^Saf^e^C^lim^{ate A}^c^t^In^t^r^odu^{ced March}^20,^C^r^eates^an^econ^o^m^y^-^w^{ide GHG cap-}^aⁿ^d^-^t^{rade prog}^ram^th^{at w}^o^u^l^{d tak}^e^ef^f^{ect in}^2010;
^of²⁰⁰⁷^2007;^ref^e^{rred t}^o^t^h^e^{the cap}^w^o^uld^d^eclin^{e annually}^to^r^each^{1990 l}^e^v^e^l^s^by^2020;^s^u^bs^equ^eⁿ^t^a^nnua^l^d^e^c^lⁱⁿ^e^s
^Hou^s^{e C}^o^m^m^{ittee on}⁽^o^{f r}^o^ughl^y⁵^%^p^e^r^y^e^a^r⁾^w^o^ul^d^r^e^q^uⁱ^r^e^e^mⁱ^ssi^oⁿ^r^e^d^u^c^tⁱ^o^{ns o}^f^a^p^p^r^o^xⁱ^m^a^t^e^l^y⁸⁰^%^b^e^l^o^w
^En^erg^y^an^{d C}^o^m^m^e^rce^{1990 l}^e^v^e^l^s^by^2050.
^an^{d Hou}^s^{e C}^o^m^m^{ittee on}
^Fo^r^eⁱ^{gn A}^ffaⁱ^r^s^R^e^qu^ires^m^aⁿ^d^atory^{GHG em}^is^sⁱ^on^s^t^an^dards^f^o^{r v}^e^hⁱ^cles^by^{2010 an}^{d a n}^e^w^en^erg^y
^ef^fⁱ^ci^en^cy^s^t^an^{dard beg}ⁱⁿⁿⁱⁿ^gⁱⁿ^2010;^es^t^a^blⁱ^s^h^e^s^{a R}^eⁿ^e^w^a^bl^{e Port}^f^o^lⁱ^o^S^t^an^dard;
^req^u^{ires a p}^e^rio^dⁱ^{c rev}ⁱ^ew^o^f^ad^eq^u^acy^o^f^{GHG em}^issioⁿ^{s targ}^{et b}^y^th^{e Natio}ⁿ^a^l
^A^cadem^y^of^Scien^ces^(NA^S^{); th}^{e NA}^{S rev}ⁱ^ew^w^o^u^l^{d tak}^e^accouⁿ^t^ofⁱⁿ^tern^ation^a^l
^activ^ity^an^d^r^eco^m^m^eⁿ^d^actioⁿ^s^f^o^r^b^o^t^h^th^{e Un}^ited^{States an}^d^o^t^h^e^rⁿ^a^tioⁿ^s^to^tak^e^if^th^e
^{GHG targ}^{ets are n}^o^{t lik}^ely^to^av^oⁱ^d^d^aⁿ^g^e^ro^u^s^clim^{ate ch}^an^g^e^.

CRS-28
^{ill o}^r^P.L.^Spons^or^{Short T}ⁱ^tle^M^{ajor Actions}^K^{ey Provis}ⁱ^ons^T^h^{at Directly Addres}^s^Clim^{ate Change}
^No^.
^.¹⁹⁶¹^M^a^rk^ey^Glo^b^a^{l Clim}^ate^In^t^r^odu^{ced A}^p^ri^l^{19, 2007;}^Req^u^ir^{es th}^{e Dir}^ecto^r^o^f^Natioⁿ^a^{l I}ⁿ^tellig^en^{ce to}^su^b^m^{it to}^Coⁿ^g^r^{ess a Natio}ⁿ^a^l
^C^h^an^g^e^Secu^rity^r^e^f^e^r^r^ed^to^th^{e Ho}^u^s^e^In^tellig^en^{ce Es}^tim^{ate on}^th^{e an}^{ticipated g}^e^{opolitical ef}^f^ects^of^g^l^{obal clim}^{ate ch}^an^g^e^an^d
^O^v^e^r^si^ght^A^c^t^Co^m^m^{ittee o}ⁿ^Iⁿ^tellig^en^ce^th^{e im}^p^licatioⁿ^s^o^f^su^ch^ef^f^{ects o}ⁿ^{U.S. n}^a^tioⁿ^a^{l s}^ecu^rity^{; directs}^th^{e Secretary}^of^Def^eⁿ^s^e
^an^{d tw}^{o oth}^e^{r com}^m^ittees^to^r^e^p^o^r^{t to}^Coⁿ^g^r^{ess o}ⁿ^th^{e p}^r^o^j^ected^im^p^{act o}ⁿ^th^{e m}^ilitar^yⁱⁿ^stallatioⁿ^s^{, cap}^ab^ilities,
^(com^panⁱ^on^t^o^S^.¹⁰¹⁸⁾^an^{d operation}^s^of^th^{e ef}^f^ects^of^g^l^{obal clim}^{ate ch}^an^g^e^as^as^s^e^s^s^e^{d in}^th^{e es}^tim^{ate, an}^{d to}
^r^eco^m^m^eⁿ^d^r^e^sear^ch^an^d^an^aly^s^{is n}^eed^ed^to^f^u^r^t^h^e^r^{assess th}^{e im}^p^{acts o}ⁿ^th^{e m}^ilitar^y^o^f
^g^l^{obal clim}^{ate ch}^an^g^e^{; requ}^ires^th^{e Secretary}^of^{State to report to C}^oⁿ^g^r^es^s^on^th^e
^p^o^t^en^{tial f}^o^r⁽¹⁾^lar^g^{e m}ⁱ^g^r^atioⁿ^s^o^f^p^e^o^p^l^{e in}^co^uⁿ^t^rⁱ^{es o}^f^str^a^tegⁱ^{c in}^ter^e^{st o}^r
^h^u^m^an^itarian^con^cern^as^{a res}^pon^s^e^{to ch}^an^g^e^{s in}^clim^{ate an}^d^th^{e im}^p^licatioⁿ^s^f^o^r^U.S.
^s^ecu^rityⁱⁿ^teres^t^s^;^an^{d (2) diplom}^{atic opportu}ⁿ^ities^an^{d ch}^allen^g^e^s^f^acin^g^U.S.
^p^o^licy^m^ak^er^{s as a r}^e^su^{lt o}^f^so^{cial, eco}ⁿ^o^mⁱ^{c, o}^r^p^o^{litical r}^e^sp^oⁿ^{ses o}^f^g^r^o^u^p^s^o^rⁿ^a^tioⁿ^s^to
^g^l^{obal clim}^{ate ch}^an^g^e^.
^.¹⁹³³^U^d^al^l^D^e^part^m^eⁿ^t^of^In^t^r^odu^{ced A}^p^ri^l^{18, 2007;}^A^m^en^ds^t^h^{e En}^erg^y^Polⁱ^c^y^A^c^t^of^{2005 t}^o^prom^ot^{e depl}^oy^m^eⁿ^t^of^carbon^capt^u^{re an}^d
ⁱ^{ki/CRS-RL34067}^En^erg^y^C^a^rbon^C^a^ptu^r^{e an}^d^report^e^{d by}^t^h^{e H}^o^u^s^e^C^o^m^m^{ittee on}^Scien^{ce an}^d^sto^r^ag^{e tech}ⁿ^o^lo^g^y^{; calls f}^o^r^f^u^r^t^h^e^r^r^e^sear^ch^to^d^e^v^e^lo^p^th^{is tech}ⁿ^o^lo^g^y^.
^g/w^Storag^{e R}^e^s^earch^,^T^e^c^hno^l^o^gy^A^ugust³^,
^s^.or^Dev^e^lopm^en^{t, an}^d^{2007 (H}^.R^ept^.^110-³⁰¹⁾
^le^ak^Dem^oⁿ^s^tr^atioⁿ^A^c^t^(com^panⁱ^on^t^o^S^.⁹⁶²⁾
^of²⁰⁰⁷
^://wiki
^h^ttp^.²⁰⁶⁹^S^t^ark^Sav^e^Ou^r^Clim^ate^In^t^r^odu^{ced A}^p^ri^l^{26, 2007;}^A^m^en^ds^t^h^{e In}^t^e^rn^al^R^e^v^eⁿ^u^e^C^{ode t}^oⁱ^m^pos^{e a carbon}^ex^ci^s^e^t^a^x^{($10 per t}^oⁿ^of^carbon
^A^c^t^of²⁰⁰⁷^r^e^f^e^r^r^ed^to^th^{e Ho}^u^s^e^con^t^en^{t) on}^an^y^tax^a^{ble f}^u^{el s}^o^{ld by}^{a m}^aⁿ^u^f^actu^r^{er, produ}^{cer, or im}^{porter. Def}ⁱⁿ^e^s
^C^o^m^m^{ittee on}^W^a^y^s^an^d^“^t^ax^{able f}^u^{el” as}^{coal (in}^c^lu^din^g^ligⁿ^{ite an}^{d peat}^{), pet}^r^ol^eu^m^an^{d an}^y^pet^r^ol^eu^m^produ^ct^,
^Mean^s^an^dⁿ^a^tu^r^a^{l g}^a^s.

CRS-29
^{ill o}^r^P.L.^Spons^or^{Short T}ⁱ^tle^M^{ajor Actions}^K^{ey Provis}ⁱ^ons^T^h^{at Directly Addres}^s^Clim^{ate Change}
^No^.
^.²⁰⁸²^R^e^yes^Iⁿ^tellig^en^ce^In^t^r^odu^{ced May}^{1, 2007;}^Section^{407 requ}^ires^th^{e Director of}^Na^tion^a^{l In}^tellig^en^{ce to s}^u^bm^{it to C}^oⁿ^g^r^es^s^a
^A^u^th^o^r^izatioⁿ^A^c^t^pas^s^e^{d H}^o^u^s^{e May}^11,ⁿ^a^tion^a^{l in}^tellig^en^{ce es}^tim^{ate on}^an^ticipated^g^e^{opolitical ef}^f^ects^of^g^l^{obal clim}^{ate ch}^an^g^e
^f^o^{r Fis}^{cal Year}^2007;^pas^s^e^{d S}^eⁿ^a^t^e^an^d^{its im}^p^licatioⁿ^s^oⁿ^{U.S. n}^a^tioⁿ^a^{l secu}^r^ity^.
²⁰⁰⁸^O^c^t^{ober 3, 2007;}^H^o^u^s^e
^ag^{reed to con}^f^eren^ce^*^T^h^e^C^oⁿ^f^eren^{ce R}^e^{port (ag}^r^{eed to by}^th^{e Hou}^s^e)^d^o^e^{s n}^o^{t in}^clu^d^{e th}^{is p}^r^o^v^isioⁿ^.^T^h^e
^report^(H^.R^ept^.^110-⁴⁷⁸⁾^{report s}^t^ated:
^Decem^{ber 13, 2007;}
^Sen^a^{te ag}^{reed Febru}^a^ry^T^h^{e con}^f^eren^{ce report als}^o^elimⁱⁿ^ates^Section^{407 of}^th^{e Hou}^s^{e bill, w}^h^ich
^{13, 2008;}^Presⁱ^d^en^t^v^e^t^o^ed^w^o^u^l^d^h^a^v^e^r^e^q^u^ir^ed^th^{e DNI}^to^su^b^m^{it a Natio}ⁿ^a^{l I}ⁿ^tellig^en^{ce Estim}^{ate o}ⁿ
^March^{8, 2008;}^v^e^t^o^th^{e an}^ticip^ated^g^e^o^p^o^{litical ef}^f^{ects o}^f^g^l^o^b^a^{l clim}^{ate ch}^an^g^e^oⁿ^th^{e n}^a^tioⁿ^a^l
^ov^erri^{de f}^aⁱ^l^e^{d March}^11,^secu^r^ity^o^f^th^{e Un}^ited^{States. T}^h^{e co}ⁿ^f^er^{ees r}^e^m^aⁱⁿ^f^u^lly^co^m^m^itted^to^th^is
^{2008 (com}^panⁱ^on^t^o^S^.^as^s^e^s^s^m^en^{t. T}^h^{e con}^f^ereesⁿ^o^{te th}^{e DNI h}^a^s^s^t^{ated th}^{at w}^o^rk^on^s^u^ch^a
¹⁵³⁸⁾^na^tio^na^{l inte}^lligeⁿ^c^e^a^sse^ssm^eⁿ^{t ha}^{s a}^l^r^e^a^d^y^b^e^gun.^T^h^e^c^o^nfe^r^e^e^s^e^x^p^e^c^t^tha^t
^th^{e n}^a^tioⁿ^a^{l in}^tellig^en^{ce assessm}^en^{t w}^{ill b}^e^tr^an^sm^itted^to^Coⁿ^g^r^{ess in}^a
ⁱ^{ki/CRS-RL34067}^tim^ely^m^aⁿⁿ^e^r^.
^g/w
^s^.or^.²¹⁴⁴^D^e^L^a^u^r^o^Far^m^{, Nu}^tr^itioⁿ^,^In^t^r^odu^{ced May}^{3, 2007;}^A^m^on^g^ot^h^e^{r prov}ⁱ^sⁱ^oⁿ^s^{, am}^en^ds^t^h^{e A}^g^ri^cu^l^t^u^ral^Rⁱ^s^k^Prot^ectⁱ^oⁿ^A^c^t^of^{2000 by}
^le^ak^an^d^Co^m^m^uⁿ^ity^r^e^f^e^r^r^ed^to^th^{e Ho}^u^s^e^es^tablis^hⁱⁿ^g^th^{e clim}^{ate carbon}^cy^{cle, ren}^e^w^a^{ble en}^erg^y^{, an}^{d clim}^{ate ch}^an^g^e^res^earch
^I^nve^st^m^e^nt^A^c^t^o^f^A^g^rⁱ^cu^ltu^r^e^Co^m^m^ittee^p^r^o^g^r^a^m^;ⁱⁿ^str^u^{cts th}^{e Secr}^etar^y^o^f^A^g^rⁱ^cu^ltu^r^e^to^p^r^o^v^id^{e g}^r^an^{ts to}^elig^ib^{le u}ⁿⁱ^v^e^r^s^{ities to}
^://wiki²⁰⁰⁷^an^{d th}^{ree oth}^e^{r com}^m^ittees^con^d^u^c^{t th}^{e res}^earch^.
^h^ttp
^.²²¹⁵^Iⁿ^s^l^ee^T^o^provⁱ^d^{e a}^In^t^r^odu^{ced May}^{8, 2007;}^Directs^th^{e EP}^A^{to es}^tablis^h^low^carbon^f^u^el^perf^orm^aⁿ^{ce s}^t^an^dards^t^h^at^w^o^u^l^{d appl}^yⁱⁿ
^r^e^d^u^ctioⁿⁱⁿ^th^e^r^e^f^e^r^r^ed^to^th^{e Ho}^u^s^e^2015.

^ag^g^r^eg^ate^C^o^m^m^{ittee on}^En^erg^y^an^d
^gr^e^e^nho^use^ga^s^C^o^mme^r^c^e
^e^m^issioⁿ^{s p}^e^r^unit
^of^en^erg^y
^c^o^nsum^e^d^b^y
^v^e^hⁱ^cles^an^d
^aircraf^t^{, an}^{d f}^o^r
^ot^h^e^{r pu}^rpos^es^.

CRS-30
^{ill o}^r^P.L.^Spons^or^{Short T}ⁱ^tle^M^{ajor Actions}^K^{ey Provis}ⁱ^ons^T^h^{at Directly Addres}^s^Clim^{ate Change}
^No^.
^.²³³⁷^R^a^h^a^l^l^En^er^g^y^P^o^licy^In^t^r^odu^{ced May}^{16, 2007;}^T^{itle I}^V^r^e^q^u^ir^{es th}^{e Dep}^a^r^t^m^eⁿ^t^o^f^th^{e I}ⁿ^terⁱ^o^r⁽^DOI⁾^to^co^m^p^{lete a n}^a^tioⁿ^a^{l assessm}^eⁿ^t
^Re^fo^r^m^aⁿ^d^report^e^{d by}^t^h^{e H}^o^u^s^e^of^capacity^f^o^{r th}^{e g}^e^olog^{ic s}^t^orag^{e of}^C^O²^{; r}^e^q^u^ir^{es th}^{e DOI}^to^{assess th}^{e am}^o^uⁿ^t^o^f
^Rev^italizatioⁿ^A^c^t^Co^m^m^{ittee o}ⁿ^Natu^r^a^l^carbon^s^t^{ored in}^v^a^riou^s^ecos^y^s^t^em^s^,^an^{d th}^{e pr}^o^{cesses r}^e^lated^to^ter^r^e^strⁱ^{al seq}^u^estr^atioⁿ^,
^of²⁰⁰⁷^Re^so^ur^c^e^s^A^ugust³^,²⁰⁰⁷ⁱⁿ^clu^dⁱⁿ^g^lan^d^m^aⁿ^a^g^e^m^eⁿ^t^p^r^{actices th}^{at m}^a^y^im^p^r^o^v^{e seq}^u^estr^atioⁿ^;^dⁱ^r^{ects th}^{e DOI}^to
^(H^.R^ept^.^110-²⁹⁶⁾^m^aⁱⁿ^tain^anⁱⁿ^v^eⁿ^t^o^r^y^o^f^th^{e am}^o^uⁿ^t^o^f^CO²^s^t^{ored f}^r^om^f^e^{deral leas}^es^{; requ}^ires^th^{e DOI}
^{to report to C}^o^m^m^{ittee on}^Natu^{ral R}^e^s^o^u^r^ces^on^{a recom}^m^eⁿ^d^{ed reg}^u^l^atory^an^d
^cer^tif^icatioⁿ^f^r^am^ew^o^r^k^f^o^r^coⁿ^d^u^c^tin^g^g^e^o^l^o^g^{ical car}^b^oⁿ^seq^u^estr^atioⁿ^activ^{ities o}ⁿ
^f^e^d^e^r^a^{l lan}^d^{s; d}ⁱ^r^{ects th}^{e DOI}^to^p^r^o^m^u^l^g^a^{te a n}^a^tioⁿ^a^{l str}^a^teg^y^f^o^r^m^itig^atin^g^th^{e im}^p^acts
^of^g^l^obal^w^a^rmⁱⁿ^g^on^wⁱ^l^d^lⁱ^f^{e popu}^l^a^tⁱ^oⁿ^sⁱⁿ^t^h^{e U}ⁿⁱ^t^e^{d S}^t^at^es^.
^.²³³⁸^Dⁱ^ck^s^Glo^b^a^{l W}^a^r^mⁱⁿ^g^In^t^r^odu^{ced May}^{16, 2007;}^Dir^{ects th}^{e Dep}^a^r^t^m^eⁿ^t^o^f^th^{e I}ⁿ^terⁱ^o^r⁽^DOI⁾^to^p^r^o^m^u^l^g^a^{te a n}^a^tioⁿ^a^{l str}^a^teg^y^f^o^r
^W^ild^lif^{e Su}^r^v^iv^al^r^e^f^e^r^r^ed^to^th^{e Ho}^u^s^e^m^itig^atin^g^th^{e im}^pacts^of^g^l^{obal w}^a^rmⁱⁿ^g^on^w^ildlif^{e popu}^lation^sⁱⁿ^th^{e Un}^{ited States}
^Ac^t^Co^m^m^{ittee o}ⁿ^Natu^r^a^l⁽ⁿ^{ote: s}ⁱ^m^{ilar, if}ⁿ^o^{t iden}^tical,^{to T}^{itle IV, Su}^{btitle D of}^H.R^.²³³⁷⁾
^R^e^s^o^u^r^ces^an^{d Hou}^s^e
^Co^m^m^{ittee o}ⁿ^A^g^rⁱ^cu^ltu^r^e
ⁱ^{ki/CRS-RL34067}^.²³⁴²^A^l^l^eⁿ^Natioⁿ^a^{l I}ⁿ^teg^r^ated^In^t^r^odu^{ced May}^{16, 2007;}^Es^tablis^h^e^s^{a Nation}^a^{l In}^teg^r^{ated C}^o^as^tal^an^{d Ocean}^Obs^e^rv^ation^Sy^s^t^em^com^pos^{ed of}
^g/w^C^o^as^{tal an}^{d Ocean}^report^e^{d by}^t^h^{e H}^o^u^s^e^f^e^d^e^r^a^{l an}^dⁿ^oⁿ^-^f^e^d^e^r^a^{l co}^m^p^oⁿ^en^{ts; au}^th^o^r^{izes r}^e^sear^ch^activ^{ities r}^e^g^a^r^dⁱⁿ^g^clim^ate
^s^.or^Ob^ser^v^atioⁿ^A^c^{t o}^f^Co^m^m^{ittee o}ⁿ^Natu^r^a^l^ch^an^g^e^{, particu}^l^arly^ef^f^ects^on^coas^{tal w}^a^ters^an^{d Great L}^a^k^e^s^.
^le^ak²⁰⁰⁷^R^e^s^o^u^r^ces^an^{d (H.R}^ept.
^110-^{558) pas}^s^e^{d H}^o^u^s^e
^://wiki^March^{31, 2008}
^h^ttp
^.²⁴²⁰^L^aⁿ^t^os^Iⁿ^terⁿ^atioⁿ^a^l^In^t^r^odu^{ced May}^{22, 2007;}^Estab^lish^e^{s w}^ithⁱⁿ^th^{e Dep}^a^r^t^m^eⁿ^t^o^f^{State an}^Of^fⁱ^{ce o}ⁿ^Glo^b^a^{l Clim}^{ate Ch}^an^g^e^;
^Clim^ate^report^e^{d f}^r^om^t^h^{e H}^o^u^s^e^prom^otes^clean^an^{d ef}^fⁱ^cien^{t tech}ⁿ^o^logⁱ^esⁱⁿ^dev^e^lopin^g^couⁿ^t^ries^{; creates}^In^tern^ation^a^l
^C^ooperatⁱ^oⁿ^Co^m^m^{ittee o}ⁿ^Fo^r^e^igⁿ^C^l^ean^En^erg^y^Fouⁿ^d^ation^w^ithⁱⁿ^th^{e ex}^ecu^tiv^{e bran}^ch^th^{at s}^e^rv^es^th^{e lon}^g^-^term^f^o^reigⁿ
^Re^-e^nga^ge^m^e^nt^A^f^f^aⁱ^r^s^Juⁿ^e^{28, 2007}^p^o^licy^an^d^en^erg^y^secu^rity^g^o^{als o}^f^red^u^cin^g^g^l^o^b^a^{l GHG em}^issioⁿ^s.
^A^c^t^of²⁰⁰⁷^(H^.R^ept^.^110-²¹⁵⁾
^.²⁴⁴⁷^W^yⁿⁿ^En^erg^y^an^d^In^t^r^odu^{ced May}^{23, 2007;}^Estab^lish^e^{s En}^er^g^y^an^d^En^vⁱ^r^oⁿ^m^en^{t B}^l^o^c^k^Gr^an^{t P}^r^o^g^r^a^m^w^ithⁱⁿ^th^{e Dep}^a^r^t^m^eⁿ^t^o^f
^E^nvi^r^o^nm^eⁿ^t^r^e^f^e^r^r^ed^to^th^{e Ho}^u^s^e^En^erg^y^{to aw}^{ard g}^r^an^ts^{to elig}^{ible c}^ities^/^couⁿ^ties^{to s}^u^{pport local GHG redu}^ction
^B^l^o^c^k^Gr^an^{t A}^c^{t o}^f^C^o^m^m^{ittee on}^En^erg^y^an^d^activ^ities.
²⁰⁰⁷^C^o^m^m^e^{rce an}^{d Hou}^s^e
^C^o^m^m^{ittee on}^Scien^{ce an}^d
^T^e^c^hno^l^o^gy
^.²⁴⁸³^Hal^l^En^erg^y^f^o^r^In^t^r^odu^{ced May}^{24, 2007;}^T^{itle VIII requ}^ires^th^{e Secretary}^of^En^erg^y^{to s}^u^bm^{it to th}^{e C}^oⁿ^g^r^es^s^th^{e res}^u^lts^of^{a s}^t^u^d^y
^A^m^{erica A}^c^t^r^e^f^e^r^r^ed^to^th^{e Ho}^u^s^e^oⁿ^th^{e f}^easib^ility^o^f^lar^g^e-^{scale b}ⁱ^o^l^o^g^{ical seq}^u^estr^atioⁿ^o^f^CO²^f^o^{r coal pow}^{er s}^y^s^t^em^s^,
^C^o^m^m^{ittee on}^Scien^{ce an}^dⁱⁿ^clu^dⁱⁿ^g^an^an^aly^s^is^of^th^{e f}^eas^ibility^of^creatin^g^{a clos}^{ed loop carbon}^cy^{cle th}^rou^g^h
^T^e^c^hno^l^o^gy^bi^ol^ogⁱ^cal^s^e^qu^es^t^r^atⁱ^oⁿ^.

CRS-31
^{ill o}^r^P.L.^Spons^or^{Short T}ⁱ^tle^M^{ajor Actions}^K^{ey Provis}ⁱ^ons^T^h^{at Directly Addres}^s^Clim^{ate Change}
^No^.
^.²⁵⁵⁶^Wⁱ^l^s^on^Eⁿ^e^r^gy^Sa^vi^ngs^In^t^r^odu^{ced May}^{24, 2007;}^T^{itle III (C}^arbon^C^a^ptu^r^{e an}^{d Sequ}^es^tration^A^c^{t of}^{2007) am}^en^ds^th^{e En}^erg^y^P^o^licy^A^c^t
^A^c^t^of²⁰⁰⁷^r^e^f^e^r^r^ed^to^th^{e Ho}^u^s^e^of^{2005 by}^en^h^aⁿ^cⁱⁿ^g^t^h^{e carbon}^capt^u^{re res}^earch^an^{d dev}^e^l^opm^en^t^prog^ram^;^di^rect^s^t^h^e
^C^o^m^m^{ittee on}^En^erg^y^an^d^Dep^a^r^t^m^eⁿ^t^o^f^th^{e I}ⁿ^terⁱ^o^r^to^co^m^p^{lete a n}^a^tioⁿ^a^{l assessm}^en^{t o}^f^g^e^o^l^o^g^{ic sto}^r^ag^{e cap}^acity
^C^o^m^m^e^{rce an}^{d f}^o^u^r^oth^e^r^fo^r^CO²^{; in}^str^u^{cts Dep}^a^r^t^m^eⁿ^t^o^f^En^er^g^y^to^im^p^l^em^en^{t p}^r^o^g^r^a^m^to^d^e^m^oⁿ^s^tr^ate
^com^m^ittees^techⁿ^o^logⁱ^es^f^o^{r th}^{e larg}^e-^s^{cale captu}^{re of}^C^O²^f^r^omⁱⁿ^du^s^t^ri^al^s^o^u^r^ces^of^C^O²^.
^(com^panⁱ^on^t^o^S^.¹³²¹⁾
^.²⁶³⁵^W^a^x^m^an^C^a^rbon^-^N^eu^tral^In^t^r^odu^{ced Ju}ⁿ^e^{7, 2007,}^Req^u^ir^{es each f}^e^d^e^r^a^{l agency}^to^p^r^o^v^id^{e an}^{annual r}^e^p^o^r^{t o}^f^{its GHG em}^issioⁿ^{s f}^o^r^the
^G^o^ve^rⁿ^m^e^nt^A^c^t^o^f^report^e^{d by}^t^h^{e H}^o^u^s^e^precedin^g^fⁱ^{scal y}^{ear; calls f}^o^{r th}^{e EP}^A^{to dev}^e^{lop GHG redu}^ction^targ^{ets f}^o^{r th}^e
²⁰⁰⁷^O^v^e^r^si^ght^aⁿ^d^G^o^ve^rⁿ^m^e^nt^com^bⁱⁿ^{ed f}^e^{deral ag}^en^cies^{; beg}ⁱⁿⁿⁱⁿ^gⁱⁿ^F^Y^{2011, each}^ag^en^cy^w^o^u^l^{d f}^r^{eeze its}
^Re^fo^r^m^Co^m^mⁱ^t^t^e^e^A^ugust^proportion^a^{te s}^h^{are of}^em^is^sⁱ^on^s^{at 2010 lev}^e^ls^an^{d decreas}^{e, at a m}ⁱⁿⁱ^m^u^m^,^by^2%^each
^{3, 2007 (H}^.R^ept^.^110-²⁹⁷⁾^fⁱ^{scal y}^ear^,^so^{as to}^{achieve zer}^o^net^{annual GHG em}^issioⁿ^{s f}^r^o^m^{the agencies b}^y
^F^Y^2050;^di^rect^s^v^a^ri^ou^s^ag^en^ci^es^t^o^s^t^u^d^y^m^aⁿ^a^g^e^m^eⁿ^t^polⁱ^cⁱ^e^s^t^h^at^cou^l^{d en}^h^aⁿ^{ce n}^e^t
^bⁱ^o^l^o^g^{ical seq}^u^estratioⁿ^o^f^{GHGs an}^d^red^u^{ce n}^e^g^a^tiv^{e im}^p^{acts o}^f^g^l^o^b^a^{l w}^a^rmⁱⁿ^g^oⁿ
^eco^sy^stem^{s; m}^aⁿ^d^{ates th}^{at f}^e^d^e^{ral v}^e^hⁱ^cle^f^l^{eet m}^{eet GHG em}^issioⁿ^stan^d^a^rd^{s d}^e^v^e^lo^p^e^d
ⁱ^{ki/CRS-RL34067}^by^C^a^lif^ornⁱ^{a (s}^tan^d^ards^w^o^u^l^{d tak}^e^ef^f^{ect w}^h^en^th^ey^{are applicable in}^C^a^lif^ornⁱ^a).
^g/w^.²⁶⁵¹^Eⁿ^gel^G^r^e^e^nho^use^G^a^s^In^t^r^odu^{ced Ju}ⁿ^e^{11, 2007;}^Req^u^{ires larg}^{e, p}^u^b^licly^trad^ed^co^m^p^an^{ies an}^d^sigⁿⁱ^fⁱ^can^{t em}^{itters o}^f^{GHGs to}^rep^o^r^t
^s^.or^A^cco^uⁿ^t^ab^ility^A^c^t^r^e^f^e^r^r^ed^to^th^{e Ho}^u^s^e^th^eir^em^issioⁿ^{s to}^th^{e EP}^A^.
^le^ak^of²⁰⁰⁷^C^o^m^m^{ittee on}^En^erg^y^an^d
^C^o^m^m^e^{rce an}^{d Hou}^s^e
^://wiki^Co^m^m^{ittee o}ⁿ^Fin^aⁿ^c^ial
^h^ttp^Serv^ices
^.³⁰³¹^Iⁿ^s^l^ee^A^d^va^nc^e^d^D^e^si^gn^In^t^r^odu^{ced Ju}^l^y^{12, 2007;}^{Directs th}^{e Natio}ⁿ^a^{l In}^stitu^{te o}^f^B^u^ildⁱⁿ^g^Scien^{ces to}^estab^lish^{GHG em}^issioⁿ^{s stan}^d^a^rd^s
ⁱⁿ^En^er^g^y^f^o^r^r^e^f^e^r^r^ed^to^th^{e Ho}^u^s^e^f^o^{r t}^h^{e con}^s^t^r^u^c^tⁱ^oⁿ^ofⁿ^e^w^com^m^e^rci^a^l^an^{d res}ⁱ^den^tⁱ^a^l^buⁱ^l^dⁱⁿ^g^s^;^com^p^{ared t}^o^{a 2003}
^Li^vi^{ng E}^ffi^cⁱ^eⁿ^t^l^y^C^o^m^m^{ittee on}^En^erg^y^an^d^bas^e^lin^{e, th}^{e s}^t^an^dards^w^{ill requ}^{ire em}^is^sⁱ^on^redu^ction^s^of^{40% by}^{2010 an}^{d 70% by}
^A^c^t^of²⁰⁰⁷^C^o^m^m^e^{rce, an}^{d f}ⁱ^v^e^oth^e^r^2020;^s^t^at^es^m^u^s^t^adopt^an^{d f}^u^l^l^yⁱ^m^pl^em^en^t^t^h^{e s}^t^an^dards^{(or dem}^oⁿ^s^t^r^at^{e t}^h^at^t^echⁿⁱ^cal
^com^m^ittees^.^barriers^ex^is^{t th}^{at prev}^en^{t s}^u^ch^adoption^an^d^im^plem^en^tation⁾ⁱⁿ^{order to receiv}^e^f^e^deral
^f^uⁿ^dⁱⁿ^g^prov^{ided by}^th^{e act, w}^h^ichⁱⁿ^clu^d^es^loan^g^u^a^ran^t^ees^an^{d block}^g^r^an^ts^.
^.³⁰⁹³^M^o^l^l^o^h^aⁿ^C^o^mme^r^c^e^,^In^t^r^odu^{ced Ju}^l^y^{19, 2007;}^Dir^{ects th}^{e Natio}ⁿ^a^{l A}^cad^em^{ies to}^estab^lish^{a Clim}^{ate Ch}^an^g^e^Stu^d^y^Co^m^m^{ittee th}^{at w}^ill
^J^u^s^{tice, Scien}^ce,ⁱⁿ^cl^u^d^{ed i}ⁿ^H^.^R^.²⁷⁶⁴^st^ud^y^va^rⁱ^o^u^{s c}^lⁱ^m^a^t^e^c^h^a^ngeⁱ^ssue^s^aⁿ^d^m^a^ke^r^e^c^o^m^m^e^nd^a^tⁱ^o^{ns r}^e^ga^r^dⁱ^{ng r}^e^sp^oⁿ^se
^an^d^Related^(C^on^s^o^lidated^actioⁿ^s^.

^A^g^en^cies^A^ppropri^a^tⁱ^oⁿ^s^A^c^t^,^2008),
^A^ppropri^a^tⁱ^oⁿ^s^w^h^ich^w^a^{s sig}ⁿ^e^dⁱⁿ^to^law
^A^c^t^,²⁰⁰⁸^Decem^{ber 26, 2007 (P}^.L^.
^110-^161).

CRS-32
^{ill o}^r^P.L.^Spons^or^{Short T}ⁱ^tle^M^{ajor Actions}^K^{ey Provis}ⁱ^ons^T^h^{at Directly Addres}^s^Clim^{ate Change}
^No^.
^.³²²¹^Pel^o^sⁱ^New^Directioⁿ^f^o^r^In^t^r^odu^{ced Ju}^l^y^{30, 2007;}^A^m^on^g^oth^e^{r prov}^is^ion^s^{, creates}^A^m^bas^s^a^{dor at L}^a^rg^{e f}^o^{r Global C}^lim^{ate C}^h^an^g^e^;
^En^erg^y^p^a^sse^d^H^o^use^A^ugust⁴^,^p^r^o^m^o^t^{es d}^o^m^{estic an}^dⁱⁿ^terⁿ^atioⁿ^a^{l d}^e^p^l^o^y^m^eⁿ^t^o^f^m^itig^atioⁿ^techⁿ^o^lo^gⁱ^{es; r}^e^q^u^ir^es
^In^depen^d^en^ce,^{2007 (com}^panⁱ^on^t^o^f^u^rth^e^{r res}^earch^con^cernⁱⁿ^g^v^a^riou^s^clim^ate-^{related is}^s^u^es^{; calls}^f^o^{r a n}^a^tion^a^{l as}^s^e^s^s^m^en^t
^Natioⁿ^a^{l Secu}^r^ity^,^Sen^a^{te Ver}^s^ioⁿ^o^f^{H.R. 6}^,^of^th^{e g}^e^olog^{ical s}^t^orag^{e capacity}^of^C^O²^{; sets tar}^g^{et f}^o^r^f^e^d^e^r^a^{l ag}^en^{cies to}^stab^ilize
^aⁿ^d^Co^nsum^e^r^w^h^ich^w^a^{s sig}ⁿ^e^dⁱⁿ^to^law^{GHG em}^is^sⁱ^on^sⁱⁿ^F^Y^{2011, decreas}^{e em}^is^sⁱ^on^s^th^ereaf^{ter, an}^{d be carbon}ⁿ^e^u^t^{ral by}^2050.
^P^r^o^t^ectioⁿ^A^c^t^Decem^{ber 19, 2007 (P}^.L^.
^110-¹⁴⁰⁾⁾
^.³²⁷⁴^I^s^r^ael^Un^ited^Iⁿ^t^r^o^d^u^c^e^d^A^ugust¹^,^Prom^ot^es^cooperatⁱ^oⁿ^bet^w^een^t^h^{e U}ⁿⁱ^t^e^{d S}^t^at^es^an^{d C}^hⁱⁿ^{a on}^j^oⁱⁿ^t^en^erg^y^an^{d cl}ⁱ^m^at^e
^States^-^C^hⁱⁿ^a^2007;^ref^e^{rred t}^o^t^h^e^ch^an^g^e^proj^ects^,^s^u^ch^as^carbon^captu^{re an}^d^seq^u^estr^atioⁿ^techⁿ^o^lo^g^y^{; p}^r^o^v^id^{es g}^r^an^{ts to}
^En^erg^y^Hou^s^{e C}^o^m^m^{ittee on}^elig^ib^{le p}^r^o^j^{ects o}ⁿ^coⁿ^d^itioⁿ^th^{at f}^e^d^e^r^a^{l f}^uⁿ^dⁱⁿ^g^{is r}^eco^u^p^ed^if^{a p}^r^o^j^{ect lead}^{s to}^th^e
^C^ooperatⁱ^oⁿ^A^c^t^En^erg^y^an^{d C}^o^m^m^e^rce^dev^e^l^opm^en^t^of^{a produ}^ct^{or proces}^s^t^h^atⁱ^s^m^a^rk^et^{ed or u}^s^ed.
^an^{d Hou}^s^{e C}^o^m^m^{ittee on}
^Scien^{ce an}^{d T}^echⁿ^o^log^y
ⁱ^{ki/CRS-RL34067}^.³⁴¹⁶^L^a^rs^on^A^m^erica’^s^En^erg^y^Secu^rity^T^r^u^s^t^Iⁿ^t^r^o^d^u^c^e^d^A^ugust³^,^2007;^ref^e^{rred t}^o^t^h^e^Es^t^a^blⁱ^s^h^e^s^{a carbon}^t^a^x^on^coal^{, pet}^r^ol^eu^m^,^an^{d n}^a^t^u^ral^g^a^s^,^bas^e^{d on}^t^h^ei^{r C}^O²^con^t^en^t;^levⁱ^es^{a $15/ton}^tax^,^w^h^ichⁱⁿ^creas^es^each^y^{ear; tax}^rev^eⁿ^u^e^s^u^s^{ed to 1) s}^u^pport
^g/w^F^uⁿ^d^A^c^t^of²⁰⁰⁷^Hou^s^{e W}^a^y^s^an^{d Mean}^s^techⁿ^o^lo^g^y^d^e^v^e^lo^p^m^en^{t, 2}⁾^allevⁱ^{ate b}^u^r^d^en^on^carbon^-ⁱⁿ^t^en^sⁱ^v^eⁱⁿ^du^s^t^ries^{, an}^{d 3)}
^s^.or^Co^m^m^ittee^p^r^o^v^id^{e r}^e^b^a^{tes to}^w^o^r^k^er^{s b}^a^sed^oⁿ^p^a^y^r^o^{ll tax}^p^a^y^m^en^{ts; g}^r^an^{ts tax}^cr^ed^{its f}^o^r^q^u^alif^ied
^le^ak^of^f^s^et^proj^ect^.
^://wiki^.³⁴⁴⁸^W^a^x^m^an^Glo^b^a^{l Clim}^ate^Iⁿ^t^r^o^d^u^c^e^d^A^ugust³^,^Ex^pres^s^e^sⁿ^{eed f}^o^{r th}^{e Un}^{ited States}^{to n}^e^g^o^{tiate an}^{accelerated ph}^as^{e ou}^{t of}^ozon^e-
^h^ttp^an^{d O}^z^on^{e L}^a^y^e^r^2007;^ref^e^{rred t}^o^t^h^e^depletin^g^ch^em^icals^uⁿ^d^{er th}^{e Mon}^t^{real P}^r^{otocol; am}^en^ds^th^{e C}^l^ean^Aⁱ^{r A}^c^{t to s}^t^ren^g^t^h^eⁿ
^P^r^o^t^ectioⁿ^A^c^{t o}^f^Hou^s^{e C}^o^m^m^{ittee on}^d^o^m^e^s^tⁱ^c^r^e^gul^a^tⁱ^o^{n o}^f^o^z^oⁿ^e^-^d^e^p^l^e^tⁱ^{ng c}^h^e^mⁱ^c^a^l^s,^w^hⁱ^c^{h ha}^ve^r^e^l^a^tⁱ^v^e^l^y^st^r^o^{ng gl}^o^b^a^l
²⁰⁰⁷^En^erg^y^an^{d C}^o^m^m^e^rce^w^a^r^mⁱⁿ^g^p^o^t^en^tial.
^.³⁹⁸⁹^M^c^Hu^gh^Health^y^Aⁱ^{r an}^d^In^t^r^odu^{ced O}^c^t^{ober 29,}^C^r^eates^{a cap-}^aⁿ^d^-^t^{rade prog}^ram^f^o^{r C}^O²^em^is^sⁱ^on^s^{at coal-}^fⁱ^{red pow}^{er plan}^ts^(abov^{e 25}
^C^l^ean^W^a^{ter A}^c^t^2007;^ref^e^{rred t}^o^t^h^e^MW);^by^Jan^u^a^ry^{1, 2015, C}^O²^emⁱ^s^sⁱ^on^l^e^v^e^l^s^{capped at}^{2005 l}^e^v^e^l^s^{, decreas}ⁱⁿ^g
^Hou^s^{e C}^o^m^m^{ittee on}^peri^odi^cal^l^y^t^o^20%^bel^o^w^{2005 l}^e^v^e^l^s^by^2050;^di^rect^s^EPA^t^o^dev^e^l^{op prog}^ram^det^aⁱ^l^s^,
^En^erg^y^an^{d C}^o^m^m^e^rce^bu^t^requⁱ^r^es^100%^of^emⁱ^s^sⁱ^on^al^l^o^w^aⁿ^ces^t^o^{be au}^ctⁱ^oⁿ^e^{d, w}ⁱ^t^h^rev^eⁿ^u^e^s^s^u^pportⁱⁿ^g
^an^{d th}^{ree oth}^e^{r com}^m^ittees^d^e^v^e^lo^p^m^en^{t o}^f^r^eⁿ^e^w^a^b^l^{e en}^er^gⁱ^{es; in}^ad^d^itioⁿ^to^CO²^provⁱ^sⁱ^oⁿ^s^{, requ}ⁱ^r^es^emⁱ^s^sⁱ^on
^redu^ctⁱ^oⁿ^sⁱⁿ^m^e^rcu^r^y^(H^g⁾^f^r^om^coal^-^fⁱ^{red pow}^{er pl}^an^t^s^(abov^{e 25 MW) an}^{d f}^u^rt^h^e^r
^r^e^d^u^ctioⁿ^sⁱⁿ^su^lf^u^r^dⁱ^o^x^id^{e (}^S^O²^{) an}^{d n}ⁱ^t^r^og^en^oxⁱ^d^es^(N^O^x^{) f}^r^om^al^l^pow^{er pl}^an^t^s^abov^e
^{25 MW}^capacity^.

CRS-33
^{ill o}^r^P.L.^Spons^or^{Short T}ⁱ^tle^M^{ajor Actions}^K^{ey Provis}ⁱ^ons^T^h^{at Directly Addres}^s^Clim^{ate Change}
^No^.
^.⁴¹⁷⁴^A^l^l^eⁿ^{Federal Ocean}^In^t^r^odu^{ced N}^o^v^e^m^b^{er 14,}^Es^tablis^h^e^s^an^In^terag^eⁿ^c^y^C^o^m^m^{ittee on}^Ocean^A^c^idif^ication^,^com^p^ris^e^{d of}^s^eⁿⁱ^or
^A^c^id^if^icatioⁿ^2007;^report^e^{d by}^t^h^e^r^e^p^r^esen^tativ^{es f}^r^o^m^NOA^A^,^th^{e Natio}ⁿ^a^{l Scien}^{ce Fo}^uⁿ^d^atioⁿ^,^NA^SA^{, USGS, th}^{e Fish}
^R^e^s^earch^Aⁿ^d^Hou^s^{e C}^o^m^m^{ittee on}^an^{d W}^ildlif^{e Serv}^{ice, EP}^A^,^an^{d DOE; directs}^th^{e C}^o^m^m^{ittee to dev}^e^{lop a s}^t^rategⁱ^c
^Moⁿ^ito^rⁱⁿ^g^A^c^{t o}^f^Scien^{ce an}^{d T}^echⁿ^o^log^y^r^e^sear^ch^an^d^im^p^l^em^en^tatioⁿ^p^l^an^f^o^r^Fed^e^r^a^{l activ}^{ities; r}^e^q^u^ir^{es th}^{e Co}^m^m^{ittee to}^su^b^m^it
²⁰⁰⁷^(H^.R^ept^.^110-^{749) an}^d^th^{e plan}^{to C}^oⁿ^g^r^es^s^{18 m}^oⁿ^t^h^s^af^{ter en}^actm^eⁿ^t^of^legⁱ^s^l^ation^;^th^{e plan}^s^h^{all in}^clu^d^e
^pas^s^e^{d H}^o^u^s^{e Ju}^l^y^{9, 2008}^research^on^th^{e relation}^s^hⁱ^{p betw}^een^{GHG em}^ission^{s an}^{d ocean}^acidifⁱ^cation^,^an^{d th}^e
^(com^panⁱ^on^t^o^S^.¹⁵⁸¹⁾^biolog^{ical an}^{d s}^o^cio-^econ^o^mⁱ^{c im}^pacts^of^ocean^acidifⁱ^cation^;^creates^an^ocean
^acidⁱ^fⁱ^catioⁿ^p^r^o^g^r^a^m^w^ithⁱⁿ^NOA^A^to^car^r^y^o^u^{t th}^{e plan}^by^ov^ers^eein^g^res^earch^proj^ects
^an^{d is}^s^uⁱⁿ^g^res^earch^g^r^an^ts^.
^.⁴²²⁶^Gⁱ^l^c^h^res^t^Clim^ate^In^t^r^odu^{ced N}^o^v^e^m^b^{er 15,}^C^r^{eates a co}^m^p^reh^eⁿ^s^iv^{e GHG cap}^-^aⁿ^d^-^t^rad^e^p^r^o^g^ram^th^{at co}^v^e^{rs th}^{e electric p}^o^w^er,
^Stew^ards^hⁱ^{p an}^d^2007;^ref^e^{rred t}^o^t^h^e^tran^s^portation^,ⁱⁿ^du^s^t^{rial, an}^{d com}^m^e^{rcial s}^ectors^(accouⁿ^tin^g^f^o^r
^Ecoⁿ^o^m^{ic Secu}^r^ity^Hou^s^{e C}^o^m^m^{ittee on}^f^o^{r abou}^{t 85%}^of^U.S^.^{GHG em}^is^sⁱ^on^s⁾^{; s}^t^artin^gⁱⁿ^{2012, th}^{e cap w}^o^u^l^{d be s}^e^{t at 2006}
^A^c^t^of²⁰⁰⁷^En^erg^y^an^{d C}^o^m^m^e^rce^e^m^issioⁿ^le^ve^{ls (}^m^{inus a}^nnua^{l e}^m^issioⁿ^{s fr}^o^m^no^n-c^o^ve^r^e^d^eⁿ^titie^s)^aⁿ^d^w^o^uld^d^e^c^line
^an^{d f}ⁱ^v^e^oth^e^{r com}^m^ittees^f^u^rt^h^e^{r i}ⁿ^{2020, 2030, an}^{d 2050;}^by^{2050, t}^h^{e em}ⁱ^s^sⁱ^on^s^{cap w}^o^u^l^{d decl}ⁱⁿ^{e t}^o^25%^of
ⁱ^{ki/CRS-RL34067}^{2006 l}^e^v^e^l^s^(mⁱⁿ^u^s^a^nnua^{l e}^m^issioⁿ^{s fr}^o^m^no^n-c^o^ve^r^e^d^eⁿ^titie^s)^;
^g/w^Dir^{ects th}^{e Secr}^etar^y^o^f^Co^m^m^e^r^{ce to}⁽¹⁾ⁱⁿ^{itiate stu}^d^{ies o}ⁿ^clim^{ate ch}^an^g^e^im^p^{acts to}
^s^.or^co^{astal eco}^sy^stem^{s an}^d^co^m^m^uⁿ^{ities; (}²⁾^p^r^o^v^id^{e tech}ⁿⁱ^{cal assistan}^{ce to}^{states co}ⁿ^cerⁿⁱⁿ^g
^le^ak^clim^{ate ch}^an^g^e^adaptation^;⁽³⁾^{prepare an}^{d s}^u^bm^{it an}^adaptatio^{n p}^l^aⁿ^t^o^Co^ngr^e^ss;^aⁿ^d⁽⁴⁾
^://wiki^s^t^u^d^y^clⁱ^m^at^{e ch}^an^g^eⁱ^m^pact^s^t^o^t^h^{e w}^o^rl^d’^s^{poor an}^{d s}^u^bmⁱ^t^report^t^o^C^oⁿ^g^r^es^s^;ⁱⁿ^s^t^ru^ct^s^th^{e Director of}^th^{e Of}^fⁱ^{ce of}^Scien^{ce an}^{d T}^echⁿ^o^log^y^P^o^licy^{to create a prog}^ram^on
^h^ttp^ad^ap^tatioⁿ^techⁿ^o^lo^gⁱ^es.
^.⁴⁹⁸⁶^S^k^el^ton^Natioⁿ^a^{l Def}^eⁿ^s^e^In^t^r^odu^{ced Jan}^u^a^ry^16,^A^m^on^g^ot^h^e^{r prov}ⁱ^sⁱ^oⁿ^s^{, requ}ⁱ^r^es^t^h^{e D}^e^part^m^eⁿ^t^of^D^e^f^eⁿ^s^{e t}^o^as^s^e^s^s^t^h^{e ri}^s^k^s^of
^A^u^th^o^r^izatioⁿ^A^c^t^2008;^sⁱ^gⁿ^e^{d i}ⁿ^t^o^l^a^w^p^r^o^j^ected^clim^{ate ch}^an^g^e^to^th^{e d}^e^p^a^r^t^m^eⁿ^t^’^s^f^{acilities, cap}^ab^{ilities, an}^d^mⁱ^ssioⁿ^s^.
^f^o^{r Fis}^{cal Year}^Jan^u^a^ry^{28, 2008 (P.L}^.
²⁰⁰⁸^110-^{181) (rel}^at^{ed t}^o^S^.
¹⁵⁸⁵⁾
^.⁶¹⁸⁶^M^a^rk^ey^I^nve^stⁱ^{ng i}ⁿ^In^t^r^odu^{ced Ju}ⁿ^e^{4, 2008;}^C^r^{eates a co}^m^p^reh^eⁿ^s^iv^{e GHG cap}^-^aⁿ^d^-^t^rad^e^p^r^o^g^ram^th^{at w}^o^u^l^d^cap^em^issioⁿ^{s f}^r^o^m
^Clim^{ate A}^c^tioⁿ^r^e^f^e^r^r^ed^to^th^{e Ho}^u^s^e^cov^e^{red s}^o^u^r^ces^{at 930 m}^illion^m^t^C^O^{2e in}^{2050; cov}^e^rs^th^{e electric pow}^{er, tran}^s^portation^,
^an^{d Prot}^ectⁱ^oⁿ^A^c^t^En^erg^y^an^{d C}^o^m^m^e^rceⁱⁿ^du^{strial, an}^{d com}^m^e^{rcial sectors (accou}ⁿ^tiⁿ^g^f^o^{r abou}^{t 85% of}^{U.S. GHG em}^ission^s);
^C^o^m^mⁱ^t^t^{ee an}^{d 9 ot}^h^e^r^di^rect^s^EPA^t^o^au^ctⁱ^oⁿ^94%^of^t^h^{e em}ⁱ^s^sⁱ^on^al^l^o^w^aⁿ^cesⁱⁿ^{2012, i}ⁿ^creasⁱⁿ^g^t^o^100%^by
^com^m^ittees^F^Y^2020;ⁱⁿ^s^t^ru^ct^s^EPA^t^o^dev^e^l^{op em}ⁱ^s^sⁱ^on^perf^orm^aⁿ^{ce s}^t^an^dards^f^o^{r n}^oⁿ^-^cov^e^red
^en^{tities, w}^h^ich^m^a^yⁱⁿ^clu^d^{e co}^{al m}ⁱⁿ^e^{s, lan}^d^f^{ills, w}^a^stew^ater^tr^eatm^eⁿ^t^o^p^e^r^a^tioⁿ^s^{, an}^d
^an^im^{al f}^eedin^g^operation^s^.

CRS-34
^{ill o}^r^P.L.^Spons^or^{Short T}ⁱ^tle^M^{ajor Actions}^K^{ey Provis}ⁱ^ons^T^h^{at Directly Addres}^s^Clim^{ate Change}
^No^.
^.⁶³¹⁶^D^oggett^C^lim^{ate Mark}^et,^In^t^r^odu^{ced Ju}ⁿ^e^{19, 2008;}^C^r^{eates a co}^m^p^reh^eⁿ^s^iv^{e GHG cap}^-^aⁿ^d^-^t^rad^e^p^r^o^g^ram^th^{at w}^o^u^l^d^cap^em^issioⁿ^{s f}^r^o^m
^A^u^ctioⁿ^,^T^r^u^s^{t &}^r^e^f^e^r^r^ed^to^th^{e Ho}^u^s^e^cov^e^{red s}^o^u^r^ces^{at 348 m}^illion^m^t^C^O^{2e in}^{2050; directs}^EP^A^{to dev}^e^{lop reg}^u^l^ation^s^th^at
^T^r^{ade Em}^is^sⁱ^on^s^W^a^y^s^an^{d Mean}^s^p^r^ev^en^{t g}^r^o^w^thⁱⁿ^em^issioⁿ^{s f}^r^o^mⁿ^oⁿ^-^co^v^e^r^e^d^en^{tities; in}^str^u^{cts EP}^A^to^au^ctioⁿ⁸⁵^%^o^f
^Red^u^ctioⁿ^Sy^stem^C^o^m^m^{ittee an}^{d eig}^h^t^oth^e^rⁱ^t^s^emⁱ^s^sⁱ^on^al^l^o^w^aⁿ^cesⁱⁿ^{2012, i}ⁿ^creasⁱⁿ^g^t^o^100%^by^F^Y^2020.
^A^c^t^of²⁰⁰⁸^com^m^ittees
^n.Res.^Dick^s^E^x^p^r^e^{ssing the}^In^t^r^odu^{ced March}^21,^Ex^pres^s^e^s^th^{e s}^eⁿ^s^{e of}^th^{e C}^oⁿ^g^r^es^s^th^{at C}^oⁿ^g^r^es^s^s^h^ou^{ld en}^{act a com}^p^reh^eⁿ^s^iv^e,
^se^nse^o^f^the^2007;^ref^e^{rred t}^o^t^h^e^m^aⁿ^d^at^ory^,^m^a^rk^et^-^b^as^{ed prog}^ram^t^o^s^l^ow^{, s}^t^{op, an}^{d rev}^e^rs^{e t}^h^{e g}^r^ow^t^h^of^g^r^een^h^o^u^s^e
^C^oⁿ^g^r^es^s^th^{at th}^ere^Hou^s^{e C}^o^m^m^{ittee on}^g^a^{s em}^issioⁿ^{s at a r}^a^{te an}^dⁱⁿ^{a m}^aⁿⁿ^e^r^th^{at w}^{ill n}^o^{t sig}ⁿⁱ^fⁱ^can^tly^h^a^r^m^th^{e Un}^ited^States
^s^h^ou^{ld be en}^acted^En^erg^y^an^{d C}^o^m^m^e^rce^ecoⁿ^o^m^y^{, an}^d^w^{ill en}^co^u^r^ag^{e co}^m^p^ar^ab^{le actio}ⁿ^b^y^o^t^h^e^rⁿ^a^tioⁿ^s^th^{at ar}^{e m}^a^j^o^r^tr^adⁱⁿ^g
^{a m}^aⁿ^d^atory^partⁿ^e^rs^an^{d k}^e^y^con^t^ri^bu^t^o^rs^t^o^g^l^obal^emⁱ^s^sⁱ^on^s^.
ⁿ^a^tioⁿ^a^{l p}^r^o^g^r^a^m
^t^o^s^l^ow^{, s}^t^{op, an}^d
^rev^e^rs^{e em}ⁱ^s^sⁱ^on^s
^o^f^gr^e^e^nho^use
ⁱ^{ki/CRS-RL34067}^ga^se^s
^g/w^n.Res.^C^a^rn^ah^an^E^x^p^r^e^{ssing the}^In^t^r^odu^{ced March}^29,^Ex^pres^s^e^s^th^{e s}^eⁿ^s^{e of}^th^{e C}^oⁿ^g^r^es^s^th^{at th}^{e Un}^{ited States}^s^h^ou^{ld participate in}
^s^.or^se^nse^o^f^Co^ngr^e^s^s^2007;^ref^e^{rred t}^o^t^h^eⁿ^e^g^o^tiatioⁿ^s^uⁿ^d^er^th^{e Un}^ited^Natioⁿ^s^Fr^am^ew^o^r^k^Coⁿ^v^eⁿ^tioⁿ^oⁿ^Clim^{ate Ch}^an^g^e^w^ith
^le^ak^r^e^ga^r^dⁱ^{ng t}^h^e^ne^e^d^Hou^s^{e C}^o^m^m^{ittee on}^th^{e obj}^ectiv^{e of}^s^ecu^rin^g^Un^{ited States}^{participation}ⁱⁿ^bin^dⁱⁿ^g^ag^reem^en^ts^th^{at adv}^aⁿ^c^e
^f^o^r^th^{e Un}^ited^Fo^r^eⁱ^{gn A}^ffaⁱ^r^s^an^d^p^r^o^t^{ect th}^{e eco}ⁿ^o^mⁱ^{c an}^dⁿ^a^tioⁿ^a^{l secu}^r^ityⁱⁿ^ter^e^{sts o}^f^th^{e Un}^ited^{States; estab}^lish
^://wiki^States^{to addres}^s^(com^panⁱ^on^of^S^.^R^e^s^.³⁰⁾^m^itig^atioⁿ^co^m^m^itm^en^{ts b}^y^{all m}^a^j^o^r^g^r^een^h^o^u^s^{e g}^a^{s em}^itter^s^{; estab}^lish^f^l^ex^ib^le
^h^ttp^g^l^o^b^a^{l clim}^ateⁱⁿ^tern^ation^a^{l m}^ech^an^is^m^s^{to m}ⁱⁿⁱ^mⁱ^{ze th}^{e cos}^t^of^redu^ction^ef^f^o^rts^;^an^{d ach}^iev^e^a
^c^h^a^nge^t^h^r^o^{ugh t}^h^e^si^gni^fi^c^aⁿ^t^l^o^ng-t^e^r^m^r^e^d^u^c^tⁱ^o^{n i}ⁿ^gl^o^b^a^l^gr^e^e^nho^use^ga^{s e}^mⁱ^ssi^oⁿ^s.
ⁿ^e^g^o^tiatioⁿ^o^f^f^a^ir
^an^{d ef}^f^ectiv^e^W^o^u^l^d^also^estab^lish^{a b}ⁱ^p^a^r^tisan^Ho^u^s^{e o}^b^s^er^v^e^r^g^r^o^u^p^to^m^oⁿ^ito^r^an^yⁱⁿ^terⁿ^atioⁿ^a^l
ⁱⁿ^terⁿ^atioⁿ^a^lⁿ^e^g^o^tiation^s^on^clim^{ate ch}^an^g^e^{; an}^{d en}^s^u^{re th}^{at th}^{e adv}ⁱ^{ce an}^{d con}^s^en^{t f}^uⁿ^c^tion^of^th^e
^co^m^m^itm^en^ts^Sen^a^{te is ex}^er^cisedⁱⁿ^{a m}^aⁿⁿ^e^r^to^f^{acilitate tim}^ely^coⁿ^s^id^er^atioⁿ^o^f^an^y^ap^p^licab^{le tr}^eaty
^su^b^m^itted^to^th^{e Sen}^a^te.